Multidisciplinary nature of_environmental_studies

MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
1
Prepared By
Ms. Prajakta Anuse
Ms. Pranali Badhe
Ms. Siddhi Bhosale
( First Year M.Pharmacy)
Guided By
Prof Mukesh Subhash Patil
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Quality Assurance
SHRI D D VISPUTE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
& RESEARCH CENTER, NEW PANVEL

DEFINITION
Environmental studies deals with every aspect that affect the living
organism.
It is essentially a multidisciplinary approach that brings about an
appreciation of our nature world and human impact its integrity.
Environment is a aggregate of physical, chemical, biological and social
component on earth which are capable of causing direct or indirect
effect in a short or long term on living or non living things and their
interactions and activity.
2

OBJECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Creating the awareness about environmental problems in students.
 Giving basic knowledge about the environment and its related
problems to the students.
Developing an attitude of concern for the environment amongst the
people.
Motivating peoples to participated in environment protection and
environment improvement.
 Identifying and solving environmental related problems.
3

NATURAL RESOURCES
Any component of the natural
environment that can be utilized by man
to promote his welfare is considered as a
natural resource.
The natural resource can be a substance,
an energy unit or a natural process or
phenomenon. Land, soil, water, forests,
grasslands, etc. are examples of important
natural resources.
In this chapter we will study major kinds
of natural resources, causes of their
degradation and their conservation.
4

CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Natural Resources
Inexhaustible Exhaustible
• Solar energy
• Wind power
• Rainfall
• Power of tides
• Hydro-power
Renewable Non-renewable
• Water • Biological species
• Soil fertility • Minerals
• Natural vegetation
• Wild life
• Aquatic animals
• Humans
5

Renewable Resources
Renewable resources is energy which is generated from natural sources
i.e. Sun, rain, tides and wind can be generated again and again as and
when required.
They are available in the plenty and by far most the cleanest sources of
energy available on the planet.
 Solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy from
plants are examples of renewable resources.
6

Non renewable resources
 Non renewable resources cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale
comparable to its consumption.
They are not environmental friendly and can have serious effect on our
health.
They are called non- renewable because they cannot be regenerate within a
short span of time.
They are exist in form of fossil fuels, natural gas, oil and coal.
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NATURAL RESOURCES AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
 The Natural Resources are as follows :-
1. Forest resources
2. Water resources
3. Mineral resources
4. Energy resources
5. Land/ soil resources
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1. FOREST RESOURCES
Problems
Soil erosion, Loss of bio diversity,
global warming, floods.
Causes
Deforestation and excessive use of
forest , increased population.
Solution
Reserve forests by saving trees , more
plantation, control birth rates to
control over population.
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Followings are the key functions of forests :-
i. Productive functions :include production of wood, fruits and a wide
variety of compounds, such as resins, alkaloids, essential oils, latex,
pharmaceuticals, etc.
ii. Protective functions: include conservation of soil and water; preventing
drought, sheltering against wind, cold, radiation, noise, sights and smells,
etc.
iii. Regulative functions:, involve absorption, storage and release of gases
(CO2, O2), water, mineral elements and radiant energy.
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Forest conservation and management :-
Forest conservation and management programmes should ensure:
i. sustainable supply of tree products and services to people and industry.
ii. maintenance of long term ecological balance through protection, restoration
and conservation of forest cover.
To achieve these goals the following forestry practices should be carefully
integrated:
i. Protection or conservation forestry.
ii. Production or commercial forestry.
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2. WATER RESOURCES
About three-fourth of the earth’s surface
is occupied by oceans which contain
about 97.5 % of the earth’s water in
strongly saline condition.
 The rest 2.5% is fresh water, and all of
this is not available for direct human
use.
 The use of water includes agricultural,
industrial, household, recreational and
environmental activities.
 Water is a renewable and limiting
resources.
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Conservation and management of water :-
Conservation and management of water Main approaches for conservation of
water are:
(1) Reducing agricultural water wastage by increasing efficiency of irrigation. By
the traditional method of irrigation plants absorb less than 50% of the water
applied to the soil, the rest is lost.
(2) Reducing water wastage in industry by recycling the used water.
(3) Reducing domestic water wastage by constructing waste water treatment
plants and recycling the treated water.
(4) Rain water harvesting by employing practices to store rain water and recharge
ground water.
(5) Afforestation and protection of watersheds to improve water economy.
13

Some important water management approaches to provide a sustainable
supply of high quality water are:
(1) Construction of dams and reservoirs to ensure year round supply of water
and in addition, controlling flood and generating electricity.
(2) Desalinization of seawater and saline ground water, making it fit for
drinking and other purposes. Diversion of water bodies (e.g. through canal) to
increase the natural supply of water to a particular area. Regular dredging and
desiltation of water bodies.
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3. MINERAL RESOURCES
Minerals are naturally occurring , inorganic, crystalline solids having a
definite crystalline structure and definite chemical composition and
characteristics.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Exhaustible and non renewable.
 Mineral are overuse by industries.
 They are relatively plentiful.
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Mineral Selected uses
Metal elements
Aluminium
Chromium
Copper
Structural material, packaging
Chrome plate, steel alloys
Alloys material in gold jewellery, silverware, brass and bronze
Non-metal elements
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Medicine, fertilizers, detergent
Insecticide, rubber types, medicine
Liquid metal element
Mercury Thermometer, dental inlays, electric switches
16

Conservation of minerals :-
Mineral conservation measures involve their recycling and reuse.
 In recycling, used and discarded items are collected, remelted and
reprocessed into new products, e.g. iron scraps, aluminium cans, etc.
During reuse, used products are collected and used over and over again, e.g.
reuse of glass bottles. The benefits of reuse are greater than those of
recycling.
Recycling and reusing not only renew the mineral resources but also help in:
(i) saving unspoiled land from the disruption of mining.
(ii) reducing the amount of solid waste that must be disposed.
(iii) reducing energy consumption and pollution.
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4. ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy resources can be recognized as
non-renewable or renewable. Non-
renewable energy sources include
various fossil fuels and nuclear energy.
Fossil fuels include petroleum products,
natural gas and coal.
Renewable energy resources are
regenerated by natural processes so that
they can be used indefinitely.
 Renewable energy generally causes
much less negative environmental
impact than fossil fuels or nuclear
energy.
Solar energy can be used directly or
indirectly for human welfare. Direct
solar energy is the radiant energy,
whereas indirect solar energy is energy
obtained from materials that have
previously incorporated the sun’s radiant
energy.
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Solar energy can be used directly or indirectly for human welfare. Direct solar energy
is the radiant energy, whereas indirect solar energy is energy obtained from materials
that have previously incorporated the sun’s radiant energy.
Hydropower Water falling from a height turns turbines at the bottom of dams to
generate electricity
Hydropower produces approximately one-fourth of the world’s electricity and is
usually cheaper than electricity produced by thermal power plants.
Tidal energy: The difference in the level of water between high tide and low tide can
be used to generate electricity.
Geothermal energy: Heated groundwater flowing upward as hot water or steam, or as
hot springs, can be used to turn turbines and generate electricity in geothermal power
plants.
Ocean waves energy: Ocean waves, produced by winds have the potential to turn a
turbine and generate electricity.
Land resources Earth’s one-fourth area is formed by land which is largely covered
with natural forests.
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5. LAND/SOIL RESOURCES
Earth’s one-fourth area is formed by land which is largely covered with natural
forests, grasslands, wetlands, and man-made urban and rural settlements along with
agriculture.
SOIL RESOURCES
 Soil is composed of inorganic particles, organic matter, air, water and a variety of
organisms. It takes decades or even centuries for the development of soil horizons
having different physico-chemical properties. Human activities often create
worldwide problems like soil erosion and depletion of fertility.
SOIL EROSION
 Movement of water and air removes top soil from the land by the process of
erosion. Abundant plant cover significantly reduces soil erosion. Human activities
accelerate soil erosion by removing natural plant cover.
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Depletion of soil fertility:
When natural vegetation is removed to develop agricultural systems, as has
happened in most parts of India and indeed in the world, not only the
nutrients stored in vegetation are removed, the organic matter and nutrients
accumulated in the soil are also lost.
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Soil conservation :-
Several soil and crop management practices can minimize erosion and reduce
nutrient depletion of agricultural soils.
 These include practices like conservation tillage, organic farming, crop
rotation (especially cereal with legumes), contour ploughing and strip-
cropping terraces, etc.
 In contrast to conventional tillage, conservational tillage incorporates
residues from previous crops into the soil, thereby increasing the organic
matter, which in turn improves soil moisture and nutrients.
Efforts to improve erosion-affected soils involve two steps:
(1) stabilizing the soil to prevent further erosion.
(2) restoring the soil fertility.
22

ECOSYSTEM
The term `eco' refers to a part of the world and `system' refers to the
coordinating units. The living organisms of a habitat and their surrounding
environment function together as a single unit. This ecological unit is called as
an `ecosystem’.
The term ecosystem first appeared in a publication by the British ecologist
Arthur Tansley, during 1935.
The ecosystem is an open system. It receives energy from an outside source
(the sun), as input, fixes and utilities the energy and ultimately dissipates the
heat into space as output.
An ecosystem has a physical environment, or factors, biological components
and interactions between them. Any ecosystem is characterized by a set of
abiotic and biotic factors, and functions.
23

TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM
TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM
NATURAL ARTIFICIAL
TEREEESTIAL
E.g. Grassland
ecosystem
AQUATIC
E.g. Pond
ecosystem
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COMPONENT OF ECOSYSTEM
COMPONENT OF ECOSYSTEM
ABIOTIC BIOTIC
PHYSICAL
COMPONENT
EG. AIR ,WATER
CHEMICAL
COMPONENT
EG.PROTEIN
,LIPID
PRODUCER
(Plant )
CONSUMER
(Animal)
DECOMPOSER
(Microorganism)
25

FUNCTION OF ECOSYSTEM
PRIMARY FUNCTION:- Photosynthesis
SECONDARY FUNCTION :-Distribution energy in the form of food to all consumer
TERTIARY FUNCTION :-
The functioning of ecosystems may be understood studying the following term
ENERGY & MATERIAL FLOW
FOOD CHAIN
FOOD WEB
FOOD PYRAMIDS
26

ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM
 The energy into the ecosystem through photosynthesis & pass through different tropic
level feeding level.
 The flow of energy through an ecosystem follows the two laws of thermodynamic:
1. 1st law of thermodynamic-It states that “ ENERGY CAN BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED,BUT IT CAN TRANSFERRED
FROM ONE FROM TO ANOTHER”
2. 2nd law of thermodynamics –It states that “WHENEVER ENERGY IS TRANSFORMED ,THERE IS LOSS OF ENERGY
THROUGH THE RELEASE OF HEAT”
27

CARBON CYCLE
Carbon is basic component in all the organic
component.
The carbon is present in all biotic components in
different form as food.
Source of CO2 in atmosphere
• During respiration ,plant & animal liberates
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
• Combustion of fuel also release carbon dioxide
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NITROGEN CYCLE
Nitrogen present in air is 78% & present in all
biotic component.
STEPS IN NITROGEN CYCLE
1. Nitrogen fixation
2. Nitrogen assimilation
3. Ammonification
4. Nitrification
5. Denitrification
29

PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE
The phosphorous is mainly present in the rocks &fossils .The phosphorous is
present .in all biotic component in different form.
30

FOOD CHAIN
“Transfer of food energy from the plants through a
series of organism is known as food chain ‘’
Food chain always start with plant and end with
animal.
Food chain classified into two chain
1. Grazing food chain
2. Detritus food chain
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FOOD WEB
The interlocking pattern of various food chain in an
ecosystem is called food web.
In food web many food chains are interconnected
where different types of organism are connected at
different tropic level
Significance of food web
 Maintain population size at different tropical level &
maintain ecological balance.
32

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
An ecological pyramids is the graphical representation designed to show the
biomass or bio-productivity at each tropical level in a given ecosystem.
Charles Elton (1927) developed idea of ecological pyramids.
TYPES OF PYRAMID
1) Pyramid of number
2) Pyramid of biomass
3) Pyramid of energy
33

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
PYRAMID OF NUMBER
The number of organisms in a food
chain can be represented graphically in
a pyramid. Each bar represents the
number of individuals at each trophic
level in the food chain.
34

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
PYRAMID OF BIOMASS
The pyramid of biomass is a graphical
representation that depicts the biomass
existent in per unit area in all the
different trophic level of the ecological
system.
35

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
PYRAMID OF ENERGY
An energy pyramid is a graphical
model of energy flow in a community
The different level represent different
group of organism that might
composed of food chain.
36

ENVIORNMENTAL HAZARDS
Environmental hazard is a substance a state or an event which has the potential
to threaten the surrounding the natural environment or adversely effect peoples
health including solution & natural disasters such as storms & earthquakes.
Hazards can be categories into four types:
Chemical
Physical
Biological
Psycosocial
37

AIR POLLUTION
SOURCE:-
• Local street level pollution -Diesel
vehicle
• Regional smoke problem -Caused by
combination of pollutants from industry
& power plants
 The primary pollutant that are emitted
directly into the environment & contribute
to more than 90% of global air pollution.
 Secondary pollutants are not emitted
directly ,they are formed as a
consequence of interaction with primary
pollutant
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WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution includes pollution of
fresh water, marine water, ground
water.
Water pollution is a state of deviation
from the pure condition with affected
normal functions and property and
become harmful to use.
39

SOIL POLLUTION
Soil is uppermost layer of the earth crust which is formed by weathering of the
rocks & the top soil is fertile and is a storehouse of microorganisms & organic
matter.
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RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
 Source:-
1. Natural -Cosmic rays, Environmental-terrestrial, Atmosphere.
2. Manmade -Medical & dental x-rays & Radioisotope,Occupational exposure.
 Causes: -
By nuclear weapon
By medical waste
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REFERENCES
1. https://safetymanagement.eku.edu/blog/environmental-hazards-in-the-workplace
2. http://intranet.bhu.ac.in › unit2PDFWeb results Unit 2- NATURAL RESOURCES - BHU
3. https://www.google.com/url?https://www.deshbandhucollege.ac.in/pdf/
4. https://www.slideshare.net/saravanamani1/ecosystem-50288615
5. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/modelc
urriculum/Chapter2.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiqnaPU1cXwAhVhlOYKHXtsAzQQFjAKegQICBAC
&usg=AOvVaw12GPA7vShyWjltKaNrOo0E
6. Richard B. Philp, Ecosystem and human health: toxicology and environmental hazards, third
edition, CRC press Taylor and Francis group, 2013.
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Multidisciplinary nature of_environmental_studies

Multidisciplinary nature of_environmental_studies

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