The document discusses space colonization and agriculture. It describes space colonization as permanent human habitation off planet Earth, which would require providing for all human material needs in the harsh environment of space. This would involve controlled life support systems and technologies. The document also discusses human needs in space such as atmosphere, food, water, and environmental design. It describes how space farming could help meet these needs by recycling wastewater and generating oxygen through plant growth. Recent research on the International Space Station has grown the first crops in space for astronauts to eat.

1. SPACE COLONIZATION
AND AGRICULTURE
SUBMITTED BY
NAME- RISHAV RAY
BIOTECHNOLOGY 3RD YEAR
ROLL NO-1402010190510048

2. CONTENTS:-
A}WHAT IS SPACE COLONIZATION??
B}HUMAN NEEDS IN SPACE
C}SPACE FARMING AND AGRICULTURE

3. WHAT IS SPACE COLONIZATION??
SPACE COLONIZATION IS PERMANENT HUMAN HABITATION OFF PLANET EARTH. CURRENTLY, THE BUILDING OF A SPACE
COLONY WOULD PRESENT A SET OF HUGE TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES. SPACE SETTLEMENTS WOULD HAVE
TO PROVIDE FOR NEARLY ALL THE MATERIAL NEEDS OF HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS OF HUMANS, IN AN ENVIRONMENT OUT
IN SPACE THAT IS TO HUMAN LIFE. THEY WOULD INVOLVE TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS CONTROLLED ECOLOGICAL LIFE SUPPORT
SYSTEMS. A SPACE COLONY WOULD CURRENTLY BE A MASSIVELY EXPENSIVE PROJECT. THE PRIMARY ARGUMENT CALLING FOR
SPACE COLONIZATION IS THE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION. BY DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVE LOCATIONS OFF
EARTH, THE PLANET'S SPECIES, INCLUDING HUMANS, COULD LIVE ON IN THE EVENT OF NATURAL OR MAN-MADE DISASTERS
ON OUR OWN PLANET.

4. TYPES OF SPACE
COLONIES
There are two main types of space colonies-
”Surface-based” that would exist on or
below the surfaces of planets, moons, etc.&
“Space habitats” free-floating stations that
would orbit a planet, moon, etc. or in an
independent orbit around the sun. Building
colonies in space would require access to
water, food, space, people, construction
materials, energy,
transportation, communications, life
support simulated gravity, radiation protection
and capital investment. It is likely the
colonies would be located near the
necessary physical resources. In space
settlements, a life support system must
recycle or import all the nutrients without
"crashing." The closest terrestrial analogue to
space life support is possibly that of a
nuclear submarine. Nuclear submarines use
mechanical life support systems to support
humans for months without surfacing, and
this same basic technology could presumably
be employed for space use.
Resources in space, both in materials and
energy are enormous. The Solar
System alone has according to different
estimates enough material and energy to
support anywhere from several thousand to
over a billion times that of the current
Earth-based human population. Outside the
Solar System, several hundred billion other
stars in the observable universe provide
opportunities for both colonization and
resource collection, though travel to any of
them is impossible on any practical time-
scale without the use of generation
ships or revolutionary new methods of
travel, such as faster-than-light
(FTL)engines. Expansion of humans and
technological progress has usually resulted
in some form of environmental
devastation, and destruction
of ecosystems and their
accompanying wildlife. It is possible by
next 50 years and it is advancing.

5. HUMAN NEEDS IN
SPACE
Elementary essentials such as air, water, food, and even the sensation of
weight all have to be provided to the space colony. Engineering criteria to
assure physiological safety and comfort are essential, but equally important
is to provide for psychological and aesthetic needs of the colonists.
Human needs in space are as follows-
1)WEIGHTLESSNESS- It is a major potential resource of the space, for it
means humans can perform tasks impossible on earth. On Earth, gravity
subjects everyone continuously and uniformly to the sensation of weight.
Evolution occurred in its presence and all physiology is attuned to it.
2)ATMOSPHERE- The atmosphere of the space habitat must contain a
partial pressure of oxygen sufficient to provide high enough partial
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs for good respiration yet low
enough to avert losses in blood cell mass and large changes in the
number and distribution of micro-organisms, such as the growth of
"opportunistic" bacteria. The presence of an inert gas in the colony's
atmosphere is desirable since it would prevent an unusual form of
decompression from occurring in the body's chambers and sinuses, while
providing a greater safety margin during either accidental pressure drops or
oxygen dilution by inert gases.

6. HUMAN NEEDS
IN SPACE
3}FOOD AND WATER-Humans living in space must have an
adequate diet and food must be nutritious, sufficiently
abundant, and attractive. There must be enough water to
sustain life and to maintain sanitation. A diet adequate for a
reasonable environmental stress and a heavy workload requires
about 3000 Cal/day. It should consist of 2000 g of water,
470 g dry weight of various carbohydrates and fats, 60 to 70
g dry weight of proteins, and adequate quantities of various
minerals and vitamins .The importance of the psychological
aspects of food should not be neglected.
4}ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN-habitable environments have to be
created with maximum efficiency and minimum mass variety,
diversity, flexibility and motivation can make apparently
deficient environments quite satisfactory to their inhabitants. It
is important that space colonists become meaningfully involved
in their environment.

7. SPACE FARMING AND
AGRICULTURE……
Space farming refers to the cultivation of crops for food and other materials in space or on off-Earth celestial
objects – equivalent to agriculture on Earth.
Farming on the Moon or Mars share many similarities with farming on a space station or space colony, but would
lack the complexity of microgravity found in the latter. Each environment would also have differences in the
availability of inputs to the space agriculture process: inorganic material needed for plant growth, soil
media, insolation, relative availability of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen, and so forth.

8. Supply of food to space stations and
proposed
interplanetary spaceships is staggeringly
expensive. Furthermore, the impracticality of
resupplying interplanetary missions make the
prospect of growing food inflight appealing.
The existence of a space farm would aid
the creation of a sustainable environment, as
plants can be used to recycle wastewater,
generate oxygen (10m² of crops produces
25% of the daily requirements of 1 person
or about 180-210grams of oxygen,
continuously purify the air and recycle
faeces on the space station or spaceship.
This essentially allows the space farm to
turn the spaceship into an
artificial ecosystem with a hydrological
cycle and nutrient recycling.
Supply of foodstuffs to others is likely to
be a major part of early off-Earth
settlements. Food production is a non-trivial
task and is likely to be one of the most
labour-intensive, and vital, tasks of early
colonists.

9. The six astronauts currently living on the
International Space Station (ISS) have become
the first people to eat food grown in space.
The fresh red romaine lettuce that
accompanied the crew’s usual freeze-dried
fare, however, is far from the first crop
grown on a space station. For decades,
NASA and other agencies have experimented
with plants in space, but the results were
always sent to Earth for examination, rather
than eaten.
A number of technologies NASA has explored
for these space-farming experiments also
have returned to Earth over the years and
found their way onto the market.
Orbital Technologies (ORBITEC), for
example, partnered with Kennedy Space
Centre to develop the plant growth system—
known as Veggie—that produced this most
recent crop of lettuce, as well as its
predecessor, the Biomass Production System.
NASA air purification
technology, originally
designed for plant-growing
experiments on the space
station, has been licensed
and turned into a
consumer device that
keeps household air
cleaner and healthier.
A leaf sensor developed to
increase the efficiency of farming
on long-duration space missions is
now used by farmers to conserve
on water use by only irrigating
when crops need it. The sensor
works by measuring leaf thickness
and text messaging farmers when
plants are “thirsty.”

10. PINK
HOUSES-
VERTICAL
FARMING

11. RECENT
RESEARCHES IN
SPACE FARMING
LETTUCE PLANT
Orbital Technologies partnered with
Kennedy Space Centre to create a
plant growth system known as
Veggie or lettuce plant, now used
on the International Space Station.
The system employs LEDs, which
are highly efficient and long-lasting
and radiate hardly any heat. This
red green house grows veggies for
mars. These are known as pink
houses. They grow plants without
any natural light. This light future
food with 90% less water.

12. THE END
SUBMITTED BY
NAME- RISHAV RAY
BIOTECHNOLOGY 3RD YEAR
ROLL NO-
1402010190510048