The document discusses the assessment of quality of tiles, washed stone grit plaster, and tests conducted on these materials. It provides definitions of tile work and different types of stones used in construction. It then outlines various tests done on tiles to assess quality, including moisture expansion, water absorption, crazing resistance, bond strength, thermal shock resistance, breaking strength, modulus of rupture, chemical resistance, freeze-thaw resistance, surface abrasion, and static coefficient of friction. Similar tests are described for washed stone grit plaster, along with specifications used in a case study structural lab wall. Characteristics of washed stone grit plaster are also summarized.

1. Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
TOPIC
Assessment Of Quality Of Tiles
Works & Washed Stone Grit
Plaster Works
Submitted to:
Dr. Sudhir Mishra
Presented by:
Arvind Vishavkarma
Roll No - 17203269
1

2. Definition
Tile work is a manufactured
piece of hard-wearing
material such as ceramic,
stone, metal, or even glass,
generally used for covering
roofs, floors, walls,
showers, or other objects
such as table tops
2
https://www.riverpoolsandspas.com/blog/best-interior-
finish-for-concrete-pool

3. GEOLOGIC CATEGORIES OF STONES
FREQUENTLY USED IN CONSTRUCTION
Sedimentary stones (sandstone,
limestone, dolomite) originally formed
mainly in sea water, or lakes, from the
remains of animals and plants, also
from transportation and deposition of
rock products.
Metamorphic stones (marble,
serpentine, onyx, slate, quartzite,
gneiss) are produced from
sedimentary or igneous rocks by the
action of heat and pressure.
Igneous stones ( granite, syenite,
diorite, gabbro, andesite and basalt)
are formed when magma (molten
rock within the earth) cools.
Sandstone
Granite stone
Marble stone
3Source : http://www.tradekeyindia.com/stone-
international/white-marble-stone.htm

4. Tests for tile work `
Sr.
No
Types of Tests ASTM ISO BIS
1 Moisture Expansion
ASTM
C370
ISO
10545-10
IS
13630(Part
3)
2 Water Absorption
ASTM
C373
-
IS
13630(Part
2)
3
Crazing Resistance ASTM
C424
ISO
10545-11
IS
13630(Part
9)
4 Bond Strength
ASTM
C482
-
5 Thermal Shock Resistance
ASTM
C484
ISO
10545-9
IS
13630(Part
5)
4

5. Tests for tile work
Sr.
No
Types of Tests ASTM ISO BIS
6 Breaking Strength
ASTM
C648
-
IS 13630(Part
6)
7 Chemical Resistance
ASTM
C650
ISO
10545-13
IS 13630(Part
7,8)
8 Modulus of Rupture
ASTM
C674
-
IS 13630(Part
6)
9
Freeze-Thaw (up to 300
cycles)
ASTM
C1026
-
IS 13630(Part
10)
10 Surface Abrasion
ASTM
C1027
-
IS 13630(Part
11,12)
11
Static Coefficient of
Friction
ASTM
C1028
- - 5

6. Moisture Expansion
This test method provides means to determine increases in physical
dimension of fired white ware materials which develop from the
reaction of water and water vapor at elevated pressures and
temperatures.
• Expansion can lead the change in the physical dimension
• Its influence the stability and integrity of and installation and leads the crazing
due to moisture evaporation
Test Specimen requirement
• Number of specimen- minimum 3
• Shape- Rod like taken from central
portion of specimen
• Size- length (76-102 mm)
width (2.5-19 mm)
• Steam Pressure – 1 MPa for 5 Hrs
• Temperature – 110 0C for 24 hrs
Autoclave
Note- Low moisture expansion between 0.1-0.5 mm/m 6

7. Measurement of density, porosity, and specific gravity is a tool for
determining the degree of maturation of a ceramic body, or for determining
structural properties that may be required for a given application.
• Sampling of specimen based on length, width & Area of tiles, generally-
Number of tiles -5
• Heat the specimen at 150 0C for 24 hrs
• Cool all the specimen in dedicator and find the dry mass
• Finding the suspended mass of specimen
• Also determination of saturated mass of all specimen
Water Absorption and Associated Properties, Density,
Porosity and Specific gravity
Note- Value of water absorption less then 0.5% but not more than 3 %
7

8. Crazing Resistance
 This test method is particularly useful for porous materials that can exhibit moisture
expansion
 It can also serve as a reference test method in purchasing contracts or agreements.
Size of specimen- 152*152mm or
200*200mm
Steam pressure – 1.90 MPa for 24 hrs
Crazing in tiles
8
Crazing pattern as BIS

9.  This test method provides a means of determining whether or not tile of
the types can be bonded with adequate strength to Portland cement paste.
 It can also refer this test method in order to establish minimum bond
strength limits appropriate to the service conditions that are anticipated.
 Separation between bond coat and setting bed
Bond Strength
Load one specimen at a time at the
rate of (1.4±0.1 MPa/min) in shear
until the bond is broken
Bond Strength Test
9

10. Thermal Shock Resistance
 This test method is intended for testing glazed ceramic tile that are
to be used in areas in which they may be subjected to rapid or severe
temperature changes.
 This test method consists of determining the thermal shock
resistance of ceramic tiles by cycling a sample ten times between the
temperatures of 15± 5°C (59 6 9°F) and 145±5°C (293 6 9°F)
10

11. Breaking Strength
 The test method provides means for establishing whether or not a lot of tile
meets the strength requirements which may appear in tile specifications.
 Tile strength is the force in pounds-force (or Newton's), which necessary to
cause the tile to break.
Ceramic Tiles Breaking Strength as per IS code Ceramic Tiles Breaking Strength as per ASTM
11

12. Modulus of Rupture
These test methods cover determination of the modulus of rupture and
the modulus of elasticity of tiles, formed by any fabrication method,
and are applicable to both glazed and unglazed test specimens.
Suggested Bearing Edge and Specimen Support
12

13. Chemical Resistance
 This test method is intended for testing ceramic tile that are to be
used for residential other purpose that may come in contact with
chemical substances and for tile in areas where they may be exposed
to contact with strong cleaning agent
 The specification of 10 % hydrochloric acid solution and 10 %
potassium hydroxide solution as normal testing fluids, and the length
of exposure time and temperature are based on experimental
laboratory work.
 It was indicated that resistance to these two substances probably
assures resistance also to any other acidic or alkaline substance
coming in contact with tile, except hydrofluoric acid. 13

14. Freeze-Thaw (up to 300 cycles)
 The test for resistance to freezing and thawing functions as a guide to the
selection of ceramic and glass tiles suitable for outdoor service in
geographic areas subjected to freezing
 It is the control test for determining the freeze/thaw resistance of tiles
being manufactured for exterior installations.
• Designated test load of tile specimens is saturated with water prior to being
placed face-up in a metal water-filled container inside a freezer
• The water level is adjusted such that the tile specimens are partially submerged
• Freezing is followed by a thawing cycle using water that flows over the test
load
• The number of cycles is recorded and after 300 cycles
• The test load is visually examined for damage and checked for total weight
loss.
14

15. Surface Abrasion
The abrasion resistance of tile surfaces is determined by
rotation of an abrasive load on the surface and the
assessment of the resultant wear by means of visual
comparison of the abraded test specimens and non abraded
tiles
15

16. Static Coefficient of Friction
 Static coeffıcient of friction—the normal force applied through the object
which tends to cause the friction.
 The horizontal dynamometer pull meter and heel assemblies are
designed to determine the static coefficient of friction of tile and like
materials.
 The static coefficient of friction is determined under both wet and dry
conditions with Neolite heel assemblies over both unprepared and
prepared (cleaned) test surfaces.
Test Assembly
16

17. Physical requirements of the most frequently
used natural building stones as per BIS
GraniteSandstone
17

18. Cont.…
GraniteMarble
18

19. Case Study- Washed stone grit plaster
outside structural lab
19
Structural lab wall

20. 20

21. 21
Structural lab wall Hall 7 wall

22. Procedure of washed stone grit plaster
Again cure the plastered surface
Stone grid plaster surface scrub and wash out with nylon brush and water
Apply the white cement slurry on base coat before the stone grid plater
Add the water proofing compound in the mix
Prepare the homogenous mix of cement or white cement & coarse
aggregate
Curing the base plaster
Rough the surface and free from dust for proper bonding
Apply the base plaster on exterior wall
22

23. Specification used in outside
structural lab wall
Recommended specification
as per CPWD
Base plaster thickness 12 mm ( 1
cement : 4 coarse sand)
Base plaster thickness 8-12 mm ( 1
cement : 4 coarse sand)
Scratching the base plaster surface
Scratching the base plaster surface
Apply the cement slurry on the under
layer @ 2 kg of cement per square
meter
The base plaster shall be cured 3-4
days before applying a Grit wash
plaster
Top layer 15 mm cement plaster (1
cement: ½ coarse sand : 2 stone
chipping 10 mm nominal size
A homogeneous mix of white cement,
coarse sand and 10 mm nominal size
stone chippings of approved colour in
proportion 1 :½: 2 be prepared.
Groove in the top panel as per
approved pattern including scrubbing
and washing
Water proofing compound added to the
mix @ 2 kg by weight of cement23

24. Specification used in outside
structural lab wall
Recommended specification
as per CPWD
All works under the Engineer-in-
charge
White cement slurry shall be applied
@ 2 kg/m before applying the washed
stone grit plater
After the initial setting of about 1 to 2
hours the surface of stone Grit plaster
surface be scrubbed and washed out
gently with a nylon brush and water
The plastered surface shall be cured
for 14 days
24

25. Characteristic of washed stone grit plaster classify into-
1. Dimension and surface quality
2. Physical properties
3. Chemical properties
Test requirement for washed stone grit
plaster based on water absorption
25Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_s2XVOPAens

26.  Minimum 95% of works shall
be free from visible defect that
would impair the appearance of
major area
 Maximum deviation from
straightness is ±2%
 The deviation in percentage of
the average thickness is ± 7
Dimension and surface quality
26

27. Physical properties
 Water absorption, percentage by weight
 Modulus of rupture, N/mm2
 Breaking strength
 Moisture expansion (mm/m)
 Co-efficient of thermal expansion from ambient temperature to 100
0C
 Thermal shock resistance
27

28. Chemical properties
Resistance to acid and alkalis
28

29. Possible reason
 Thermal cracking in freshly placed base plaster surface
due to high temperature
 Thermal volume change due to seasonal changes
 Due to sulfate attack
 Softening or disintegration of cement paste
 Cracking and expansion of base mortar
29

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