It is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed or deteriorated (society for Ecological restoration definition).
..................the assignment of this was approved by mohamud abadir( specialist of ecological science and Biodiversity), who is lecturer in jigjiga university, east ethiopia.
Why and how do we evaluate ecosystems, Nature is the source of much value to us every day, and yet it mostly bypasses markets, escapes pricing and defies valuation. This lack of valuation is an underlying cause for ecological degradation and loss of biodiversity. Globally, efforts are being made to assess impact of conservation or degradation of ecological resources and a new term Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP) has also been coined to reflect the same.
Climate change and biodiversity are closely linked: climate change has severe direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity and is predicted to be a dominant driver of future biodiversity loss; at the same time, the loss of biodiversity magnifies the adverse effects of climate change.
It is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed or deteriorated (society for Ecological restoration definition).
..................the assignment of this was approved by mohamud abadir( specialist of ecological science and Biodiversity), who is lecturer in jigjiga university, east ethiopia.
Why and how do we evaluate ecosystems, Nature is the source of much value to us every day, and yet it mostly bypasses markets, escapes pricing and defies valuation. This lack of valuation is an underlying cause for ecological degradation and loss of biodiversity. Globally, efforts are being made to assess impact of conservation or degradation of ecological resources and a new term Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP) has also been coined to reflect the same.
Climate change and biodiversity are closely linked: climate change has severe direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity and is predicted to be a dominant driver of future biodiversity loss; at the same time, the loss of biodiversity magnifies the adverse effects of climate change.
What is Population interaction and 9 types of population interaction amongst Species including predation,protocooperation, mutualism, commensalism, ammensalism,parasitism,neutralism,and competition for resources.
Sustainable land management to mitigate and adapt to climate changeExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Maria José Sanz Sanchez, from Basque Centre for Climate Change - Spain, in FAO Hq, Rome
Theme 4 - Climate Change Mitigation and AdaptationCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Christopher Martius, Henry Neufeldt, Glenn Hyman and Laura Snook focuses on the objectives and structure of the climate change adaptation and mitigation program of the FTA Research Program, their evolution over time, the major accomplishments and the main obstacles and challenges.
Ecological economics and biodiversity conservationSaroj Upadhyay
definition of economics, types of economic systems, environmental impacts of traditional economic systems, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), Ecological economics and its capitals, Conventional unsustainable vs Environmentally sustainable economic growth, Economics of Ecosystem and Biodiversity,Ecological Economics And Biodiversity Conservation
Rising human populations are largely responsible for the environmental degradation that ecological restoration seeks to repair.
the discipline of ecological restoration is likely to face its greatest challenges at a time when human capital and economic resources will be inadequate for the scale of the problem.
Restoration of damaged ecosystems is receiving increasing attention worldwide as awareness increases that humanity must sustain ecosystem structure, functioning, and diversity for its own wellbeing.
Restoration rebuilds an ecosystem little different than the pristine ecosystem that was degraded. It is done to the physical environment and to plants in restoration.
Definition of ecosystem restoration: ‘the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed’.
, there are many approaches to restoration, and the choice of approach should arguably be based on –
1. which is most appropriate given the objectives.
2. which provides the greatest likelihood of success.
These efforts may be conducted on either a small-scale (e.g., tree planting) or
May involve major human and technical efforts (e.g., re-creation of wetlands, acid lake neutralization).
Principles For Restoration
KEY ACTIVITIES FOR ECOSYTEM RESTORSTION
This is the 7th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Resilience and adaptive capacity in social-ecological systems: the good, the ...Christo Fabricius
Social-ecological systems in emerging democracies are often in an untenable state. Under such conditions, building resilience is not appropriate and transformation is the way forward. In this presentation I briefly explain the theoretical underpinnings of resilience and transformation and provide examples of transformative strategies from communal areas in South Africa and Tajikistan to explain.
Social-ecological resilience indicators: a participatory tool for measuring ...Bioversity International
Socio-ecological indicators can help communities develop strategies to improve the resilience of their landscapes. Read more about wha these indicators are achieving: http://bit.ly/1n9Abby
What is Population interaction and 9 types of population interaction amongst Species including predation,protocooperation, mutualism, commensalism, ammensalism,parasitism,neutralism,and competition for resources.
Sustainable land management to mitigate and adapt to climate changeExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Maria José Sanz Sanchez, from Basque Centre for Climate Change - Spain, in FAO Hq, Rome
Theme 4 - Climate Change Mitigation and AdaptationCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Christopher Martius, Henry Neufeldt, Glenn Hyman and Laura Snook focuses on the objectives and structure of the climate change adaptation and mitigation program of the FTA Research Program, their evolution over time, the major accomplishments and the main obstacles and challenges.
Ecological economics and biodiversity conservationSaroj Upadhyay
definition of economics, types of economic systems, environmental impacts of traditional economic systems, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), Ecological economics and its capitals, Conventional unsustainable vs Environmentally sustainable economic growth, Economics of Ecosystem and Biodiversity,Ecological Economics And Biodiversity Conservation
Rising human populations are largely responsible for the environmental degradation that ecological restoration seeks to repair.
the discipline of ecological restoration is likely to face its greatest challenges at a time when human capital and economic resources will be inadequate for the scale of the problem.
Restoration of damaged ecosystems is receiving increasing attention worldwide as awareness increases that humanity must sustain ecosystem structure, functioning, and diversity for its own wellbeing.
Restoration rebuilds an ecosystem little different than the pristine ecosystem that was degraded. It is done to the physical environment and to plants in restoration.
Definition of ecosystem restoration: ‘the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed’.
, there are many approaches to restoration, and the choice of approach should arguably be based on –
1. which is most appropriate given the objectives.
2. which provides the greatest likelihood of success.
These efforts may be conducted on either a small-scale (e.g., tree planting) or
May involve major human and technical efforts (e.g., re-creation of wetlands, acid lake neutralization).
Principles For Restoration
KEY ACTIVITIES FOR ECOSYTEM RESTORSTION
This is the 7th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Resilience and adaptive capacity in social-ecological systems: the good, the ...Christo Fabricius
Social-ecological systems in emerging democracies are often in an untenable state. Under such conditions, building resilience is not appropriate and transformation is the way forward. In this presentation I briefly explain the theoretical underpinnings of resilience and transformation and provide examples of transformative strategies from communal areas in South Africa and Tajikistan to explain.
Social-ecological resilience indicators: a participatory tool for measuring ...Bioversity International
Socio-ecological indicators can help communities develop strategies to improve the resilience of their landscapes. Read more about wha these indicators are achieving: http://bit.ly/1n9Abby
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
Opportunities and challenges of social work trainees in nepalAmit Yadav
Social work is very young profession in Nepal. thus we have lots of challenges and among whose challenge we have lots of opportunities as well.
For more detail www.swnepal.blogspot.com
Building on Community Resilience in Post-earthquake NepalKenny Meesters
Presenting of the research results on community resilience and the inclusion thereof in the disaster response following the Nepal Earthquake. Examined in a multi-disciplinary field-study through three different perspectives, coordination, logistics and information management, both at the HQ level and in the communities.
Full paper: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301694839_A_multidisciplinary_perspective_on_supporting_community_disaster_resilience_in_Nepal
These slides describe basics of non-governmental organizations in the context of Nepal. You will get to know about legal frameworks of NGOs also. Slides will focus from health perspective.
Per Olsson - Critical thresholds and transformationsSTEPS Centre
Presentation at the STEPS Conference 2010 - Pathways to Sustainability: Agendas for a new politics of environment, development and social justice
http://www.steps-centre.org/events/stepsconference2010.html
Overview of Climate Change Adaptation Concepts presented at the 2018 Michigan Wetlands Association "Adapting Wetlands to Climate Change" workshop, hosted by NIACS.
In 2014 UNDP launched the Innovation Facility to support innovation in addressing development challenges. The Innovation Facility was made possible with the generous contribution of the Government of Denmark and co-investments from UNDP’s core resources.
This review lays out why innovation is becoming increasingly important in international development and for UNDP. It describes our approach to innovation as well as brief descriptions of the initiatives funded by the Innovation Facility in 2014, though many more UNDP projects not highlighted in this report embraced and tested novel methods. UNDP has invested over time in the uptake of new ways of doing business and over the past three years has invested in strategically exploring innovation under the motto “innovation happens in practice.” Through the Innovation Facility we strive to accelerate this approach by putting innovation in development solutions on a new trajectory.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Skye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto Airportmarketingjdass
Experience unparalleled EXTENDED STAY and comfort at Skye Residences located just minutes from Toronto Airport. Discover sophisticated accommodations tailored for discerning travelers.
Website Link :
https://skyeresidences.com/
https://skyeresidences.com/about-us/
https://skyeresidences.com/gallery/
https://skyeresidences.com/rooms/
https://skyeresidences.com/near-by-attractions/
https://skyeresidences.com/commute/
https://skyeresidences.com/contact/
https://skyeresidences.com/queen-suite-with-sofa-bed/
https://skyeresidences.com/queen-suite-with-sofa-bed-and-balcony/
https://skyeresidences.com/queen-suite-with-sofa-bed-accessible/
https://skyeresidences.com/2-bedroom-deluxe-queen-suite-with-sofa-bed/
https://skyeresidences.com/2-bedroom-deluxe-king-queen-suite-with-sofa-bed/
https://skyeresidences.com/2-bedroom-deluxe-queen-suite-with-sofa-bed-accessible/
#Skye Residences Etobicoke, #Skye Residences Near Toronto Airport, #Skye Residences Toronto, #Skye Hotel Toronto, #Skye Hotel Near Toronto Airport, #Hotel Near Toronto Airport, #Near Toronto Airport Accommodation, #Suites Near Toronto Airport, #Etobicoke Suites Near Airport, #Hotel Near Toronto Pearson International Airport, #Toronto Airport Suite Rentals, #Pearson Airport Hotel Suites
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
2. • Resilience: the ability of a system to absorb disturbances while
retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning
• Disturbances: armed conflict, resource scarcity, natural
disasters, economic recession, food price spikes, or climate
change
• Shocks and stresses
Themes emerging:
• Resilience vs resistance
• Importance of
environmental factors
3. Disaster • Feeling full effects of a disturbance
recovery Resilience but recovering quickly and fully
Climate
• Feeling fewer effects from same change
Resistance disturbance adaptation
Climate
Disaster change
prevention Avoidance • Disturbance prevented – no effects
mitigation
5. • Many of 1.2 billion people living in
severe poverty
• Food, fuel, shelter, medicines, clea
n water, grazing, harvesting forest
products
• Nature as a buffer –
droughts, landslides, floods, and
coastal erosion
• Most vulnerable to
loss, degradation and climate
change effects – poverty, disaster
6.
7. A society with healthy, diverse and functioning ecosystems:
• is more resilient to external disturbances than one in which
natural ecosystems are destroyed or degraded
• has defense mechanisms against natural variability, increased
climate-induced variability, and human-induced disasters
• has a strong base from which to support sustainable
development for all its members
8. If natural ecosystems are destroyed or degraded society becomes
vulnerable:
• Communities may suffer intensified poverty, hunger and material
hardship
• Farmers’ livelihoods may be eroded, e.g. loss of pollinators in
natural habitats
• Loss of ecological infrastructure can leave people vulnerable to
natural and climate change-induced disasters, e.g. landslides
• Safety net and buffer effects crucial for politically fragile states, e.g.
post-conflict or fledgling democracy
9. Tree
Patch
RESILIENCE: The capacity of a system to Landscape
absorb disturbance and reorganize while
undergoing change so as to still retain
essentially the same function, structure,
identity and feedbacks Household
Village
Nation
10. Resilience
Condition of natural resources
Management of natural resources
People’s management capacity
Social and economic institutions
11. IPCC Vulnerability framework
Exposure
Vulnerability to Sensitivity
climate change
Adaptive capacity
Resilience
- Holling, Walker & Salt
- Swedbio / Stockholm Resilience Centre
- Resilience Alliance
12. ability to Resilience
adapt to
and benefit
from
Adaptability
change
Transformability
13. The capacity of a system
to absorb disturbance
and reorganize while
Resilience undergoing change so
as to still retain
essentially the same
function, structure,
identity and feedbacks
14. Latitude The maximum amount a system can be
changed before losing its ability to recover
Resistance The ease or difficulty of changing the system –
how resistant it is to being changed
Precariousness How close the current state of the system is to a
limit or threshold
Panarchy How much the system is influenced by states
and dynamics at scales above and below
Walker, B., Holling, C.S., Carpenter, S.R. and Kinzig, A. (2004) “Resilience, Adaptability and
Transformability in Social-ecological Systems, Ecology & Society 9 (2): 5
15. r - Growth and exploitation
K - Conservation
Ω - Collapse and release
α - Reorganisation
16. The capacity to create a
fundamentally new system
when ecological, economic
Transformability or social conditions make
the existing system
untenable
17. Basin of attraction for Regime 1:
lots of grass, few shrubs, plentiful livestock
Ω
Basin of attraction for Regime 2:
little grass, many shrubs, few livestock
18. The collective
capacity of human
Adaptability actors in a system
to manage
resilience
19. • Prevent the desirable basin from shrinking (L)
• Stay in the desirable basin (R)
• Move away from the threshold (Pr)
• OR… Facilitate a transition to another basin
20. The capacity to create a
fundamentally new system
when ecological, economic
Transformability or social conditions make
the existing system
untenable
21. Management interventions
Reduce
Eutrophic farming
Freshwater Too many inputs
Regime shift
lake Regime A Regime B
nutrients B
lake
Impacts of shift from A to
Evidence
Source of
evidence upstream
Reduced access to Observations
Freshwater Non-
Eutrophic recreation, reduced drinking Strong experiments
eutrophication eutrophic
water quality, risk of fish loss models
Reduced grazing for cattle, Observations
Bush Open Closed
reduced mobility, increased Medium experiments
encroachment grassland woodland
fuelwood models
Yield declines, salt damage Harvesting
Observations
High Bush
Low Closed
to infrastructure and biomass for
Open
Soil salinization
productivity productivity ecosystems, contamination
Strong experiments
encroachm woodland
of drinking water
models energy
grassland Reef Observations
Coral reef Diverse ent
dominated by
Reduced tourism, fisheries,
Strong experiments
degradation coral reef biodiversity
macro-algae models
Fishery decline, loss of
Observations
Coastal hypoxia Non-hypoxic Hypoxic marine biodiversity, toxic Strong
models
algae
River channel
Old channel New channel
Damage to trade and
Strong
Observations Connecting
position infrastructure models
Rainfall Observations
protected
Cloud forest
Vegetation Spatial No spatial Woodland Medium
Productivity declines, areas
patchiness pattern changes
pattern erosion
experiments
models
Wet savanna- Wet Dry savanna Loss of productivity, yield
Medium Models
Dry savanna savanna or desert declines, droughts/dry spells
Loss of productivity, reduced Observations
Cloud forest Cloud forest Woodland Medium
runoff, biodiversity loss models
22. Original state Altered state
High biodiversity Low biodiversity
Coral-dominated NPP Algae-dominated NPP
Medium productivity High primary productivity
High economic value Low economic value
Discussion: what are the management interventions to prevent this shift?
23. Useful to know about thresholds / tipping points at which:
• one regime shifts to another
• pull of alternate basin of attraction is stronger
Implications for management regimes in conservation,
agriculture, rangeland
24.
25. Desertification in the Sahel:
Shift from open acacia scrub with perennial grasses shifted to a mosaic of bare ground
and unpalatable shrubs
Management model to avoid tipping points for soil fertility:
• 3/8 of arable land left fallow
• 1/3 ratio of vegetation grazed to total vegetation in wet season
• economic sustainability measured as a minimum threshold for the
basic needs of household members
26. Shifting cultivation in SE Asia & Africa:
Shift from tropical rainforest via repeated cycles of “slash-and burn”
to unproductive grasslands
But can shift back to productive forest:
• No more than 8 crop cycles
• Applying compost, growing legumes,
planting trees
27. Institutional and social resilience
• Capacity building political, judicial, disaster
response
• Clearing debris, building houses
• Cash for work scheme - 300,000
• Climate change adaptation strategies
• Renewable energy sources
Ecosystem resilience
• Managing watersheds
• Reforestation – 400 ha
• Green jobs in water and soil conservation
• Check weirs, gabions, gulley erosion, river
training, dam rehabilitation
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. • Soil erosion
• Food insecurity
• Water pollution – disease
• Landslides
• Floods
• Saltwater contamination of
groundwater
• Drought
• Impact of hurricanes
34.
35. Land use Change
Prior to 1940’s intact Miombo
& Acacia woodland, low Restoration
population density resulting in 0.3
million ha of
Clearance for cash cropping, woodland restored
agricultural land, increased across 850 villages
population
Tsetse fly
eradication Governance changes
programme (“villagization”) resulting in
initiated loss of traditional
woodland management institutions
clearance
Tipping point reached 1985
If no restoration
1985: Tanzania President strong likelihood
Nyerere declares Shinyanga as of system failure
the “desert of Tanzania
< 1940’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1985 1986 - ongoing 2004
36. • Building on communities’ traditional knowledge and risk spreading
strategies – forage reserves, crop altitudes, forest clearing
prohibitions
• Increasing communities’ adaptive capacity to reduce vulnerability
to CC impacts – GLECRDS, engineered and natural solutions
• Biodiversity conservation work – ecosystem resilience at landscape
scale e.g. through Protected Area systems
• Sustainable land management
work on reducing degradation
and increasing productivity of
land
37. • How can we provide governments with technical
advice and support in accessing financing in ways
which promote social-ecological resilience at
appropriate scales?
• What what strategies can promote -
Social resilience and adaptive capacity
Ecosystem resilience and prevention of
undesirable regime shifts
Desirable regime shifts?
• How can we achieve a more integrated
understanding of resilience in UNDP’s work?
Editor's Notes
Explanation of UNDp
Northern Botswana example of resilience – fishing replacing income after cattle culling
Yesterday, we discussed how resilience could fit in a vulnerability assessment framework.Under this interpretation of the IPCC framework, one can therefore look for indicators of ecosystem resilience as one would look for indicators on exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity.The concept, the steps and guidance on this is being prepared by UNEP-WCMC for this project and you should have 2 documents on this. Feedback on these two documents would be greatly appreciated to ensure that they are useful to the project.