This document defines and describes social groups and social organizations. Social groups are collections of interacting individuals with interdependent roles and statuses. Social organizations are formal groups established to pursue specific aims, with rules, authority structures, and limited membership. Groups are classified by social ties (primary vs secondary), self-identification (in-group, out-group, reference group), purpose (interest, task, influence groups), and form of organization (formal vs informal). Effective group functioning relies on democratic leadership, open communication, and cooperative problem-solving.

1. SOCIAL GROUPS
AND
SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
© MTCJennBau

2. SOCIAL GROUP
 Unit of interacting personalities with
interdependence of roles and statuses existing
between and among themselves.
 Collection of people where members interact on
a regular basis, guided by structure and
agreements, defined by roles and
responsibilities.

3. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
 Type of collectivity established for the pursuit of
specific aims or goals.
 Characterized by a formal structure of rules,
authority relations, a division of labor and limited
membership or admission.

4. OTHER COLLECTIONS NOT CONSIDERED AS SOCIAL GROUPS
 AGGREGATES
 COLLECTIVITY
 SOCIAL CATEGORY

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL GROUP
 Group members interact on a
fairly regular basis through
communication.
 Members should develop a
structure where each member
assumes a specific status and
adopts a particular role.
 Certain orderly procedures and
values are agreed upon.
 The members of the group feel
a sense of identity.

6. TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
According to Social Ties
Primary Group
• It is the most fundamental unit of human society.
• A long-lasting group
• Characterized by strong ties of love and affection.
• Do’s and Don’ts of behavior are learned here.
Examples:
Families, Gangs, Cliques, Play Groups, Friendship Groups

7. SECONDARY GROUPS
 Groups with which the
individual comes in contact
later in life.
 Characterized by
impersonal, business-like,
contractual, formal and
casual relationship.
 Usually Large in size, not
very enduring and limited
relationships.
 People needed other
people for the satisfaction
of their complex needs.
Examples:
Industrial Workers; business associates, Faculty Staff,
Company Employees

8. ACCORDING TO SELF-IDENTIFICATION
 IN-GROUP
 a social unit in which individuals feel at home and with
which they identify.
 OUT-GROUP
 a social unit to which individuals do not belong due to
differences in social categories and with which they do
not identify.
 REFERENCE/PSYCHOLOGICAL GROUP
 groups to which we consciously or unconsciously refer
when we evaluate our life situations and behavior but
to which we do not necessarily belong.
 It serve a comparison function
 It has a normative function

9. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
 Special Interest Groups
 groups which are organized to meet the special
interest of the members.
 Task Group
 groups assigned to accomplish jobs which
cannot be done by one person.
 Influence or Pressure Groups
 groups organized to support or influence social
actions.

10. ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND
DEGREE OR QUALITY OF RELATIONSHIP
 Gemeinschaft
 A social system in which most relationships are personal or
traditional.
 It is a community of intimate, private and exclusive living and
familism.
 Culture is homogeneous and tradition-bound.
 Gesselschaft
 A social system in which most relationships are impersonal, formal,
contractual or bargain-like.
 Relationship is individualistic, business-like, secondary and
rationalized
 Culture is heterogeneous and more advanced.

11. ACCORDING TO FORM OF ORGANIZATION
 Formal Groups
 Social organization
 Deliberately formed and their purpose and
objectives are explicitly defined.
 Their goals are clearly stated and the division
of labor is based on member’s ability or merit
Bureaucracy
 an administrative structure w/c is aimed
to enable members meet their goals.
 A hierarchical arrangement in large
scale formal organizations in w/c parts
are ordered in the manner of a pyramid
based on a division of function and
authority.
 Formal, rationally organized social
structure

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY
 Positions and offices are clearly defined
 The hierarchical arrangement of authority, rights and
obligations is specifically drawn and clear-cut
 The personnel are selected on the basis of technical
or professional qualification and expert training and
competence through competitive examination
 Definite rules govern official behavior
 Security of tenure and the pursuit of a career with
promotion in the hierarchy are assured

13.  Informal Groups
 Arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more
persons.
 It is unplanned
 Has no explicit rules for membership and does not have specific
objectives to be attained.
 It has the characteristics of primary groups and members are
bound by emotion and sentiments.
 Relationship Groups
 Groups organized to fulfill the feeling of companionship.

14. ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE GROUP FUNCTIONING
 Democratic or “participate” leadership is employed.
 Flexible patterns of communication are used.
 A cooperative problem-solving approach to
discussion is employed rather than a competitive
“win-lose” approach.
 Members deal openly and candidly with one another.
 Decision techniques which favor a sharing of
responsibility via protection of the individual rights
are used rather than techniques which place the
responsibility clearly in the hands of but a portion of
a group.

15. FACTORS OR FORCES AFFECTING GROUP
DYNAMICS

16. LEADERSHIP,
QUALITIES OF A LEADER,
STYLE OF LEADERSHIP

17.  The process of influencing the activities of individuals in a
group towards the attainment of group goals in a given
situation.
 It implies the existence of particular influence relationship
between two or more persons.

18. QUALITIES OF A LEADER
They have traits such as
• Intelligence
• Dominance
• Charisma
• Enthusiasm
• Courage
• Determination
• Self-confidence
• High sense of integrity
• Tact
• Diplomacy
• Involvement

19. Groups needed leaders for two basic purposes :
 To direct various tasks
 Provide support to group members
Task Leadership
 the act of directing a group toward its goal.
Socio-Emotional Leadership
 the act of maintaining good spirits.

20. STYLES OF LEADERSHIP
 Functional Leadership
 Status Leadership
 Task-Oriented Leadership
 Relationship or person-oriented Leadership
 Transactional Leadership
 Authoritarian Leadership
 Democratic Leadership
 Tradition-oriented Leadership
 Development-oriented Leadership