This document discusses using the SOLO (Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome) taxonomy to develop questions that require different levels of cognitive demand from students. The SOLO taxonomy categorizes questions and responses into five levels - prestructural, unistructural, multistructural, relational, and extended abstract - with each level building on the previous one and requiring deeper thinking. The document provides examples of questions at each level and guidance for teachers on developing questions that target higher levels of thinking.

1. Quality Questioning Using the SOLO Taxonomy An online workshop Adapted from a presentation by the Uniservices asTTle team

2. Who will find this workshop useful? Teachers Syndicates / departments AtoL facilitators How to use this workshop: To update, review and/or reflect on classroom questioning practice. As a focus for professional development in assessment for learning . To support AtoL programmes in schools. Link: If you are interested in classroom questioning and learning conversations you may also wish to go to: (link to TKI workshop at http://www.tki.org.nz/r/assessment/atol_online/ppt/teacher_student_conversations_28.5.ppt )

3. Introduction When asTTle items were being designed the developers needed to ensure that test questions had differing levels of cognitive demand that required students to think deeply as well as at a surface level. Why was this an issue?

4. Levels of thinking As we know, not all thinking or knowing is the same. Yet 80% or more of all questions teachers ask (spoken or written) can be answered with lower-order thinking skills: by recall or remembering by knowledge by simple handling of a restricted set of ideas, data, knowledge If we can develop students’ higher-order thinking skills this will enhance their metacognitive abilities and hence their learning.

5. The asTTle team looked for a set of broad cognitive categories (a taxonomy) that would describe thinking processes in a scale of increasing difficulty or complexity. SOLO is such a taxonomy You may also be familiar with Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Outcomes. This is referred to in another TKI assessment workshop and can be accessed at http://www.tki.org.nz/r/assessment/atol_online/ppt/teacher_student_conversations_28.5.ppt

6. Why use SOLO? SOLO is a true hierarchic taxonomy – increasing in quantity and quality of thought SOLO is a powerful tool in differentiating curriculum and providing cognitive challenge for learners SOLO allows teachers and learners to ask deeper questions without creating new ones SOLO is a powerful metacognitive tool All asTTle tests have been developed with a minimum of 25% surface and 25% deep questions – the balance can be anything…

7. What is SOLO? SOLO stands for the Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes. It was developed by Biggs and Collis (1982). Biggs describes SOLO as “a framework for understanding”. (1999, p.37) SOLO identifies five stages of understanding. Each stage embraces the previous level but adds something more. The following slides identify and describe the five levels or stages and provide examples of each.

8. The stages of SOLO Prestructural – the student acquires bits of unconnected information that have no organisation and make no sense. This is not a stage that we want to foster through questioning so we will not pursue it further Unistructural – students make simple and obvious connections between pieces of information Multistructural – a number of connections are made, but not the meta-connections between them Relational – the students sees the significance of how the various pieces of information relate to one another Extended abstract – at this level students can make connections beyond the scope of the problem or question, to generalise or transfer learning into a new situation

9. Surface and deep thinking Unistructural and multistructural questions test students’ surface thinking (lower-order thinking skills) Relational and extended abstract questions test deep thinking (higher-order thinking skills) Use of SOLO allows us to balance the cognitive demand of the questions we ask and to scaffold students into deeper thinking and metacognition

10. Describing the stages of SOLO Irrelevant or not given information is shown as – X Given facts, ideas, information are shown by – black dots The student answering the question is represented by the triangle The response or given answer to the question is shown by the – R Relevant information that is not given in the question is shown by – O In the diagram below the symbols shown represent: This key is used to explain each stage on the following slides

11. Unistructural questions To answer the question students need the knowledge or use of only one piece of given information, fact, or idea, that they can get directly from the problem.

12. Unistructural example

13. Multistructural questions Students need to know or use more than one piece of given information, fact, or idea, to answer the question, but do not integrate the ideas. This is fundamentally an unsorted, unorganised list .

14. Multistructural example Note that a student may choose to answer this by measuring one side of the arrow and multiplying by 2 which shows relational thinking. However the question does not require them to do this so we cannot expect them to use this strategy.

15. Turn and talk 1 Think of some examples from your subject area that are: unistructural multistructural and discuss these with a colleague.

16. Relational questions These questions require students to integrate more than one piece of given knowledge, information, fact, or idea. At least two separate ideas are required that, working together, will solve the problem.

17. Relational example Note : this is a relational question because students have to integrate and apply a range of information. They also need to realise that going slower means adding time. At the school swimming sports four children completed in the fifty metres freestyle heat. Joe came first with a time of 40.395 seconds. Mary came second, Sam came third and David came fourth. In the next heat, Jan finished with a time of a second slower than Joe. What was her time? ____________ _27_ 100

18. Extended abstract questions These questions involve a higher level of abstraction . The items require the student to go beyond the given information, knowledge, information, or ideas and to deduce a more general rule or proof that applies to all cases.

19. Extended abstract example An answer requires the explicit expression of understanding of a general principle that applies beyond the specifics of this particular situation. Students need to ‘go beyond the given’.

20. Turn and talk 2 Discuss examples of questions that are: relational extended abstract

21. How can I create deeper questions? Take a unistructural question ask for a list of 2 or more things  multistructural question Put the list of things into the question ask what they have in common  relational question Ask what class of event, personality, situation, rule, etc. applies? generate list of possible wrong answers to go with correct answer to create a multi-choice question  extended abstract question

22. Algebra: Patterns in number How many sticks are needed for 3 houses? ( unistructural ) How many sticks are there for 5 houses? ( multistructural ) If 52 houses require 209 sticks, how many sticks do you need to be able to make 53 houses? (relational) Make up a rule to count how many sticks are needed for any number of houses. (extended abstract) Given: __ 9 5 Sticks 3 2 1 Houses

23. Try it out In your curriculum area, take a unistructural question and develop it into a multistructural relational and extended abstract question

24. Some things to think about Response versus requirement A question must be phrased in such a way as to gain the type of response required. Deep thinking and difficulty Questions that are hard and require long responses do not necessarily require students to think deeply Deep thinking and learning Deep thinking can be a given if it becomes a learned response Today’s extended abstract question can become tomorrow’s relational question

25. Both ‘surface’ and ‘deep’ questions are needed one is not better than the other Some examples: Q What is a tappet? (unistructural and technically hard) A A cylindrical component that transmits motion from the cam to the valve stem. (relational and technically hard) Q What is most important in a car: grunt, looks, safety, or economy? And why? (extended abstract but easy) A Grunt and looks (multistructural but easy)

26. In summary SOLO is a true hierarchic taxonomy – increasing in quantity and quality of thought SOLO is a powerful tool in differentiating curriculum and providing cognitive challenge SOLO allows teachers and learners to ask deeper questions without creating new ones SOLO is a powerful metacognitive tool

27. References Hattie, J.A.C., & Brown, G.T.L. (2004, September). Cognitive processes in asTTle: The SOLO taxonomy . asTTle Technical Report #43, University of Auckland/Ministry of Education. Available at http://www.tki.org.nz/r/asttle/pdf/technical-reports/techreport43.pdf Biggs, J.B. (1999). Teaching for Quality Learning at University . Buckingham: SRHE/Open University Press. Biggs, J.B., & Collis, K.F. (1982). Evaluating the Quality of Learning: the SOLO taxonomy New York: Academic Press.