This document provides information about various methods of family planning. It defines family planning as limiting family size through birth spacing or prevention, usually for economic reasons. Natural methods discussed include fertility awareness tracking basal body temperature and cervical mucus, abstinence, and withdrawal. Artificial methods described are barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms and sponges containing spermicide, long-acting reversible implants like IUDs and implants, hormonal methods like pills, patches and vaginal rings. The objectives of family planning are to enable couples to choose family size and timing for stable families and happiness.

1. SOCIAL SCIENCE
(SOCIOLOGY)
CULTURE,FAMILY PLANING AND
OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES

2. CHAPTER 8
FAMILY PLANNING

3. FAMILY PLANNING
-THE CONCEPT OR A PROGRAM OF LIMITING THE
SIZE OF FAMILIES THROUGH THE SPACING OR
PREVENTION OF PREGNANCIES, ESPECIALLY FOR
ECONOMIC REASONS.

4. - IS THE PLANNING OF WHEN TO HAVE CHILDREN AND THE
USE OF BIRTH CONTROL AND OTHER TECHNIQUES TO
IMPLEMENT SUCH PLANS.
- TECHNIQUES COMMONLY USED INCLUDE SEXUALITY
EDUCATION, PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF
SEXUALLY, AND MANAGEMENT,
AND INFERTILITY MANAGEMENT.
-FAMILY PLANNING IS SOMETIMES FOR THE USE OF BIRTH
CONTROL, HOWEVER, IT OFTEN INCLUDES A WIDE VARIETY
OF METHODS, AND PRACTICES THAT ARE NOT BIRTH
CONTROL

5. OBJECTIVES OF FAMILY PLANNING
-THE PRIMARY GOAL OF FAMILY PLANNING IS TO
ENABLE COUPLES TO DECIDE IN ADVANCE HOW MANY
CHILDREN THEY WISH TO HAVE AND WHEN THEY WANT TO
HAVE THEM. ADVANCE PLANNING GIVES THE COUPLE A
CHANCE TO WORK THROUGH ANY OBSTACLES THAT MAY
EXIST IN THE AREAS OF HEALTH, INCOME, HOUSING AND
PERSONAL READINESS. PLANNING USUALLY LEADS TO MORE
STABLE FAMILIES AND HAPPIER COMMUNITIES.

6. the objectives of family planning as world based
sociological program carries general purposes and
objectives that are all geared towards the realization of a
truly contented family life that is harmonious with the
concept of happiness such as promotion of human of
human dignity, realization of economic stability , guarantee
for the better health and achievement of human happiness.
These objectives, according to experts could only be
achieved through birth regulation and proper spacing of
children by the use of accepted scientific method.
Treatment for infertility, Family life and sex education, Pre-
marital guidance and marriage counseling and prenatal and
post-natal care.

7. METHODS OF FAMILY
PLANNING

8. There are many variations of natural birth
control. The most effective methods teach
women to chart the signs of fertility that ebb
and flow with the natural hormonal changes of
each menstrual cycle. There are two main
approaches 1) the sympto-thermal approach
where waking temperature and cervical mucus
are charted, and 2) the mucus approach where
only cervical mucus is charted.

9. ABSTINENCE
• a self-enforced restraint from indulging in bodily activities that are
widely experienced as giving pleasure.
• Most frequently, the term refers to sexual abstinence, or
abstinence from alcohol or food. The practice can arise from
religious prohibitions and practical considerations.
• Abstinence may also refer to drugs. For example you can abstain
from smoking. Abstinence has diverse forms. The latter is an
unconscious state, having unhealthy consequences. Freud termed
the channeling of sexual energies into other more culturally or
socially acceptable activities, "sublimation".

11. BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE
The lowest body temperature attained during rest (usually during sleep). It is
generally measured immediately after awakening and before any physical
activity has been undertaken, although the temperature measured at that time
is somewhat higher than the true basal body temperature
1). In women, ovulation causes an increase of one-half to one degree Fahrenheit
(one-quarter to one-half degree Celsius) in basal body temperature (BBT);
monitoring of BBTs is one way of estimating the day of ovulation. The tendency
of a woman to have lower temperatures before ovulation, and higher
temperatures afterwards, is known as a biphasic pattern. Charting of this
pattern may be used as a component of fertility awareness.

13. CALENDAR-BASED METHODS
are various methods of estimating a woman's likelihood of fertility, based on a
record of the length of previous menstrual cycles. Various methods are known
as the Knaus–Ogino Method and the Rhythm Method. The Standard Days
Method is also considered a calendar-based method, because when using it, a
woman tracks the days of her menstrual cycle without observing her physical
fertility signs. The Standard Days Method is based on a fixed formula taking into
consideration the timing of ovulation, the functional life of the sperm and the
ovum, and the resulting likelihood of pregnancy on particular days of the
menstrual cycle. These methods may be used to achieve pregnancy by timing
unprotected intercourse for days identified as fertile, or to avoid pregnancy by
avoiding unprotected intercourse during fertile days

14. • The first formalized calendar-based method was developed in 1930
by John Smulders, a Roman Catholic physician from theNetherlands.
• It was based on knowledge of the menstrual cycle. This method was
independently discovered by Hermann Knaus (Austria), and Kyusaku
Ogino (Japan). This system was a main form of birth control available
to Catholic couples for several decades, until the popularization of
symptoms-based fertility awareness methods. A new development
in calendar-based methods occurred in 2002, when Georgetown
University introduced the Standard Days Method. The Standard Days
Method is promoted in conjunction with a product called
CycleBeads, a ring of colored beads which are meant to help the
user keep track of her fertile and non-fertile days

15. AN ILLUSTRATION TO BE USED BY WOMEN WHOSE
MENSTRUAL CYCLES ARE USUALLY BETWEEN 26 AND 32
DAYS IN LENGTH

16. CERVICAL MUCUS
• Using cervical mucus to help predict peak fertility
• Creamy CM is considered non-fertile because it greatly
restricts the movement of sperm. Creamy CM can be a
pearly white or creamy yellow. It's thick and feels like
lotion when rubbed between the fingers.

18. WITHDRAWAL METHOD
• The withdrawal method of contraception, also
known as coitus interruptus, is the practice of
withdrawing the penis from the vagina and away
from a woman's external genitals before ejaculation
to prevent pregnancy. The goal of the withdrawal
method is to prevent sperm from entering the
vagina.

19. • Using the withdrawal method for birth control
requires self-control. Even then, the withdrawal
method isn't an especially effective form of birth
control. Sperm may enter the vagina if withdrawal
isn't properly timed or if pre-ejaculation fluid
contains sperm. The withdrawal method doesn't
offer protection from sexually transmitted infections

21. ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
FAMILY PLANNING

22. Many couples choose to delay or forgo having
children. Some couples choose to use natural
methods of family planning, such as the fertility
awareness method or abstinence. Many others
choose to use artificial methods of family planning.
When choosing a birth control method, it's
important to consider the effectiveness and health
risks that may pertain to each method. Talking to
your OB-GYN can help you to make the best
decision for your unique circumstances

23. PHYSICAL BARRIER METHODS
Barrier methods of birth control physically stop the sperm from getting
to the egg. Condoms, the sponge, diaphragms and spermicides are all
barrier methods. Male and female condoms can help prevent the
transmission of sexually transmissible diseases, including HIV, herpes,
gonorrhea and chlamydia. Male and female condoms and spermicides
are available at any pharmacy and many discount stores and are
relatively low in price. Diaphragms are available only with a
prescription.

24. CONDOM
• A thin rubber sheath worn on a man's penis
during sexual intercourse as a contraceptive or
as protection against infection.

26. DIAPHRAGM
• A shallow silicone cup inserted into the
vagina to prevent pregnancy Safe,
effective, and convenient Lasts up to two
year

28. IMPLANTABLE ROD (IMP ANON)
• An implantable rod is a thin, matchstick-sized rod
that contains the hormone progestin. It is inserted
under the skin in a woman's upper arm. It thickens
the cervical mucus, which keeps sperm from joining
with the egg. Less often, it stops the ovaries from
releasing eggs. Brand names include Implanon and
Nexplanon.

30. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE
• An intrauterine device (IUD or coil) is a small
contraceptive device, often 'T'-shaped, often
containing either copper or levonorgestrel, which is
inserted into the uterus. They are one form of long-
acting reversible contraception which are the most
effective types of reversible birth control.

32. BIRTH CONTROL SPONGES
• The sponge is made of plastic foam and
contains spermicide. It is soft, round, and
about two inches in diameter. It has a nylon
loop attached to the bottom for removal. It is
inserted deep into the vagina before
intercourse.

33. THE SPONGE COVERS THE CERVIX AND BLOCKS SPERM
FROM ENTERING THE UTERUS.
THE SPONGE ALSO CONTINUOUSLY RELEASES A SPERMICIDE
THAT KEEPS SPERM FROM MOVING.

34. CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH
A woman can get pregnant if a man’s sperm reaches one of her eggs
(ova). Contraception tries to stop this happening by keeping the egg
and sperm apart, or by stopping egg production. One method of
contraception is the patch. The contraceptive patch is a sticky patch,
a bit like a nicotine patch, measuring 5x5cm. It delivers hormones
into your body through your skin. In the UK, the patch's brand name
is Evra. It contains the same hormones as the combined pill, and it
works in the same way. This means that it prevents ovulation (the
release of an egg); it thickens cervical mucus, which makes it more
difficult for sperm to travel through the cervix; and it thins the womb
lining, making it less likely that a fertilised egg will implant there.

36. VAGINAL RING
• One method of contraception is the vaginal ring. The vaginal ring is a
small, soft plastic ring that you place inside your vagina. It’s about
4mm thick and 5.5cm in diameter. You leave it in your vagina for 21
days, then remove it and throw it in the bin (not down the toilet) in a
special disposal bag. Seven days after removing the ring, you insert a
new one for the next 21 days.
• The ring releases oestrogen and progestogen. This prevents ovulation
(release of an egg), makes it difficult for sperm to get to an egg and
thins the womb lining, so it’s less likely that an egg will implant
there.

38. BIRTH CONTROL AND EMERGENCY
PILLS
• Emergency contraception is a safe and effective way to
prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. There
are two kinds of emergency contraception:
• Emergency contraception pills, commonly called the
morning-after pill. There are two types of pills:
Levonorgestrel pills, including the brands Next Choice One
Dose and Plan B One-Step
• Ulipristal acetate, known by the brand name e

39. Both kinds of emergency contraception can be used up to
five days (120 hours) after unprotected intercourse. You
may want to use it if
• you weren't using any birth control when you had sex
• you forgot to take your birth control pills, patch, ring, or
other birth control method
• your partner's condom broke or slipped off
• your partner didn't pull out in time or
• you were forced to have unprotected vaginal sex.

41. REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH
CHAPTER 9

42. SALIENT FEATURES

43. YOUTH ACCESS TO REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES
In section 7 RH Law ,the law provides :
no person shall be denied information and access to family
planning services , weather natural or artificial: provided , That
minors will not be allowed to modern methods of family planning
without the written consent of the parents or guardian/s except
when the minor is already a parent or has had a miscarriage.

44. IMPROVED ACCESS TO FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES.
• Fertility awareness and family planning information and education.
• Interpersonal communication and counseling services.
• Provision of modern family planning method's which shall include dispensing of medically safe ,legal
and non-abortifacient health products and procedures ,among others
• Referral services

47. HORMONAL MEDICAMENT
The European Medicines Agency has now completed its review of
combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs), particularly of the risk of
venous thromboembolism (VTE or blood clots in veins) associated
with their use. The European Medicines Agency’s Committee for
Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) has concluded that the
benefits of CHCs in preventing unwanted pregnancies continue to
outweigh their risks, and that the well-known risk of VTE with all
CHCs is small.

48. The review has reinforced the importance of ensuring that
clear and up-to-date information is provided to women who
use these medicines and to the healthcare professionals
giving advice and clinical care.The product information of
CHCs will be updated to help women make informed
decisions about their choice of contraception together with
their healthcare professional. It is important that women
are made aware of the risk of VTE and its signs and
symptoms, and that doctors take into consideration a
woman’s individual risk factors when prescribing a
contraceptive

49. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
• (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks
the immune system, the body's natural defense system. Without a
strong immune system, the body has trouble fighting off disease.
Both the virus and the infection it causes are called HIV.
• The last stage of HIV infection is AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome). People with AIDS have a low number of CD4+ cells and
get infections or cancers that rarely occur in healthy people. These
can be deadly.

50. • Most people get the virus by having unprotected sex with
someone who has HIV.
• Another common way of getting it is by sharing drug
needles with someone who is infected with HIV.
• The virus can also be passed from a mother to her baby
during pregnancy, birth, or breast-feeding.
• HIV doesn't survive well outside the body. So it can't be
spread by casual contact like kissing or sharing drinking
glasses with an infected person.

51. POPULATION HAVING HIV AS OF END 2009
• According to United Nations Program on HIV-AIDS (UNAIDS), 35 million people as of 2012 throughout the world are
infected with the said virus. 2.7 million are newly infected with HIV and 2 million deaths from AIDS.
• Sub-Saharan Africa- got the most number of people infected with the virus.
• 7 out of 10 deaths
• 2/3 adults HIV cases
• 90% new HIV infections among children
• 70% total world HIV positive populations

52. • China- drug abuse and paid sex
• Japan- homosexual men and it was transmitted through heterosexual intercourse.
• Taiwan- drug use
• Sri Lanka- transmission through heterosexual followed by homosexual
• India, Thailand and Myanmar are most dominant in HIV cases.
• Philippines- is just one of the seven countries in the world where the number of infected people is increasing.
• Metro Cebu- 316 total numbers detected of HIV-AIDS cases in 1989
• Metro Davao- 262 confirmed HIV-AIDS patients (121) belongs to 25-34 years old followed by 12-24.
• 70-75% of HIV carriers in the country are male.
• Females- HIV infected are decreasing
• Male- increasing

53. SOME REASONS WHY YOUNG PEOPLE ARE
SUSCEPTIBLE TO HIV INFECTION DUE TO:
• Metro Cebu- 316 total numbers detected of HIV-AIDS cases in 1989
• Metro Davao- 262 confirmed HIV-AIDS patients (121) belongs to 25-34 years old followed by 12-24.
• Lack of information
• Access to health services and
• Active sexual life
• Ignorance about the virus among young people gives an indication of the increasing number of young
people infected with virus which many of them do not know how to protect themselves from HIV.

54. • How to protect against HIV?
• Get tested and know your partner’s HIV status.
• Have less risky sex. .
• Use condoms.
• Limit your number of sexual partners
• Talk to your health care provider about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
• Don’t inject drugs.