This project aims to design a portable solar-powered water distillation system that can purify water from any source using renewable energy. Distillation is an effective process to purify water that requires an energy input for evaporation. Solar energy can power this process through solar distillation, which uses solar radiation to evaporate water inside a still. The goal is to efficiently produce clean drinking water using only solar energy. The system will be inexpensive, portable, and not require fuel or electricity to operate.

1. Abstract
The purpose of this project is to design a water distillation system that can purify water
from nearly any source, a system that is relatively cheap, portable, and depends only
on renewable solar energy. The motivation for this project is the limited availability
of clean water resources and the abundance of impure water available for potential
conversion into potable water, In addition, there are many coastal locations
abundant but potable water is not available. Our project goal is to efficiently produce cleandrin
kable water from solar energy conversion. Distillation is one of many processes
that can be used for water purification. This requires an energy input as heat, electricity and
solar radiation can be the source of energy. When Solar energy is used for this purpose,
it is known as Solar water Distillation. Solar Distillation is an attractive process to
produce portable water using free of cost solar energy. This energy is used directly for
evaporating water inside a device usually termed a Solar Still. Solar stills are used in
cases where rain, piped, or well water is impractical, such as in remote homes
or during power outages. Different versions of a still are used to desalinate
seawater, in desert survival kit sand for home water Purification. For people
concerned about the quality of their municipally-supplied drinking water and
unhappy with other methods of additional purification available to them, solar
distillation of tap water
or brackish groundwater can be a pleasant, energy- efficient option. Solar Distillation is an
attractive alternative because of its simple technology, non-requirement of
highly skilled labour for maintenance work and low energy consumption.
Introduction

2. When contemplating our world’s most precious resources, past conversations often centered
around fossil fuels and the consequences once those become scarce.
However, recent times have given us an abundance of alternative energy options and new
technologies either in use or on the horizon. These innovations have turned the conversation to a
resource that, on a basic level, is readily abundant and covers two-thirds of the earth’s surface.
Water.
More specifically, save drinking water.
Though 70% of the earth is covered in water, only 2% of it is fresh. Further complicating the issue
is that 1.6% of that freshwater is contained in glaciers and polar ice caps.
Many third world and developing countries struggle with ensuring this basic tenant of our
existence is both available and safe. Nowhere is this more apparent than India
Distillation is one of many processes available for water purification, and sunlight is one of several
forms of heat energy that can be used to power that process. To dispel a common belief, it is not
necessary to boil water to distill it. Simply elevating its temperature, short of boiling, will
adequately increase the evaporation rate. In fact, although vigorous boiling hastens the distillation
process it also can force unwanted residue into the distillate, defeating purification. Solar
Distillation is by far the most reliable, least costly method of 99.9% true purification of most types
of contaminated water especially in developing nations where fuel is scarce or too expensive. Solar
distillation is used to produce drinking water or to produce pure water for lead acid batteries,
laboratories, hospitals and in producing commercial products such as rose water. Conventional
boiling distillation consumes three kilowatts of energy for every gallon of water, while solar
distillation uses only the free pure power of the sun. Expensive filtration and deionizing systems
are even more expensive to purchase and use and will not totally purify the water by removing all
contaminants. No additional heat or electrical energy is required in our still and even after the sun
sets, distillation continues at a slower pace into the night. Recently, we‟ve been experimenting
with a unique optional solar energy booster using our top quality “Sola Reflex reflector” to increase
the water vaporization by increasing the temperature on the internal fluid heat absorber. This will
add efficiency and increases the amount of daily pure water production.

3. Methodology
The evaporation rate can be calculated as below
where
• heat of vaporization is heat of vaporization of water = 2.27 MJ/L [9]
• Q is the daily output of distilled water (Liters/day)
• is the efficiency of the still, as the fraction of the energy transferred to the water to
the total absorbed solar energy. The typical efficiency for single basin solar stills approach
60 percent.
• is the efficiency of the flow channel manifold, as the fraction of the energy
transferred to the water to the energy collected from the solar energy collector.
• G is the daily global solar irradiation (see solar isolation) (MJ/m^2). The typical solar
isolation at the Earth's surface is approximately 1,000 watts per square meter for a surface
perpendicular to the Sun's rays at sea level on a clear day. Based on the assumption of 5
hours of sunlight per day, the daily solar irradiation is approximately 18 MJ/m^2.
• A is the still surface area (perpendicular to the sunlight).
• S is the thermal energy obtained from the solar energy collector. It can be calculated
using Enthalpy(ΔH):
•
where
• is the enthalpy change.
• Hfinal is the final enthalpy of the system, expressed in MJ.
• Hinitial is the initial enthalpy of the system, expressed in MJ.
• is the mass flow rate out of the air flow (kg/s).
• Cp is the specific heat of air (MJ/kg/K).

4. • T2 is the flow outlet temperature of the solar energy collector in Kelvin scale.
• T1 is the flow inlet temperature of the solar energy collector in Kelvin scale.
A simple calculation can be done as follow:
Assumption:
Daily hours of sunlight = 5 hours/day = 5 hours/day x 3600 sec/hour = 18,000 sec/day
= = 60%
Daily global solar irradiation (G) = 1.0 kW
The solar energy obtained from the solar collector (S)= 1.2 kW based on the Model RA 240
SOLAR MAX by Consolair.In
Facilities required for the proposed work
Solar Water Disinfection System
To improve the efficiency of solar water disinfection system , reflective surfaces can be used to
intensify the solar radiation toward the contaminated water. Another way to improve the system
performance is to increase the fluid temperature. According to study, if water temperatures exceed
50°C, one hour of exposure is sufficient to obtain safe drinking water. This is when the solar energy
comes in place. A portion of the thermal energy collected from the solar energy collector is directed
to the heat up the bottled water.
Design
The system is consisted of three main components: the solar energy collector, the solar distillation
system and the solar water disinfection system. The solar energy collector is a device that collects

5. solar radiation and converts it ino thermal energy for the SODIS and the solar distillation process.
Solar distillation system is similar to the conventional water distillation system, except it does not
vaporize the water at boiling temperature. Solar water disinfection system takes low turbidity,
micro-biologically contaminated water and disinfects it to drinkable water with utilization of solar
radiation. The process can be summarized in Figure 1. Insulated or thermal resistive piping system
is used to connect all three systems and the piping system should be as short as possible to
minimized the heat losses. For the water transportation, Polyvinyl chloride(PVC) piping is
recommended due to its sufficient chemical resistance.
CONSTRUCTION
To construct this system, following materials and tools are required.
Materials:
• Thermal conductive metal (such as aluminum, cooper or zinc) sheet for component bodies
• Aluminum cans
• Clear PET bottles (water bottles)
• lumbers
• PVC piping system (parts depend on the size and the layout of the system)
• Nails or screws (sizes depend on the size of the lumber)
Tools:

6. • Measuring tape
• Metal sheet cutter
• Hand saw
• Silicone glue
• Exacto knife
• Electric or hand
References
1) BOOK-Renewable Energy Sources By G.D.Rai
2) http://www.solaqua.com/solstilbas.html
3) http://practicalaction.org/solar-distillation-1
4) http://www.motherearthnews.com/Renewable-Energy/1974-09-01/How-To-
Build-andUse-A-Solar-Still.aspx
5) http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/dec/stories/water.html
6)https://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/story/2015-05-31/the-
development-of-solar-thermal-water-purification-and-power-generation-
system.pdf

7. Conclusion
Distillation is a method where water is removed from the contaminations rather than to remove
contaminants from the water.Solar energy is a promising source to achieve this.This is due to
various advantages involved in solar distillation. The Solar distillation involves zero maintenance
cost and no energy costs as it involves only solar enegy which is free of cost. It was found from
the experimental analysis that increasing the ambient temperature from 32°C to 47°C will
increase the productivity by approx 12 to 23%, which shows that the system performed more
distillation at higher ambient temperatures. When inverted type absorber plate was used thermal
efficiency of single slope solar still was increased by 7 %. It was observed that when the water
depth increases from 0.01m to 0.03m the productivity decreased by 5%.These results show that
the water mass (water depth) has an intense effect on the distillate output of the solar still system.
Solar still productivity can also increase by use of reflector by 3%. The use of the mirror
reflector will increase the temperature of the solar still basin; such an increase in the temperature
is because of the improvement in solar radiation concentration. The solar radiation increase from
0 MJ/m2 /h to 6 MJ/m2 /h has increased the productivity of the still by 15 to 32%. However the
increase of the solar radiation parameter will increase the solar energy absorbed by the basin
liner. The main disadvantage of this solar still is the low productivity or high capital cost per unit
output of distillate.This could be improved by a number of actions, e.g. injecting black dye in the
seawater,using internal and external mirror,using wick,reducing heat conduction through basin
walls and top cover or reusing the latent heat emitted from the condensing vapour on the glass
cover.Capital cost can be reduced by using different designs and new materials for construction
of solar stills.

8. A
Project Synopsis on
Solar Water Purifier
Submitted By
Aditi(1509732009)
Deepmala Saxena(1509732036)
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics & Instrumentation Engg
Submitted To
Mrs Ragini Singh, Project Guide
(Assit. Prof.)
Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Engg
Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology , Greater Noida
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow
2018-19

9. Brief Literature Survey
Robert E. Foster, New Mexico State University, MSC 3 SOLAR, P.O. Box 30001Las Cruces, New
Mexico, 88003-8001 USA For the past decade, solar distillation has been introduced and applied
as an option for household drinking water for several colonies communities along both sides of
the U.S.-Mexico border. Purifying water through distillation is a simple yet effective means of
providing drinking water in a reliable and cost-effective manner. Solar stills effectively eliminate
all water borne pathogens, salts, and heavy metals. Solar distillation produces an ultrapure water
that is superior to most commercial bottled water sources. Three organizations have been active in
promoting the use and development of solar distillation on the Border, namely the El Paso Solar
Energy Association, New Mexico State University and Sol Aqua.
he study conducted by the staff of the Center for Innovation and Development, University of
Wisconsin-Stout, reducedto-practice and confirmed the potential of an invention directed to a
water purification system that also recovers power from generated steam. Water was the working
fluid and was pumped from a reservoir to an array of 2- 4 foot by 8 foot parabolic solar troughs.
A flow control valve adjustable for temperature and pressure, allowed the pressure within the
troughs to build, thus increasing the boiling point of the water. At a temperature greater than 100
degrees Celsius, a saturated liquid stream passed through the valve into a vessel that was positioned
at the focal point of sunlight within an 8 foot, 9 inch parabolic dish. The flash evaporation occurred,
caused by a reduction in pressure on the downstream side of the flow control valve