This document discusses general hygiene and soil pollution. It defines soil hygiene and explains the composition and structure of soil. Sources of soil pollution include inorganic, organic, radioactive, and microbial contaminants. Activities like deforestation, unsustainable agriculture, landfills, mining and others can pollute the soil. Effects of soil pollution include soil erosion, changes to climate patterns, contaminated water, reduced human and environmental health, air pollution, and reduced tourism. Suggested solutions include reducing pesticide and fertilizer use, encouraging afforestation, proper waste treatment, and soil remediation.

1. GENERL HYGIENE

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TOPIC
> Hygienic and epidemiological
importance of soil, pollution of soil
and self cleaning. Research
methods of soil. The decision of
situational problems.

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Structure andcomposition of soil
• The soil is the superficial
layer of Earth’s solid crust and also part of the
biosphere.
• Soil consists of solid particles packed together
in a porous structure.
• In the pores air, vapor, water or smaller
particles may appear, and this is also where the
special microflora of the soil resides.

5. MECHANICAL COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF SOIL
The composition of the soil consists of four major components: –
mineral (50–60 % of total); – organic matter (10 %); – air (15–25
%); – water (25–35 %).
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Unified international classification of soils has not yet been
developed. Distinguish the following types of soil:
– stony;
– sandy (more than 80 % sand);
– sandy-loamy;
– clay (60 % clay);
– loam

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Definition of soil hygiene
• Soil hygiene focuses on
natural
and anthropogenic pollutants
(from water and through air
precipitation, chemicals, waste,
sewage) present in soil,
affecting
human health.

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Sources of soil pollution
• Inorganic : industry, traffic (heavy
metals)
• Organic : natural (animal corpses, dead
plants), human
(oil, detergents, pesticides,
etc.)
• Radioactive
• Microbial agents : fungi, helminths,
bacteria, protozoans .

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Most important soil contaminants
• Inorganic pollutants
1. Nitrates and nitrites
2. Heavy metals
3. Arsenic
• Organic pollutants
6. Pesticides
7. PAH
8. Soil-borne pathogens
• Radioactive pollution

10. 1. Deforestation : It is the removal of a forest or stand of trees
where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use .
Deforestation also loosens the soil and hence leads to soil
erosion , Land that is once converted into a dry or barren
land, can never be made fertile again. Hence deforestation
is one of the major reason to soil pollution.
Deforestation
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11. 2. Agricultural activities: With growing human population, demand for
food has increased considerably. Farmers often use highly toxic
fertilizers and pesticides to get rid off insects, fungi and bacteria from
their crops. However with the overuse of these chemicals, they result
in contamination and poisoning of soil.
Pesticides being sprayed
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12. 3. Unskilled irrigation: Water logging may occur when the
drainage system of the agricultural field is not maintained
scientifically. Water logging closes the passage of air to the
soil, stops the growth of soil organisms and makes the soil
barren.
Water logging
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13. 4. Overcrowded landfills: Each household produces tones of
garbage each year. Garbage like aluminum, plastic, paper,
cloth, wood is collected and sent to the
local recycling unit. Items that can not be recycled become
a part of the landfills and hence pollute the soil.
Overcrowded
landfills
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14. 5. Mining Activities : Mining is also a source of land pollution. Huge
holes are dug in mining, and these holes form can pose a hazard to
us as they form deep mining pools. Metals like cadmium and lead
will be deposited, which are toxic, contaminating the soil. This will
leave the mining land barren and unable to use again .
Mining activities
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15. 6. Shifting cultivation: In it, the forest is burnt to use the land for
cultivation, until the soil loses it’s fertility. Once the land
becomes inadequate for crop production, it is left barren and
hence it leads to soil erosion. This method is mostly used by
tribes.
example of Shifting
cultivation
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16. 7. Acid rain : Soil is also affected by acid rain as it
converts the neutralized soil to acidic one. Hence
making it barren and unproductive.
effects
of acid
rain on
soil.
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17. 1.Soil erosion : soil erosion leads to loss of top cover
of the soil and hence leads to loss of fertile land for
agriculture, forest cover, fodder patches for grazing
etc.
Soil erosion
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18. 2. Change in climate patterns: The effects of soil pollution
are very hazardous and can lead to the loss of ecosystems.
When land is polluted, it directly or indirectly affects
the climate patterns.
3. Contamination of underground and surface drinking water.
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19. 4. Environmental Impact: When deforestation is committed, the tree
cover is compromised on. This leads to a steep imbalance in the rain
cycle. A disturbed rain cycle affects a lot of factors. To begin with, the
green cover is reduced. Trees and plants help balance the
atmosphere, without them we are subjected to various concerns
like Global warming, the green house effect, irregular rainfall and
flash floods among other imbalances.
Leads to
Inadequate rain fall , global
warming , greenhouse
effects etc.
Deforestation4/8/2017 19

20. 5. Effect on human health: The land when contaminated with
toxic chemicals and pesticides lead to problem of skin
cancer and human respiratory system. The toxic chemicals
can reach our body through foods and vegetables that we
eat as they are grown in polluted soil.
Contaminated
soil leads to :
Skin cancer Respiratory Diseases4/8/2017 20

21. 6. Cause Air pollution: Landfills across the city keep on
growing due to increase in waste and are later burned
which leads to air pollution. They become home for
rodents, mice etc which in turn transmit diseases.
Leads to
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22. 7. Distraction for Tourist: The city looses its attraction as
tourist destination as landfills do not look good when you
move around the city. It leads to loss of revenue for the
state government.
Landfills
Detroit
The beauty
of city.
And hence city
looses its
tourist
attraction and
revenue too.
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23. 8. Effect on wildlife: The animal kingdom has suffered mostly in the past
decades. They face a serious threat with regards to loss of habitat and
natural environment. The constant human activity on land, is leaving
it polluted; forcing these species to move further away and adapt to
new regions or die trying to adjust. Several species are pushed to the
verge of extinction, due to no homeland.
Animals on verge of extinctionAnimals are forced to leave their home and are
mostly killed by vehicles
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24. 9. Global Warming : soil pollution also leads to global
warming as the one of the main cause of soil erosion is
deforestation and due that there is a imbalance in the ratio
of oxygen and carbon dioxide . Hence there is a rise in
temperature leading to Global Warming.
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25. 10. Biomagnification : The discharge of
chemicals on land, makes it dangerous for the
ecosystem too. These chemicals are
consumed by the animals and plants and
thereby make their way in the ecosystem. This
process is called bio magnification and is a
serious threat to the ecology.
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27. 1. Make people aware about the concept of
Reduce, Recycle and Reuse
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28. 2.Reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers in
agricultural activities.
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29. 3. Use biofertilizers and natural pesticides
Shift to biofertilizers
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30. 4. People should be encouraged to go for
afforestation .
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31. 5. Proper treatment of liquid wastes from industries and mines must
be done.
liquid waste treatment of plant
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32. 6. As plastics are non-degradable so, We should
stop using plastic bags and switch over to
paper and cloth bags.
Switch to
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33. 7. . Ensure that you do not litter on the ground and do proper disposal
of garbage.
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34. 8.Create dumping ground away from residential
areas.
9. Faulty sanitation practices must be improved.
10. Polluted soil can be treated by bioremediation. It
uses microorganisms (yeast, fungi or bacteria) to
breakdown, or degrades hazardous substances into
less toxic or nontoxic substances (such as CO2 and
H2O4/8/2017 34

35. We walk and survive on land. It is literally
the base of our ecosystem. It is in our
good interest to take care of it and
nurture it.
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