robot framework1.pptx

RobotFrameworkInterview
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RobotFrameworkInterviewQuestionsfor
Freshers
1. What are the features of the robot framework?
2. What are the benefits of using the Robot Framework?
3. What are the names of all the file formats that the Robot framework supports?
4. What do you understand by RIDEin the context of the robot framework?
5. What are the disadvantages of using the robot framework?
6. Explain the hierarchical structure for arranging test cases in the context of the
robot framework.
7. What are the different types of variables in the context of the robot framework?
8. What is the name of the dependency that you must need in order to install and
use the RIDE editor in the context of the robot framework?
9. Isit possible to use the Selenium library to speed up or slow down the execution
of test cases?
Experienced
10. Explain the high-level architecture of the robot framework.
11. What do you understand about test setup and teardown in the context of the
robot framework?
12. What are the different test case styles in the context of the robot framework?
13. What do you understand about Jenkins Freestyle Project?
14. Differentiate between Robot Framework and Selenium.
15. Differentiate between Robot Framework and Cucumber.
16. Explain with an example how you would test a web application using the robot
framework. What are the various .robot files that you would use in such a case?
Contents
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WhatisRobot Framework?
Robot Framework is an open-source acceptance testing and acceptance test-driven
development framework. For writing test cases, it uses three separate test case
styles: keyword-driven, behaviour-driven, and data-driven. This characteristic makes
it really simple to comprehend. In a tabular structure, test cases are written in
keyword language. External libraries and open source technologies that can be
utilized for automation are well supported by the Robot Framework. Robot
framework is compatible with all operating systems. Selenium Library, which is used
for web development and UItesting, is the most popular library used with Robot
Framework.
Let'sgetStarted

RobotFramework InterviewQuestions
The popularity of the Robot framework is growing as many large tech companies
utilize it to assist their software developers to construct and testing cutting-edge
computer solutions. Because of its open-source nature, this framework is extremely
adaptable, and it can be used with practically any other tool or platform to create
something unique. Anyone can use this framework in their projects because every
line of code created in it is open source.
The syntax you'll undoubtedly employ to incorporate the robot framework into your
project is equally simple to use and comprehend. The functions wrapped in this
module are built in a highly human-friendly manner, so even someone with no
technical knowledge can use them and accomplish great things. In the form of a code
library, the framework's capabilities are expanded into the Java and Python
programming languages.
Freshers
1. Whatare the features of the robot framework?
Following are the features of the robot framework:

Tabular structureis usedfor test cases:The test cases in the Robot framework
are defined in a simple tabular manner using keywords. A new developer may
easily comprehend and write test cases.
Keywords:Built-in keywords are accessible with Robot Framework, as well as
keywords from libraries such as the Selenium Library (open browser, close
browser, maximize browser, etc.). We can also make user-defined keywords out
of a mix of other user-defined keywords, built-in keywords, and library keywords.
We can even pass parameters to such keywords, turning user-defined keywords
into reusable functions.
Variables: Variables such as scalar, list, and dict are supported by the Robot
framework. Variables in the robot framework are simple to utilize and come in
handy when constructing complicated test cases.
Libraries:External libraries such as SeleniumLibrary, DatabaseLibrary,
FTPLibrary, and httpLibrary are all supported by the Robot framework.
SeleniumLibrary is widely used because it allows users to interact with browsers
and aids in web application and user interface testing. The Robot framework
provides its own built-in libraries for strings, dates, and integers, among other
things.
Resources: Externally imported robot files with keywords can now be utilized
with test cases thanks to the Robot Framework. The resources are simple to
utilize and come in handy when we need to use keywords that have previously
been written for other test projects.
Testcasesbasedondata: The Robot framework supports both keyword-driven
and data-driven test scenarios. Data-driven testing uses a high-level keyword as
a template for the test suite, and test cases are used to communicate data with
the template's high-level keyword. It simplifies the process of testing user
interfaces with various inputs.
LogsandReports: In the form of reports and logs, the Robot framework offers
all of the data of the test suite and test case execution. The log file contains all of
the test case's execution details.
2. Whatare the benefits of usingthe Robot Framework?
The Benefits of theRobot Frameworkare listed below:

The Robot Framework is a free and open-source framework.
It's easy to set up and use, and it allows you to create and run test cases. Any
beginner may get started with the robot framework because it is simple to grasp
and does not require much testing knowledge.
It allows you to write keyword-driven, behaviour-driven, or data-driven test
cases.
It's a fantastic method to support third-party libraries. The most popular is the
Selenium Library, which is easy to install and use in robot frameworks.
Minimal threshold: Because the Robot framework is a keyword-driven
framework, it just requires a basic understanding of programming. In other
words, practically every member of a quality assurance company's project team
can use it. Variables, functions, and return values can all be used as options.
Complete web/ mobile support: This product works well on the web and on
mobile devices (both in the form of end-to-end and atomic tests).
Usage of tags:Instead of tests, users can assign tags. Any data that can be used
to identify a test, such as a test ID,a list of components utilized in the test, and
so on, can be included in such tags. This solution enables the creation of a link
between tests and software requirements, as well as the selection of the
appropriate configuration test vector.
You shouldn't need much input to write common test result documents.
Without the need to submit any further commands, all reports are generated
automatically. Combining the outcomes of multiple test runs is possible. The
following file types are produced as a result of these findings:
Report.html – high-level results with no detail;
Output.xml – test results in XML format;
Log.html – test results in the form of HTML structure;
With the use of the Robot framework and robot at the same time, parallel
running is allowed. A basic root command is a common planned application
situation. Without a doubt, all of the exams should be created with this in mind
and should not interfere with one another.

3. Whatare the namesof all the file formats that the Robot
framework supports?
Wecommonly use files written in simple text format (usually in the .robot form, or in
the format of .txt) in Robot Framework, but we can also use files written in Tab
separated format or TSV.The plain text data can then be embedded in reStructured
text format files.
The space-separated format, in which bits of data, such as keywords and their
arguments, are separated from each other with two or more spaces, is the most
frequent way to construct Robot Framework data. The pipe separated format, in
which the separator is the pipe character surrounded by spaces (|),is another option.
The --extension option can be used to change the default extension of executed files,
which is .robot. Although resource files can utilize the .robot extension, it is advised
that they use the dedicated .resource extension. The UTF-8 encoding must be used to
save files that contain non-ASCII characters.
reStructuredText files are also supported by Robot Framework, allowing standard
Robot Framework data to be inserted within code blocks. With reStructuredText files,
either the .rst or .rest extension can be used, but the --extension option must be used
to enable parsing when executing a directory.
4. Whatdoyouunderstandby RIDEin the contextof the robot
framework?

The Ride is the Robot Framework's Integrated Development Environment. An
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)is a software application that gives
computer programmers a set of tools for authoring and debugging code. there are
two ways to go to Ride, as mentioned below:
Type 'Ride.py' at the command prompt.
OR
Create a desktop shortcut for Ride for quick access. Follow the instructions
below:
Open Windows Explorer.
Go to the Ride installation folder ("Cpython27scripts" in our case).
Select 'Send To' Desktop (Create shortcut)' from the context menu.
Ride can be launched by clicking a shortcut on the desktop.

5. Whatare the disadvantages of usingthe robot framework?
Following are the disadvantages of using the robot framework:
Debuggingcapabilityis not included:In other words, the product lacks options
for the standard breakpoint configuration. Asa result, a user must employ time
slips or display something different in the log.
Manydifficulties in theRideIDE:When using the "text editor" mode as well as
the tabular mode, the programme will occasionally crash. It's also worth noting
that some third-party plugins aren't compatible with specific libraries because
autocomplete isn't available (for example, SeleniumLibrary).
Support for third-party extensionsandlibraries is unstable: This framework
does not support libraries that have previously been developed. Of course, you
can make your own, but this is pointless because such extensions cannot be
used many times.
6. Explain the hierarchical structure for arrangingtest cases in
the contextof the robot framework.
The following is the hierarchical framework for arranging test cases:

In test case files, test cases are constructed.
A test suite containing the test cases in a test case file is created automatically.
A higher-level test suite is a directory containing test case files. As its child test
suites, such a test suite directory has suites producedfrom test case files.
A test suite directory can contain other test suite directories, and the hierarchy
can go as deep as needed.
A specific initialization file can be found in test suite directories that configures
the newly established test suite.
In addition, there are the following:
Test libraries that contain the most basic keywords.
Variables and higher-level user keywords are stored in resource files.
Variable files are more flexible than resource files when it comes to creating
variables.
7. Whatare the different types of variables in the contextof the
robot framework?
Variables are a key component of Robot Framework, and they can be utilized in
almost every test data scenario. They're most typically used as arguments for
keywords in the Test Case and Keyword sections, although they're also allowed in all
settings. A variable cannot be used to specify a standard keyword name, but the
BuiltIn keyword Run Keyword can be used to achieve the same result.
Following are the different types of variables:
Scalar Variables:
The scalar variable syntax like ${var} is the most popular wayto use variables in Robot
Framework test data. The variable name is substituted with its value as-is when this
syntax is used. Variable values are often strings, but variables can also hold any
object, such as numbers, lists, dictionaries, or even bespoke objects.
Example:

*** Test Cases ***
Constants
Log Hello
Log Hello, world!!
Variables
Log ${GREET}
Log ${GREET}, ${NAME}!!
The use of scalar variables is demonstrated in the example above. Both the above
test cases are similar if the variables ${GREET}and ${NAME}are available and
assigned to the strings Hello and world, respectively. When a scalar variable is used
without any text or other variables around it, like in ${GREET}above, the variable is
substituted with its value, which can be any object. Ifthe variable isn't used alone, as
in ${GREER},${NAME}!!,its value is transformed to a string before being
concatenated with the other data.
List Variables:
When a variable, such as ${EXAMPLE}, is used as a scalar, its value is utilized exactly as
it is. Ifa variable's value is a list or looks like a list, it can also be used as a list variable,
such as @{EXAMPLE}. The list is enlarged in this scenario, and each item is sent in as a
distinct argument.
*** Test Cases ***
Constants
Login user password
List Variable
Login @{CREDENTIALS}
In the above example, the variable @{CREDENTIALS} has values [‘user’, ‘password’].
Robot Framework keeps all of its variables in one internal storage location and allows
them to be used as scalars, lists, or dictionaries. Ifyou want to use a variable as a list,
its value must be a Python list or a list-like object. Strings are not allowed to be used
as lists in Robot Framework, although other iterable objects like tuples and
dictionaries are.
Dictionary Variables:

A dictionary variable is a variable containing a Python dictionary or a dictionary-like
object. The syntax for a dictionary variable is &{EXAMPLE}. In practice, this means the
dictionary is enlarged, and individual items are supplied to the keyword as named
arguments. For example,
*** Test Cases ***
Constants
Login user=user1 password=password1
Dict Variable
Login &{CREDENTIALS}
In the above example, assuming that the variable &{CREDENTIALS}has value {‘user’:
‘user1’, ‘password’: ‘password1’}, the two test cases are equivalent.
Environment Variables:
The %{ENV_VAR_NAME} syntax in Robot Framework allows you to use environment
variables in your test data. They're only allowed to use string values. By separating
the variable name and the default value with an equal sign, such as %
{ENV_VAR_NAME =default_value}, you can give a default value that will be used if the
environment variable does not exist.
Environment variables set in the operating system before the test execution are
available during it, and the keywords Set Environment Variable and Delete
Environment Variable, both available in the OperatingSystem library, can be used to
create new ones or delete existing ones. Because environment variables are global,
environment variables defined in one test case can be reused in subsequent test
cases. Changes to environment variables, on the other hand, are ineffective after the
test has been completed.
8. Whatis the nameof the dependency that youmustneedin
order to install andusethe RIDEeditor in the contextof the
robot framework?
wxPythonand pywin32are the names of the dependency and package that you
must use to install and use RIDE editor.

9. Isit possible to usethe Seleniumlibrary to speedupor slow
downthe executionof test cases?
Yes, we can use the Set Selenium Speed keyword to modify the execution speed.
Experienced
10. Explain the high-level architecture of the robot framework.
Robot Framework is a framework that is application and technology agnostic. Its
architecture is highly modular, as shown in the diagram below:
The test data is presented in a simple, editable tabular format. Robot Framework
processes data, conduct test cases, and generates logs and reports when it is started.
The core framework has no knowledge of the target under test, and libraries manage
all interactions with it. Libraries can leverage lower-level test tools as drivers or
directly employ application interfaces.
11. Whatdo youunderstandabout test setupandteardownin
the contextof the robot framework?

Many additional test automation frameworks provide a similar test setup and
teardown capability as Robot Framework. Ina nutshell, a test setup occurs prior to
the execution of a test case, whereas a test teardown occurs after the execution of a
test case. Setups and teardowns in the Robot Framework are essentially regular
keywords with arguments.
The terms "setup" and "teardown" are always used interchangeably. It is feasible to
develop higher-level user keywords for this purpose if they need to handle numerous
independent jobs. Alternatively, you can use the BuiltIn keyword Run Keywords to
execute several keywords.
In two ways, the test teardown is unique. For example, it is executed even if a test
case fails, so it can be used for cleanup tasks that must be completed regardless of
the status of the test case. Furthermore, even if one of the keywords in the teardown
fails, all of the others are executed.
The Test Setup and Test Teardown settings in the Setting section are the simplest
way to specify a setup or teardown for test cases in a test case file. Each test case may
additionally have its own setup and teardown. They are defined in the test case
section with the [Setup] or [Teardown] parameters, and they override any
conceivable Test Setup and Test Teardown options. There is no setup or teardown if
there is no keyword after a [Setup] or [Teardown] setting. The value NONE can also be
used to indicate that a test has no setup or teardown.
12. Whatare the different test case styles in the contextof the
robot framework?
There are various alternative approaches to writing test cases. Test cases describing a
workflow can be built using either a keyword-driven or a behaviour-driven approach.
Using a data-driven approach, you may evaluate the same workflow with different
input data.

Keyword-drivenstyle: Workflow tests, like the Valid Login test, are made up of
a number of keywords and their possible arguments. In the Valid Login example,
the system is first put into the initial state (Open Login Page), then something is
done to it (Input Name, Input Password, Submit Credentials), and lastly the
system is confirmed to have performed as intended (Welcome Page Should Be
Open).
Data-drivendesign: Another technique to writing test cases is the data-driven
approach, which hides the real test workflow by using only one higher-level
keyword, commonly created as a user keyword. When you need to test the same
scenario with varied input and/or output data, these tests come in handy.
Although it would be possible to utilise the same keyword in each test, the test
template functionality allows you to define the keyword just once.
Behaviour-drivendesign: Test cases can also be written as requirements that
non-technical project stakeholders must comprehend. The cornerstone of a
technique known as Acceptance Test-Driven Development (ATDD)or
Specification by Example is a set of executable criteria.
The Given-When-Then approach, popularized by Behavior Driven Development,
is one technique to construct these requirements/tests (BDD). The initial state is
commonly specified with a keyword beginning with the word Given, the actions
with a keyword beginning with When, and the expectations with a keyword
beginning with Then when constructing test cases in this style. If a phase has
multiple actions, a keyword beginning with And or But can be used.
13. Whatdo youunderstandabout Jenkins Freestyle Project?
When it comes to robot framework interview questions, this is a basic question; yet, it
is critical. Jenkins' project will become increasingly important as you progress up the
corporate ladder to the firm that recruited you. Jenkins' project is nothing more than
a series of tasks that can be run repeatedly to obtain similar outcomes, and these
stages also include the activities that must be taken once the build is finished.
Freestyle refers to improvised or unrestricted performance. In Jenkins, a freestyle
project is one that spans numerous operations. It could be a pipeline, a build, or a
script run.

A freestyle project is a common build job or assignment, according to the Jenkins
wiki. Running tests, creating or packaging an application, producing a report, or even
running commands are all examples of this. Data is collected before any tests are
done. Jenkins can also help with this. Jenkins collects data in a variety of ways,
depending on what is being accomplished and the data's intended use.
Forexample,a real-world scenario would entail collecting application artifacts
following builds. Interms of management, Jenkins enables us to send reports at any
defined stage, which may include artifact information or application logs being sent
to a log management entity like Elasticsearch.
14. Differentiate between Robot Framework andSelenium.
Robot Framework: Robot Framework is an open-source automation framework
with a wide range of applications. It can be used to automate test processes and
robotic processes (RPA).Robot Framework is a flexible and open framework. To
construct powerful and versatile automation solutions, Robot Framework may
be connected with nearly any other tool. Robot Framework is free to use and
does not require a license.
Selenium: Selenium is a popular open-source Web automation testing
framework. It was created in 2004 as an internal tool at Thought Works by Jason
Huggins. Selenium is a browser automation tool that works with a variety of
browsers, platforms, and computer languages. Selenium can run on a variety of
platforms, including Windows, Linux, Solaris, and Macintosh. Furthermore, it
supports mobile operating systems such as iOS, Windows Mobile, and Android.
Selenium supports a wide range of programming languages through the use of
language-specific drivers. Selenium supports the following languages: C#,Java,
Perl, PHP, Python, and Ruby. Selenium Web driver is currently the most popular
with Java and C#.Selenium test scripts can be written in any of the supported
programming languages and run in most recent browsers directly. Selenium
supports Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, and Safari browsers.
The following table lists the differences between robot framework and selenium:

Robot Framework Selenium
Robot is a Python
Selenium is an open-source web
application testing tool. Selenium is
a robust testing tool that can
transmit common Python
commands to a variety of browsers,
regardless of design differences. It
also includes extensions to simulate
user interaction with browsers, as
well as a distribution server for
scaling browser allocation and
infrastructure for W3CWebDriver
implementations, which allow you
to develop interchangeable code
for all major web browsers.
acceptance/functional
testing framework.
Robot is a simple plain
text-based automated
test framework that
may be readily
extended with Python
or Java frameworks. It
can run on both the.
net-based IronPython
and the Java-based
Jython.
Robot has a large
library and can be
readily coupled with
Selenium to automate
the testing of front-
end components in
the browser.
It's mostly a front-end component
and functionality testing tool for
browsers.
In Robot, there is no
built-in way to work
with fixtures, but it
can be integrated with
unittest and used that
way.
By using PyTest to write your
Selenium WebDriver tests, you gain
access to Pytest's rich fixture
model.

15. Differentiate between Robot Framework andCucumber.
Robot Framework: Acceptance Testing, Acceptance Test-Driven Development
(ATTD),and Robotic Process Automation (RPA)are all supported by the Robot
Platform open-source automation framework. It employs a keyword-driven
testing technology method, and testing libraries written in Python or Java can
be used to expand its capabilities.
Cucumber: Cucumber is a behaviour-driven development (BDD) testing tool
(BDD).It provides a method for writing tests that anyone, regardless of technical
knowledge, can comprehend. Before developers write their programs, users
(business analysts, product owners) submit scenarios or acceptance tests that
describe the system's behaviour from the customer's perspective for assessment
and approval by the product owners. The Ruby programming language is used in
the Cucumber framework.
The following table lists the differences between Robot Framework and Cucumber:

Robot Framework Cucumber
It is based on the Python
programming language.
It is based on the Ruby
programming language.
The robot is a Python
acceptance/functional
testing framework. The
robot is a simple plain text-
based automated test
framework that may be
readily extended with
Python or Java frameworks.
It can run on both the. net-
based IronPython and the
Java-based Jython.
Cucumber is a behaviour-
driven development
automation tool. The
specifications are written in
plain English, making them
understandable to all parties
involved. Cucumber
Framework can also be used
with languages other than
Ruby, such as Java,
JavaScript, and Scala.
The robot framework allows
you to test code on a client, Cucumber and Selenium can
such as a web browser. The be used to test the front-end,
robot has a large library and such as the GUI;they work
can be readily coupled with well together to test your
Selenium to automate the front-end.
testing of front-end
components in the browser.
Group Fixtures may be made
in two steps using the
In Robot Framework, group cucumber extension Aruba:
fixtures can be made by
Create a fixtures-
integrating them with the
directory.
unit tests.
Create fixture files in this
directory.
The Robot Framework has
Apache License 2.0.
The Cucumber Framework
has an MIT License.

16. Explain with anexample howyouwouldtest aweb
application usingthe robot framework. Whatare the
various .robot files that youwouldusein suchacase?
Let us consider a very simple application that has just a login page in it, wherein
submitting correct credentials leads to a successful welcome page and submitting
incorrect credentials leads to an error page.
Let us assume that the site looks somewhat like this:
Wewill consider the following resource file for our testing:
resource.robot

A resource file with reusable keywords and variables.
The system specific keywords created here form our own
domain specific language. They utilize keywords provided
by the imported SeleniumLibrary.
SeleniumLibrary
*** Settings ***
Documentation
...
...
...
...
Library
*** Variables ***
${SERVER}
${BROWSER}
${DELAY}
${VALID USER}
localhost:3000
Chrome
0
user
${VALID PASSWORD} password
${LOGIN URL} http://${SERVER}/
${WELCOME URL} http://${SERVER}/welcome.html
${ERROR URL} http://${SERVER}/error.html
*** Keywords ***
Open Browser To Login Page
Open Browser ${LOGIN URL} ${BROWSER}
Maximize Browser Window
Set Selenium Speed ${DELAY}
Login Page Should Be Open
Title Should Be Login Page
Go To Login Page
Go To ${LOGIN URL}
Input Username
[Arguments]
Input Text
${username}
username_field ${username}
Input Password
[Arguments] ${password}
Input Text password_field ${password}
Submit Credentials
Click Button login_button
Welcome Page Should Be Open
Location Should Be ${WELCOME URL}
Title Should Be Welcome Page

In this file, we specify the browser to be used, the URL to be accessed and all the
necessary information required.
Next, we declare a test suite named valid_login.robot which has a single test case
in it. Weinput the correct credentials and check if the welcome page opens or not.
valid_login.robot
A test suite with a single test for valid login.
*** Settings ***
Documentation
...
...
...
Resource
This test has a workflow that is created using keywords in
the imported resource file.
resource.robot
*** Test Cases ***
Valid Login
Input Username demo
Input Password mode
Submit Credentials
Welcome Page Should Be Open
[Teardown] Close Browser
Next, we declare a test suite named invalid_login.robot which has several test
cases in it. Weinput incorrect credentials and check if the error page opens or not.
invalid_login.robot

A test suite containing tests related to invalid login.
These tests are data-driven by their nature. They use a single
keyword, specified with Test Template setting, that is called
with different arguments to cover different scenarios.
*** Settings ***
Documentation
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Suite Setup
Suite Teardown
Test Setup
Test Template
Resource
This suite also demonstrates using setups and teardowns in
different levels.
Close Browser
Go To Login Page
Login With Invalid Credentials Should Fail
resource.robot
*** Test Cases ***
Invalid Username
Invalid Password
Invalid Username And Password
Empty Username
Empty Password
Empty Username And Password
USER NAME
invalid
${VALID USER}
invalid
${EMPTY}
${VALID USER}
${EMPTY}
PASSWORD
${VALID PASSWORD}
invalid
whatever
${VALID PASSWORD}
${EMPTY}
${EMPTY}
*** Keywords ***
Login With Invalid Credentials Should Fail
[Arguments] ${username} ${password}
Input Username ${username}
Input Password ${password}
Submit Credentials
Login Should Have Failed
Login Should Have Failed
Location Should Be ${ERROR URL}
Title Should Be Error Page
Conclusion:
Ifyou are appearing for an interview for a role that requires expertise in the robot
framework, you can expect general questions based on automated testing as well. Do
not worry, we got you covered.
Useful Interview Resources:

Automation Testing
APITesting
Selenium WebDriver
Cucumber
Automation Testing Tools
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