2. VOLCANOES
• Definition- A volcano is a rupture in the Earth’s crust, that allows
hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma
chamber below the surface.
• Why did they emit such things?
Hy
• Transsexuals- are people who feel they are one sex even though
biologically they are the other.
• Gender- refers to the personal traits and social positions that
members of a society attach to being female or male.
• Gender stratification- the unequal distribution of wealth, power,
and privilege between men and women.
3. MALE FEMALE DIFFERENCES
• Many people think there is something “natural” about gender
distinctions because biology does make one sex different from
the other. But we must be careful not to think of social
differences in biological terms. For example: denial of rights to
vote.
• Such attitudes had nothing to do with biology; they reflected the
cultural patterns of that time and place.
• There are some differences in physical ability between the sexes.
On average, males are 10 percent taller, 20 percent heavier, and
30 percent stronger, especially in the upper body. On the other
hand, women outperform men in the ultimate game of life itself.
4. PATRIARCHY AND SEXISM
• Matriarchy- a form of social organization in which females
dominate males.
• For example: Musuo, a small society of China’ province Yunnan.
• The pattern found almost everywhere in the world is patriarchy.
• Patriarchy- a form of social organization in which males
dominate females.
• As per research, countries like Norway, Australia, etc. give
women highest social standing while in African countries like
Nigeria, Guinea, etc. women are not given higher social standing.
5. CONTINUE…
• The justification for patriarchy is sexism
• Sexism- the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other.
• Sexism is not just a matter of individual attitudes; it is built into
the institutions of society. Institutional sexism is found
throughout the economy, with women concentrated in low-
paying jobs.
• Sexism limits the talents and ambitions of the half of the human
population who are women. Although men benefit in some
respects from sexism, their privilege comes at a high price.
• Patriarchy leads men to seek control, not only of women but also
of themselves and their world.
6. GENDER AND SOCIALIZATION
• From birth until death, gender shapes human feelings, thoughts,
and actions. Children quickly learn that their society considers
females and males different kinds of people; by about age three,
they begin to think of themselves in these terms.
• Traditionally women were described using terms such as
“emotional,” “passive,” and “cooperative.” By contrast, men were
described as “rational,” “active,” and “competitive.”
• Just as gender affects how we think of ourselves, so it teaches us
how to behave. Gender roles (also known as sex roles) are
attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex.
7. GENDER AND FAMILY
• The first question people usually ask about a newborn—“Is it a
boy or a girl?”—has great importance because the answer
involves not just sex but the likely direction of the child’s life. In
fact, gender is at work even before the birth of a child, because
especially in lower-income nations, parents hope that their
firstborn will be a boy rather than a girl.
• Soon after birth, family members welcome infants into the “pink
world” of girls or the “blue world” of boys. Parents even send
gender messages in the way they handle infants.
• The female world revolves around cooperation and emotion, and
the male world puts a premium on independence and action.
8. GENDER AND PEER GROUP
• About the time they enter school, children begin to move
outside the family and make friends with others of the same age.
Considerable research shows that young children tend to form
single-sex play groups.
• Peer groups teach additional lessons about gender. The sports
and games girls and boys play promote the traits to guide future
roles. For example: boys as controlling and aggressive while girls
as communicative and cooperative.
• The games we play offer important lessons for our later lives.
9. GENDER AND SCHOOLING
• Gender shapes our interests and beliefs about our own abilities,
guiding areas of study and, eventually, career choices.
• The number of women going to universities has increased and
women have become well represented in many fields of study
that once excluded them, including mathematics, chemistry, and
biology. But men still predominate in many fields, including
engineering, physics, and philosophy, and women cluster in the
visual and performing arts. Newer areas of study are also
gender-typed: More men than women take computer science,
and courses in gender studies enroll mostly women.
10. GENDER AND MASS MEDIA
• Historically, advertisements have shown women in the home,
cheerfully using cleaning products, serving food, and modeling
clothes. Men predominate in ads for cars, travel, banking
services, and alcoholic beverages.
• A careful study of gender in advertising reveals that men usually
appear taller than women, implying male superiority while
women appear to be short, idle and suppressive.
• Men’s facial expressions and behavior give off an air of
competence and imply dominance; women often appear child
like, submissive.
• Advertising also actively perpetuates what Naomi Wolf calls the
“beauty myth.”
11. RACE AND ETHNICITY
• A Race is a socially constructed category of people who share
biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider
important.
• People may classify one another racially based on physical
characteristics such as skin color, facial features, hair texture, and
body shape.
• Racial diversity appeared among our human ancestors as the
result of living in different geographic regions of the world. In
regions of intense heat, for example, humans developed darker
skin as protection from the sun; in regions with moderate
climates, people have lighter skin.
12. CONTINUE…
• Although we think of race in terms of biological elements, race is
a socially constructed concept. It is true that human beings differ
in any number of ways involving physical traits, but a “race”
comes into being only when the members of a society decide
that some physical trait (such as skin color or eye shape) actually
matters.
• Because race is a matter of social definitions, it is a highly
variable concept.
• In addition, race may be defined differently by various categories
of people within a society.
• The meanings and importance of race not only differ from place
to place but also change over time.
13. CONTINUE…
• Ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage. People define themselves
or others as members of an ethnic category based on common
ancestry, language, or religion that gives them a distinctive social
identity.
• Keep in mind that race is constructed from biological traits and
ethnicity is constructed from cultural traits.
• A Minority is any category of people distinguished by physical
or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates.
• Minority standing can be based on race, ethnicity, or both.
• Minorities have two important characteristics. First, they share a
distinctive identity, which may be based on physical or cultural
traits. Second, minorities experience subordination.
14. PREJUDICE AND STEREOTYPES
• Prejudice is a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire
category of people.
• Prejudice is unfair because all people in some category are
described as the same, based on little or no direct evidence.
• Prejudices are prejudgments that can be either positive or
negative.
• Prejudice often takes the form of a stereotype (stereo is derived
from a Greek word meaning “solid”), a simplified description
applied to every person in some category. Many white people
hold stereotypical views of minorities.
15. RACIAL AND ETHNIC ISSUES IN
PAKISTAN
• Religious minorities
• Sectarian tensions
• Ethnic diversity
• Religious freedom
• Regional disputes
• Baluchistan conflict
• Muhajir rights
• Pashtun rights
