The document provides an overview of a textbook on environmental geography. It outlines the book's structure, with the first five chapters introducing global systems and the environment. It summarizes key points from Chapter 1, which discusses the state of the global environment and prospects for the 21st century. It notes continued human population growth, urbanization, and environmental degradation pose major challenges and impact Earth's capacity to support humanity.

1. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Chapter One
A World in Crisis:
Environment and Humanity in
the Twenty-First Century

2. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
General Outline of the Book:
Part I: Basic human &
natural components:
– Chapters 1 through
5
– Introduction to
environmental
geography and
global systems
Part II: Specific resource
issues and topics
– Population dynamics
– Agriculture and food
– Energy generation
– Climate change
– Air pollution
– Water resources
– Water pollution
– Hazardous waste
– Soil and land use…

3. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Chapter 1: A World in Crisis: Environment
and Humanity in the 21st Century
• Introduction
• The State of Earth’s Nations
• Prospects for the New Century
• The Concept of Development
• Earth’s Capacity to Support Humans
• Limits to Growth
• Your Role in the Global Environmental Community
• Summary
• Key Terms and Concepts
• Review Questions

4. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Introduction (pp. 1-2):
• During the 20th century, human population
increased from 2 billion in 1900 to 6 billion
in 2000.
– And 7 billion October 31, 2011
– Currently it is 7.2 billion and will likely be 7.3
billion by the end of our class.
• Number of cities with greater than 1 million
people has grown from less than 20 to more
than 300.

5. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Introduction (pp. 1-2):
• More global statistics:
– More than 500 million cars,
– Oil, water, and metallic ore consumption
has increased more than 10 times,
– More than 7 billion tons of anthropogenic
carbon dioxide annually,

6. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Introduction (pp. 1-2):
• However:
– Greater environmental awareness:
• Global warming,
• Rainforest depletion, and
• Waste disposal.
– Environmental legislation in national and
international politics
– Adaptive environmental policies
• Species protection, ocean dumping, fishing, air
pollution, etc.
Signs of hope…

7. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Introduction (pp. 1-2):
• More good news?
– Measurable progress globally on:
• Protection of rare and endangered plant and animal species,
• DDT production and use have declined,
• CFC production and use have declined,
• Rice, corn, and other grains have greatly increased per-acre
agricultural productivity,
• Air quality in North America and Europe has greatly
improved, and
• Stream and hazardous waste pollution have dramatically
decreased within the US and Canada.

8. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Introduction (pp. 1-2):
• What about global human population trends?
– Within the world’s economically developed states
(countries), annual increase is only about 0.1 percent,
– Within the world’s economically developing states -
containing 80 percent of the global population - annual
increase is also slowing:
• TFR will fall from about 3.1 currently to 2.1 by 2050,
• Global population may reach 8.9 billion by 2050 and stabilize
at 9.2 billion by 2100, and
• Global life expectancy will increase to 74 by 2050.

9. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Current Global Demographics:
• World population: 7.2 billion
– MDCs: more than 1.2 billion
– LDCs: more than 5.5 billion
• Natural increase: 1.15 percent
– MDCs: 0.04 percent
– LDCs: 1.39 percent
• Annual natural increase: 77.8 million
– MDCs: 0.5 million
– LDCs: 77.3 million
http://www.census.gov/popclock/

10. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Current Global Demographics:
• Life expectancy: 66.1 years
– MDCs:76.9 years
– LDCs: 64.9 years
• TFR: 2.56 children
– MDCs: 1.60
– LDCs: 2.77
• Source: US Census Bureau: International Data
Base (www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb).
Worldwide, the average life
expectancy at birth was 71.0
years (68.5 years for males and
73.5 years for females) over the
period 2010–2013 according to
United Nations WorldPopulation
Prospects 2012 Revision, or 70.7
years (68.2 years for males and
73.2 years for females) for 2009
according to The WorldFactbook.

11. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
The Concept of Development (pp. 8-10):
Fig 1.7, p. 9

12. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Prospects for the New Century (pp. 4-8):
Fig 1.2, p. 4
We will likely
not be at 7.4
billion in 2050,
we have
overshot that
estimate.

13. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Current Issues:
• HIV/AIDS, especially in sub-Saharan
Africa,
• Continued environmental degradation,
• Growing economic gulf between the haves
and have-nots,
• Overpopulation versus consumption
overpopulation, and
• More…

14. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Haves versus Have-Nots:
Table 1.1, p. 5

15. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
The Concept of Development (pp. 8-10):
Fig 1.8, p. 10

16. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Consumption versus Population:
Fig 1.6, p. 8

17. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Urbanization in the Developed World:
Fig 1.1, p. 3: Florida, US

18. © John Wiley & Exploitation,Florida

19. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Urbanization in the Developing World:
Fig 1.1, p. 3: Yunnan Province, China

20. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Kunming, Yunan Province, China

21. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Panlong, Yunan Province
Jin Gang Cun, Yunan Province

22. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Wanda Plaza, coming soon to Beijing

23. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Urbanization in the Deprived World:
Fig 1.1, p. 3: Haiti

24. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Haiti today…

25. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Terms from 1.4:
Concept of Development:
• Development,
– Includes economic productivity which can be defined by the
amount of revenue a land use generates per acre or square
kilometer of land
• Economic productivity???
• Density
– Density can be measured in various ways for example by the
amount of the surface coverage by facilities, by the number of
workers or occupants, by the amount of energy used, or by the
quality of waste produced
• Developed country,
• Developing country, and
• Deprived country.

26. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
World is divided…
• Developed country
– high incomes, low birth rates, high resource consumption,
technologically advanced, high levels of education, greatest life
expectancy
• Developing country
– Low incomes, high birth rates, low resource consumption, lack of
technology, lack of education, shorter life expectancy
• Deprived country
– The lowest incomes, highest birth rates, lack of resources and
technology, lack of education, shortest life expectancies

27. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
What is a Natural Resource?
• Resource Cognition and Value
• Kinds of Resources
• Limits to Resource Classification

28. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Natural Resource Products or Services
Air Wind energy, tires
Animals Foods (milk, cheese, steak, bacon) and clothing (wool
sweaters, silk shirts, leather belts)
Coal Electricity
Minerals Coins, wire, steel, aluminum cans, jewelry
Natural gas Electricity, heating
Oil Electricity, fuel for cars and airplanes, plastic
Plants Wood, paper, cotton clothing, fruits, vegetables
Sunlight Solar power, photosynthesis
Water Hydroelectric energy, drinking, cleaning

29. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Definition of
natural resource:
• “Resources are things that have
utility.”
• “Natural resources are those derived
from the [natural realms] and that exist
independently of human activity.”
• Source: Exploitation, Conservation,
Preservation (2004).

30. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Definition of
natural resource:
• “Non-natural resources include tools, labor,
and [human ingenuity].”
• “A resource does not exist without someone
to use it.”
• In other words, resources must be valued
by us humans!
• Source: Exploitation, Conservation,
Preservation.

31. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Resource Cognition and Value
Figure 1.1: Resource cognition derives from many factors
(page 2).

32. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Resource Cognition and Value:
• Cultural background,
• View of nature,
• Social conditions,
• Scarcity, and
• Technological and
economic factors.
What resources do they value?

33. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Environmental Perception:
• Environmental determinism.
• Possibilism.
• Source: The Human Mosaic (Jordan et al.,
2006).

34. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Environmental Perception:
• How humans perceive nature.
• Organic view: People are part of nature.
• Mechanistic view: Humans are separate
from and hold dominion over nature.
• Ecofeminism: View that women have been
better ecologists and environmentalists than
men.
• Source: The Human Mosaic (Jordan et al.,
2006).

35. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Resource Scarcity:
• Absolute scarcity.
• Relative scarcity.

36. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Technology and Economy:
• Technological and economic factors
impact what becomes a resource and
when.
• How could technology and economy
encourage conservation and
exploitation of natural resources?

37. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Economic Development:
Fig 1.3, p. 5: Malaysia

38. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Malaysia today…

39. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Environment and Land Use:
Fig 1.4, p. 6: Soil erosion in Mexico

40. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Environment and Land Use:
Fig 1.4, p. 6: Forest clearing in South America

41. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Arc of Deforestation
Burned by settlers…

42. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Environment and Land Use:
Fig 1.4, p. 6: Water issues in India

43. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
India - Water
Crisis Today

44. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Environment and
Land Use:
Fig 1.5, p. 7: Urban sprawl in Djakarta, Indonesia

45. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Indonesia – Fashion Show and Water
Pollution

46. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Kinds of
Resources:
• Perpetual,
• Renewable,
• Non-renewable,
and
• Potential.

47. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Kinds of Resources & Limits to
Resource Classification
Figure 1.3: A traditional classification of resources, which in
reality can shift from one category to another (Exploitation,
Conservation, Preservation).

48. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Conserving Resources:
What Does it Mean?
• Environmental Ethics
• Values

49. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
What Values Do You Bring to
the Environmental Debate?
• Environmental ethics, and
• Environmental justice.

50. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
What Values Do You Bring to
the Environmental Debate?
• Exploitation,
• Conservation, and
• Preservation.

51. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Your Role in the Global Environmental Community:
Fig 1.11, p. 14

52. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Terms from 1.7: Your Role in the Global
Environmental Community:
• Consumer,
• Leader,
• Teacher,
• Decision Maker, and
• Healer.

53. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
The Systems Approach:
• Natural systems (see below) interacting
with social systems (economics,
politics, etc.).
• The four realms interacting:
atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere,
and lithosphere.

54. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
The Systems Approach
Figure 1.6: Systems often interact with effects originating in
other systems.

55. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Limits to Growth:
Fig 1.10, p. 13

56. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Terms from 1.5: Earth’s
Capacity to Support Humans:
• Carrying capacity, and
• Cultural carrying capacity.

57. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Critical Factors from 1.6:
Limits to Growth:
• Human population,
• Technological development,
• Consumerism, and
• Land use.

58. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Why All the Fuss?
• Most human activities affect the
environment,
• The environment is our life-support
system,
• We rely on the environment to provide
us with natural resources,

59. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Why All the Fuss?
• Environmental hazards (natural and human-
made) cause much hardship for us,
• Many parts of the environment have been
degraded (over-use and unwise use), and
• We need to monitor our impact on the
environment so as to avoid negative
consequences.
• Source: Environment (Park, 2001).

60. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
So, what is meant by
“environment?”
• “Environment is the sum total of all living
and non-living things that affect any living
organism.
• Everything we do affects the environment”
(Living in the Environment, Miller, 2007,
page 7).

61. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
What about “environmental
science?”
• “Environmental science is an
interdisciplinary study that integrates
information and ideas from the natural
sciences that study the natural world and the
social sciences that study how humans and
their institutions interact with the natural
world” (Living in the Environment, Miller,
2007, page 7).

62. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
What about
“environmental science?”
• The goals of environmental science are:
– How nature works,
– How the environment affects us,
– How we affect the environment, and
– How we can live more sustainably without
degrading our life-support system.
• Source: Living in the Environment, Miller,
2007, page 7.

63. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Okay, so what is “geography?”
ge·og·ra·phy
1 : a science that deals with the
description, distribution, and
interaction of the diverse
physical, biological, and cultural
features of the earth's surface.
Source-Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary

64. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
IN PLAIN ENGLISH:
Geography is the study of the
Earth and everything on it.

65. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Summary of Chapter 1:
• Developed, developing, and deprived
states (countries),
• Continued increase in human
population,
• Gap between haves and have-nots will
continue to increase,

66. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Summary of Chapter 1:
• Continued environmental degradation:
– Resource extraction,
– Air, water, and land pollution,
– Desertification,
– Tropical forest depletion,
– Soil erosion,
– Decrease in biodiversity, and
– Global climate change

67. © John Wiley & Exploitation,
Summary of Chapter 1:
• Continued urbanization (especially in the
developing world),
• Economic development and changes in land use,
• Carrying capacity v. cultural carrying capacity,
• Sustainable development, and
• Our role(s) in the global environmental
community.