The document describes specifications for a glazed ceramic tile sample tested according to ISO standards. It provides details of the sample's visual characteristics and results of various tests to determine dimensions, flatness, water absorption, modulus of rupture, breaking strength, surface abrasion resistance, and resistance to thermal shock and chemicals. Most test results satisfied ISO standards except for breaking strength, likely due to higher than average porosity of 41.1% in the sample caused by non-uniform raw materials and residual moisture from pressing. Property improvements are suggested such as mechanical milling of raw materials and using digital ink injection for glaze coating.

1. BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MME 442
Specifications of a Glazed Ceramic Tile
Submitted by:
Md. Mohaimenul Islam
ID: 1411004
Partners ID: i) 1411005
Project ID: 14
Group: 02

2. GLAZED CERAMIC TILE
Ceramic tiles have quickly become one of the most popular types of materials used in a home.
Ceramic tile is made up of sand, natural products, and clays and once it has been moulded into
shape they are then fired in a kiln. When making ceramic tiles they can either be glazed or
unglazed, but the majority of homeowners have glazed ceramic tiles in their home.
BENEFITS:
 Durability
 Resistance
 Color performance
 Hygienic
USE OF GLAZE IN CERAMICS:
Ceramic glazes are both useful and decorative. Unglazed ceramics are porous. Glaze coats ceramic
surfaces, making them impermeable and waterproof. Glazes are also an expressive medium for
artists.

3. OUR SAMPLE
VISUAL EXAMINATION
 Glazed ceramic tile
 Thickness is 7.57 mm (> 7.5 mm)
 Made by RAK CERAMICS
 The sample is a wall tile
 Rectangular tile
 Area is 300*200 mm2
 Red body and white glaze

4. CHARACTERISTICS
 We will follow the Bangladeshi Standards which is adopted from International Standard
(ISO-10545)
 ISO 10545 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ceramic Tiles:
Part 1: Sampling and basis for acceptance
Part 2: Determination of dimensions and surface quality
Part 3: Determination of water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk
density
Part 4: Determination of modulus of rupture and breaking strength
Part 5: Determination of impact resistance by measurement of coefficient of restitution
Part 6: Determination of resistance to deep abrasion for unglazed tiles
Part 7: Determination of resistance to surface abrasion for glazed tiles
Part 8: Determination of linear thermal expansion
Part 9: Determination of resistance to thermal shock
Part 10: Determination of moisture expansion
Part 11: Determination of crazing resistance for glazed tiles
Part 12: Determination of frost resistance
Part 13: Determination of chemical resistance
Part 14: Determination of resistance to stains
Among these tests, we have conducted some
tests that are necessary for a glazed ceramic
tile

5. Length and width
 Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-2
 Measured the length and width of the sample. Then we averaged the values.
 Then we calculated the deviation and compared it with ISO 13006
International Standard ISO 13006: +/- 0.5% Sample specifications: 0.3%
Result: satisfied
Thickness
 Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-2
 Measured the thickness of the sample. Then we averaged the values.
 Then we calculated the deviation and compared it with ISO 13006
International Standard ISO 13006: +/- 10% Sample specifications: 4.18%
Result: satisfied

6. Rectangle squareness
 Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-2
 Measured the length and width of the sample. Then we calculated the area and averaged it.
 Then we calculated the deviation from 200*300mm2 and compared it with ISO 13006
International Standard ISO 13006: +/- 0.5% Sample specifications: 0.46%
Result: satisfied
Straightness of sides
 Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-2
 Measured the angle of two planes from different point.
 Then we calculated the deviation and compared it with ISO 13006
International Standard ISO 13006: +/- 0.5% Sample specifications: 0.39%
Result: satisfied

7. Surface flatness
 Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-2
 Machine name: Mitutoyo absolute
 Using the machine we measured the waveness of the sample at 10 different points.
 Then we measured thickness at 10 different points and after calculation, we found the flatness.
 Then we compared it with ISO 13006 . The sample flatness should not exceed 0.5%
International Standard ISO 13006: +/- 0.5% Sample specifications: 0.22%
Result: satisfied

8. Water absorption test
 Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-3
 Cut 3 small square pieces from the sample and kept it inside a furnace for 30 minutes
 Then we weighted the samples(m1) and kept them inside water for 24 hours.
 We then dried the sample for 15 minutes in the environment and weighted the mass(m2).
 After calculation, we determined the porosity, density and water absorption.
 Water absorption, E=
𝑚2−𝑚1
𝑚1
∗ 100%
 We compared it with ISO 13006

9. Sample ID E, %
01 13.57
02 12.13
03 14.67
15%<E<10%
ISO 13006 specifications: 10%<E<20%
Result: Satisfactory
Group BIII(GL) as E>10% (According to UNI EN 14411 Standard)
For 02 number sample , Water absorption, E =
𝑚2−𝑚1
𝑚1
∗ 100 =12.10448418%
E>10%

10. Modulus Of Rupture (MOR)
 Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-4
 To measure the MOR, we used the three point bending test method
 We put the sample into the machine and then applied force. A curve was formed before breaking.
 From this curve, we get the value of Breaking load, F
 After calculation we get the MOR and compare it with ISO 13006

11. Calculation
The modulus of rupture, R, expressed in newtons per square millimeter , is calculated by means of
Formula (2):
R=
𝟑𝑭𝒍 𝟐
𝟐𝒃𝒉 𝟐
where
F ; breaking load, expressed in newtons=0.089*1000 newtons
l2 ; span between the support rods in mm; =170mm
b ; width of the test specimen, in mm; = 26.7325mm
h ; minimum thickness of the test specimen measured after the test along the broken edge, = 7.57mm
So, R=
𝟑∗.𝟎𝟖𝟗∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟕𝟎
𝟐∗𝟐𝟔.𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟓∗𝟕.𝟓𝟕 𝟐 = 14.185 N/mm2
International Standard ISO 13006: R >= 12 N/mm2 if thickness > 7.50mm
Our sample has thickness > 7.50mm and R=14.185 N/mm2
Result: Passed

12. Breaking Strength
 Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-4
 To measure the Breaking Strength, we used the three point bending test method.
 The process of MOR and Breaking Strength is same
 Breaking Strength, S=
𝐹𝑙2
𝑏
 After calculation we get the Breaking Strength and compare it with ISO 13006
Calculation
The breaking strength, S, expressed in newtons, is calculated by means of Formula (1):
S=
𝑭𝒍 𝟐
𝒃
=
0.089∗1000∗170
26.7375
= 565.9777N
where
F is the breaking load, expressed in newtons= 0.089 KN
l2 is the span between the support rods in mm = 170 mm
b is the width of the test specimen, in mm. =26.7375mm
International Standard ISO 13006: S >= 600 N if thickness > 7.50mm
Our sample has thickness > 7.50mm and S= 565.9777 N
Result: Failed

13. Resistance to Surface Abrasion
 Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-7
 Machine name: EJ PAYNE ABRASION MACHINE
 The stroke length was kept 70mm.
 The machine scratched the surface and left a mark.
 Then we took the sample under microscope and observed.
International Standard ISO 13006: The Scratch should not be very deep
Sample specifications: The mark found on the glaze was not deep scratch
Result: satisfactory

14. Resistance to Thermal Shock
 Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-9
 We cut a small square piece from the sample.
 It was taken to a furnace and heated at 1450C for 20 minutes.
 Then it was moved out from the furnace and immedietly immersed inside water(150C).
 After drying for 5 minutes, we repeated the process for 5 times.
 Then we observed the sample with our naked eyes.
International Standard ISO 13006: No visible defect
Sample specifications: No visible defect
Result: satisfied

15. Resistance to Chemical Attack
 Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-13
 A small piece was cut from the original sample.
 It was dipped inside solutions mentioned the table.
 Then it was taken out and we observed the sample.
International Standard ISO 13006: No visible effect
Sample specifications: No visible effect
Result: satisfactory

16. Name Standard Result
Length & Width BS EN ISO 10545-2
Thickness BS EN ISO 10545-2
Rectangle squareness BS EN ISO 10545-2
Straightness of sides BS EN ISO 10545-2
Surface flatness BS EN ISO 10545-2
Water absorption BS EN ISO 10545-3
MOR BS EN ISO 10545-4
Breaking Strength BS EN ISO 10545-4
Surface Abrasion BS EN ISO 10545-7
Resistance to thermal shock BS EN ISO 10545-9
Resistance to chemicals BS EN ISO 10545-13

17.  Red body and white body Ceramic tiles are made with finest quality clays and
with chamotte (a ceramic raw material with high percentage of silica).
 These raw materials are submitted to dry grinding and suitably mixed and wet
and then pressed with hydraulic presses.
 Quick-cycle support firing is obtained via roller kilns reaching temperatures of
approximately 1100 °C.
 After glazing is applied, the product is sintered in a single-layer roller kiln at
approximately 1030 °C.
Process

18. Reason of Breaking Failure
 Bulk Density of our sample = 1.794587 gm/cc and the real density of our sample is 1.057. So,
the percentage of porosity =
1.794587−1.057
1.794587
∗ 100% = 41.1% . But the porosity must be limited to
20-30%. So, the porosity of our sample was higher than average. So, it couldn’t sustain the
load and failed much faster than expected.
 During the pressing, there were healthy percentage of moisture present in the sample. As a
result, it created porosity during heating. And they remained at the sample and didn’t fill up
during sintering process.
 The raw materials were not very much uniform. As a result, the course particles created higher
porosity percentage thus decreasing the breaking strength.

19. Property upgrade
 Before mixing raw materials, its’ uniformity must be maintained. So the particles should go
through mechanical milling process. Milling will disperse their size and will make them fine
particles. So, their mechanical property will be increased. Thus, Breaking Strength can be
increased.
 At the time of applying glazing, spray coating is used. But it has some disadvantages as surface
finish is comparatively bad. So Digital Ink Injection system is a better way than spray coating.
In this process, everything is controlled by computer. So, the glazed coating can be applied over
the full surface. As a result, surface finish will be increased. Thus, Surface flatness can be
increased.

20. THANK
YOU