Sources, reliability and bias
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This document provides guidance on analyzing primary sources from history, including archaeological and written sources. It advises examining sources for context, reliability, and bias. For archaeological sources, it suggests considering the source's context, date, condition, and what evidence it provides about the past. For written sources, it recommends analyzing the type of source, author, date, purpose, intended audience, reliability, and usefulness. The document also notes the importance of considering an author's background, views, experiences, gender, social factors, and what they omitted when evaluating potential bias.
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GENERAL INFORMATION.A primary source is historical evidence writ.docx
GENERAL INFORMATION.
A primary source is historical evidence written or produced at the time when events occurred
. The following are examples of primary sources: newspapers, magazines, diaries, letters and legal documents. Students will have the opportunity to become familiar with, and are required to provide an analysis of a primary source.
INSTRUCTIONS
Locate a primary source significant to the history of the Americas. Post the title of the selected primary source via Moodle no later than
Friday, September 18
, 2015
. Provide an analysis of the primary
source selected. Your primary source essay must address the highlighted areas, while the remaining areas are optional:
Basics:
What type of source is it? (newspaper article, map, letter, film, etc.) When was it created?
Where was it created?
Who created it?
Authorship:
What do you know about the author's background?
What is the author’s place in society?
(status, occupation, class, gender, ethnicity, etc.)
How migh
t the author’s place in society shape the author’s perspective in this
source?
Does the author have an argument? If so, what is it?
What motives did she/he have in creating
the document?
Audience:
Who is the intended audience for this source?
Did the author address any particular person or group?
Was the author speaking for (or representing) a particular audience?
Did the author's audience have any effect on the document's content?
How was the document received by the audience?
Historical Content:
What does this source tell you about the
time and place in which it was created?
How useful is it for understanding the
past?
Reliability:
What biases or other cultural factors might have shaped the message of this source?
Was the author in a position to have reliable knowledge of the event?
Reliability (continued)
Does the author have any reason to avoid telling the truth as she/he witnessed the event?
What historical perspectives are left out of this source?
Does it exclude, downplay, or ignore
evidence or issues that you can verify
through other sources?
Was the author trying to silence another
audience?
What questions are left unanswered by this source?
How trustworthy is the source?
Authenticity:
Are there reasons to doubt the authorship of the document?
Was the document possibly a forgery?
Has the document been altered in any way? If it is a transcription of someone else's words, who was the scribe?
What role might the scribe have played in
shaping the document's tone or content?
Influence:
How important or influential was the source in its own day and age?
By what standards can one measure a document's significance?
Was it widely disseminated and read (e.g., a pamphlet)?
Did the document's publication have anticipated and unanticipated consequences?
Relationship to Course Themes:
How does the document relate to the course's readings and/or lectures? Provid.
GENERAL INFORMATION. A primary source is historical evidence wri.docx
GENERAL INFORMATION.
A primary source is historical evidence written or produced at the time when events occurred
. The following are examples of primary sources: newspapers, magazines, diaries, letters and legal documents. Students will have the opportunity to become familiar with, and are required to provide an analysis of a primary source.
INSTRUCTIONS
Locate a primary source significant to the history of the Americas. Post the title of the selected primary source via Moodle no later than
Friday, September 18
, 2015
. Provide an analysis of the primary
source selected. Your primary source essay must address the highlighted areas, while the remaining areas are optional:
Basics:
What type of source is it? (newspaper article, map, letter, film, etc.) When was it created?
Where was it created?
Who created it?
Authorship:
What do you know about the author's background?
What is the author’s place in society?
(status, occupation, class, gender, ethnicity, etc.)
How migh
t the author’s place in society shape the author’s perspective in this
source?
Does the author have an argument? If so, what is it?
What motives did she/he have in creating
the document?
Audience:
Who is the intended audience for this source?
Did the author address any particular person or group?
Was the author speaking for (or representing) a particular audience?
Did the author's audience have any effect on the document's content?
How was the document received by the audience?
Historical Content:
What does this source tell you about the
time and place in which it was created?
How useful is it for understanding the
past?
Reliability:
What biases or other cultural factors might have shaped the message of this source?
Was the author in a position to have reliable knowledge of the event?
Reliability (continued)
Does the author have any reason to avoid telling the truth as she/he witnessed the event?
What historical perspectives are left out of this source?
Does it exclude, downplay, or ignore
evidence or issues that you can verify
through other sources?
Was the author trying to silence another
audience?
What questions are left unanswered by this source?
How trustworthy is the source?
Authenticity:
Are there reasons to doubt the authorship of the document?
Was the document possibly a forgery?
Has the document been altered in any way? If it is a transcription of someone else's words, who was the scribe?
What role might the scribe have played in
shaping the document's tone or content?
Influence:
How important or influential was the source in its own day and age?
By what standards can one measure a document's significance?
Was it widely disseminated and read (e.g., a pamphlet)?
Did the document's publication have anticipated and unanticipated consequences?
Relationship to Course Themes:
How does the document relate to the course's readings and/or lec.
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Thinking Historically & Literacy Integration Strategies in the Secondary Clas...
This document provides an overview of strategies for teaching historical thinking skills in secondary classrooms using the C4 Framework. The C4 Framework involves having students Collect, Collaborate, Create, and Communicate as they develop historical thinking abilities like sourcing documents, contextualization, corroboration, and close reading. Examples are provided of how to design lessons, activities, and assessments to engage students in developing these skills through collecting and analyzing various historical sources and perspectives.
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This document provides an introduction to analyzing primary and secondary sources using the OPVL (Origin, Purpose, Value, Limitation) framework. It defines primary sources as those created during the event by eyewitnesses, and secondary sources as those created later by historians using primary sources. The document explains how to identify a source as primary or secondary, and provides examples of each. It then demonstrates how to analyze a sample primary source poem using the OPVL framework to understand the source's origin, purpose, value and limitations for historians. The document provides guidance on properly answering each OPVL section.
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The document discusses different perspectives on what history is and why it is studied. It notes that history involves investigating the past to gain knowledge and understand truths, and that different people can have different interpretations and views of the past. The document also outlines six key aspects of historical thinking: change over time, chronology, context, complexity, causation, and contingency. Overall, the document examines how and why people study history from various angles and perspectives.
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Primary sources are original materials created during the time under study that provide firsthand accounts of events or experiences. Examples include diaries, letters, newspaper articles, photos, and official government documents from the relevant time period. Secondary sources are analyses and interpretations of events created after the fact. They include textbooks, scholarly articles, documentaries, and historical novels. While secondary sources may provide more perspectives, primary sources provide a direct view of the period without the filter of hindsight.
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Primary sources are actual records from the past that provide firsthand accounts, including published documents like books and newspapers as well as unpublished documents like letters and diaries. Visual documents and oral histories are also primary sources. Secondary sources are accounts created after the event by people not directly involved, drawing on primary sources and evidence from the time. When analyzing sources, historians consider how close in time and place the source is to the event, as more direct sources are generally more reliable. All sources have some bias, so multiple sources must be evaluated and compared.
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Sources, reliability and bias
- 1. Sources, Reliability and Bias
- 2. What do we learn about history from this source?
- 3. What do we learn about history from this source? n.b. This was taken at a museum in Agrigento, Italy.
- 5. Questions to Ask What is it? In what context was it found? Can it be accurately dated? How does it’s condition affect its interpretation? Is it reliable and/or useful in providing evidence about the past? What evidence does the source provide about the past?
- 7. Questions to Ask What type of written source it is? Who wrote it and when? What was the writer’s purpose? Who was the intended audience? Is it reliable? Is it useful in providing evidence about the period?
- 8. Reliability A suggested framework: DateAuthorMaterialMotiveIntended audienceType of source Or Tone
- 9. Bias When attempting to discover the bias of a source, try investigating the following: Background Political views Life experiences Gender Social/Racial Often overlooked, but equally as important, what HASN’T the author included in his/her work.