The document discusses the slit-lamp biomicroscope, which is used to examine the eye. It has three main components: the mechanical system to position the patient and microscope, the illumination system to provide a focused beam of light, and the observation system consisting of compound microscopes. Different illumination techniques such as direct, indirect, and focal illumination are used to examine different parts of the eye at various magnifications. The slit-lamp allows close examination of structures like the cornea, anterior chamber, and lens.
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Retinoscopy and Objective Refraction and Subjective Refraction in spherical ametropia and astigmatism
Retinoscopy (Principle & Techniques of Retinoscopy) and objective refraction, Subjective Refracition
Best presentation about retinoscopy and objective refraction techniques, and basis of subjective refraction. If you want to master the technique of retinoscopy, this presentation can be your guidance and partner in your journey to retinoscopy, objective refraction and subjective refraction.
Presentation Layout:
Retinoscope, types of retinoscope and uses of retinoscope
-Introduction to retinoscopy and objective refraction
-Retinoscopy
- In spherical ametropia
- In astigmatism
- Others: strabismus, amblyopia, pediatric pt.,
cycloplegic refraction
-Static and Dynamic Retinoscopy
-Problems seeing reflex during retinoscopy
-Errors in retinoscopy
Objective of retinoscopy and objective refraction
-To locate the far point of the eye conjugate to the retina
- Myopia or hyperopia
-Bring far point to the infinity by using appropriate lenses
- Determines amount of ametropia by retinoscopy and objective refraction
References:
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by Eskridge, Amos and Bartlett ,
-Primary Care Optometry by Grosvenor T.,
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by Benjamin W. J.,
-Theory And Practice Of Optics And Refraction by AK Khurana
-Retinoscopy-Student Manual by ICEE Refractive Error Training Package (2009)
-Clinical Optics and Refraction By Andrew Keirl, Caroline Christie
-Clinical Refraction Guide - A Kumar Bhootra
-Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care by David B. Elliott
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates.
Ophthalmic Prisms: Prismatic Effects and DecentrationRabindraAdhikary
Ophthalmic Prisms: Prismatic Effects and Decentration
here we discuss about the ophthalmic prisms, the prismatic effects as caused by the decentration( moving the optical center away from the visual axis)
Slit lamp biomicroscopy and illumination techniquesLoknath Goswami
It is a presentation on slitlamp for beginner, shown the parts and different illumination techniques both for eye and contact lens and it have short history
SLIT LAMP AND ITS DIFFERENT ILLUMINATION TECHNIQUES.pptxAbhishek Kashyap
This presentation explains in detail about different illumination techniques and filters used in slit lamp examination and the procedure to perform slit lamp examination.
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/retinoscopy/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com ❤❤❤
Retinoscopy and Objective Refraction and Subjective Refraction in spherical ametropia and astigmatism
Retinoscopy (Principle & Techniques of Retinoscopy) and objective refraction, Subjective Refracition
Best presentation about retinoscopy and objective refraction techniques, and basis of subjective refraction. If you want to master the technique of retinoscopy, this presentation can be your guidance and partner in your journey to retinoscopy, objective refraction and subjective refraction.
Presentation Layout:
Retinoscope, types of retinoscope and uses of retinoscope
-Introduction to retinoscopy and objective refraction
-Retinoscopy
- In spherical ametropia
- In astigmatism
- Others: strabismus, amblyopia, pediatric pt.,
cycloplegic refraction
-Static and Dynamic Retinoscopy
-Problems seeing reflex during retinoscopy
-Errors in retinoscopy
Objective of retinoscopy and objective refraction
-To locate the far point of the eye conjugate to the retina
- Myopia or hyperopia
-Bring far point to the infinity by using appropriate lenses
- Determines amount of ametropia by retinoscopy and objective refraction
References:
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by Eskridge, Amos and Bartlett ,
-Primary Care Optometry by Grosvenor T.,
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by Benjamin W. J.,
-Theory And Practice Of Optics And Refraction by AK Khurana
-Retinoscopy-Student Manual by ICEE Refractive Error Training Package (2009)
-Clinical Optics and Refraction By Andrew Keirl, Caroline Christie
-Clinical Refraction Guide - A Kumar Bhootra
-Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care by David B. Elliott
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates.
Ophthalmic Prisms: Prismatic Effects and DecentrationRabindraAdhikary
Ophthalmic Prisms: Prismatic Effects and Decentration
here we discuss about the ophthalmic prisms, the prismatic effects as caused by the decentration( moving the optical center away from the visual axis)
Slit lamp biomicroscopy and illumination techniquesLoknath Goswami
It is a presentation on slitlamp for beginner, shown the parts and different illumination techniques both for eye and contact lens and it have short history
SLIT LAMP AND ITS DIFFERENT ILLUMINATION TECHNIQUES.pptxAbhishek Kashyap
This presentation explains in detail about different illumination techniques and filters used in slit lamp examination and the procedure to perform slit lamp examination.
. Introduction Biomicroscope derives its name from the fact that it enables the practitioner to observe the living tissue of eye under magnification. It not only provides magnified view of every part of eye but also allows quantitative measurements and photography of every part for documentation.
3. • The lamp facilitates an examination which looks at anterior segment, or frontal structures, of the human eye, which includes the –Eyelid –Cornea –Sclera –Conjunctiva –Iris –Aqueous –Natural crystalline lens and –Anterior vitreous.
4. Important historical landmarks De Wecker 1863 devised a portable ophthalmomicroscope . Albert and Greenough 1891,developed a binocular microscope which provided stereoscopic view. Gullstrand ,1911 introduced the illumination system which had for the first time a slit diapharm in it Therefore Gullstrand is credited with the invention of slit lamp.
all about slit lamp. special features, basic designs, principal of observation system, principal of illumination, animations are done for the beginners for easy understanding,pitfalls.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
3. THE SLIT-LAMP BIOMICROSCOPE is a high-power binocular microscope with a slit-shaped illumination source, specially designed for viewing the different optically transparent or translucent tissues of the eye.
It enhances the examination by :
Excellent image quality
Binocular stereoscopic view
Flexible illumination
Flexible magnification
Providing room for specialized attachments and lenses for detailed examination and diagnostic tests
4. The science of examination with a slit lamp is called Biomicroscopy as it allows in vivo study of living tissues at high magnification.
Cont…
6. •1911, the first concept of slit-lamp was introduced by ALLVAR GULLSTRAND, it was named as “Large reflection-free ophthalmoscope” manufactured by Zeiss.
Prof. Allvar Gullstrand
Large Gullstrand Opthalmoscope (1911)
7. •1919, VOGT introduced KOEHLER illumination system to Gullstrand slit-lamp.
•1930, LETZ introduced telescopic loupe built on the principle of Galilean Telescope which helps in increase working distance. Haag-Streit-1920
Bausch & Lomb slit lamp (1926)
Cont…
8. •1933, GOLDANN developed three control element for cross-slide stage and also common swivel axis for microscope and illumination system in HAAG-STREIT Slit-lamp.
•1938, Joystick was added to Haag-streit. Haag-Streit-1933
Haag-Streit-1936
Cont…
9. •1950, LITTMANN with ZIESS combined joystick control from Goldmann, illumination path from Comberg prism instrument and also added stereo telescope system with magnification changer.
Cont…
Zeiss slit lamp (Littmann) (1950)
Haag-Streit-1959
10. Fig. : Modern slit-lamp Cont…
•Onward modern slit-lamp system began to come into light.
18. Illumination system Principle :
Kohler illumination principle is used in both Zeiss & Haag-streit type illumination system.
The light filament (F) is imaged on to the objective lens (O) but the mechanical slit (MS) is imaged on to the patient’s eye (S)
19. Microscope system Principle :
The eyepiece (Ocular) uses Astronomical telescope system.
Here two convex lenses used one in front of other separated by the distance of their focal length. Fig. : Slit-lamp biomicroscope optical principles
20. A Galilean telescope system is used for even higher and changeable magnification.
Here a convex and a concave lens is used in line separated by the distance of their focal length.
Cont…
Fig. : Slit-lamp biomicroscope optical principles
21. Both telescope systems produce inverse image of an object so an inverting prism named Porro- Abbe prism is used to produce right way erect image.
Here two triangular prisms use the total internal reflection principle of optics.
Cont… Porro-Abbe Prism
Fig. : Slit-lamp biomicroscope optical principles
22. The telescope system provide considerable distance between the microscope and the patient’s eye, so that certain maneuver like foreign body removal from the cornea or using extra lenses for fundus examination can be done.
Cont…
23. Parfocality : The point at which the microscope is focused corresponds to the point on which the light is focused, this coupling effect is called parfocality.
This is achieved by the microscope and the illumination system, having a common focal plane and their common axis of rotation also lies in that focal plane.
Cont…
25. Basic Design :
1.Mechanical system
2.Illumination system
3.Biomicroscope /Observation system
Associated instruments :
•Applanation Tonometer
•Gonioscopic Lens
•Fundoscopy Lens
•Micrometer Eyepieces
•Image archiving device
•Laser delivery system
26. It concern with :
•Positioning & adjustment of patient and observer
•Maneuvering the illumination and microscope system together with joystick
•Providing base to other parts
Mechanical system :
Basic 3 parts :
1.Motorized table (Base)
2.Patient positioning frame
3.Joystick
27. Parts of mechanical system :
Cont… Fixation target Chin rest adjustment knob
Joystick Power switch Table height adjustment Forehead band
Canthus alignment
Chin rest Hand grip for patient Lock for slit lamp base
Low friction plate
28. Provides a bright, evenly illuminated, finely focused, adjustable slit of light at the eye.
Contains the following components:
•Light source
•Condenser lens system
•Slit and other diaphragms
•Filters
•Projection lens
•Reflecting mirror or prisms
Illumination system :
29. Parts of illumination system :
Cont…
Scale for slit height
Slit height control Inclined mirror Latch to tilt light column Light source Filter control
Centering screw Slit width control
30. •Essentially these are compound microscopes composed of optical elements providing enlarged right way stereoscopic image to observer.
•Provides larger working distance in front of microscope for manipulation on patient’s eye.
•Magnification changer for detail view.
Observation system :
31. Parts of observation system :
Cont… Eyepiece
Marked ring for
Adjustment of examiner’s
refractive error Prism housing Knob to change magnification Objective lens
34. Prerequisites :
•Switch on power & unlock base screw
•Cleaning the forehead band
•Changing paper strip from chinrest
•Comfortable sitting of pt. and the examiner
•Counseling the patient
•Proper positioning of the pt.
•Target fixation
•Adjust eyepieces to correct for examiner’s refractive error and interpupillary distance
•Children may need to stand, or they can sit on parent’s lap or kneel on a stable chair
Fig. Correct positioning at the slit lamp.
35. Chronology for slit-lamp examination : Eyelids
Eyelid margins Tear film Conjunctiva Cornea
Aqueous humor
Iris Lens Vitreous (ant.)
36. Illumination techniques :
Slit Width control knob:
Narrow to fully open slit illumination achieved by rotating this knob
37. Illumination techniques :
Slit height control knob :
Short to long slit illumination achieved by rotating this knob
Cont…
39. Illumination techniques :
Tilting light column :
Illumination column can be tilted 5-20°, with vertical axis which gives extra plane and minimize reflection during posterior segment examination with condensing lens.
Cont…
41. Direct diffused illumination :
•illumination of the eye with a broad, unfocused light beam
•directed obliquely between 30-450
•magnification 6x to 10x
Application :
•General gross overview of eyelids, lashes, conjunctiva, sclera, pattern of redness, iris, pupil, gross pathology, ant capsule of lens
Cont…
43. Direct focal illumination :
•Illumination and observation are focused in the same plane
•slit width narrow to broad
•Illumination angle 45° to 60°
•Magnification 10x-40x
Application :
•Cornea in detail
•Anterior chamber
•Crystalline lens
•Anterior part of vitreous
•Grading cell and flare in anterior chamber
Cont…
45. Direct focal illumination :
i.Parallelepiped
•Slit width 2-4 mm obliquely focusing on the cornea so that a quadrilateral block of light illuminate the cornea
Application :
•To examine corneal surface, stroma
•To ascertain depth (FB, abration)
Cont…
46. Direct focal illumination :
ii.Optical section
•Slit width 1mm or less
•Illumination angle 45-60° or more
•High illumination & magnification
Application:
•Corneal depth, layers, scars, vessels
•Lens opacity
Cont… 1. Tear film 2. Epithelium 3. Ant. Stroma 4. Post. Stroma 5. Descemet’s mem. & Endothelium
47. Direct focal illumination :
iii.Conical beam
•Assessment of particles floating in the A/C
•Narrow, short & bright slit of light
•45°-60° light source directed to pupil
•Magnification 16x-25x
Application :
•Inflammatory cells, flare, pigmented cells, metabolic wastes
Principle : Tyndall phenomenon
Cont…
48. Specular reflection :
•Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
•Observation and illumination system have same angle with perpendicular axis to each other
•Slit width < 4mm
•The light reflected from the anterior or posterior corneal surface
•Best view with one eye
Application :
•assessment of surfaces
Corneal epithelium
Corneal endothelium
Lens surface
•assessment of tear film
Cont…
Corneal endothelium
49. Tangential illumination :
•A narrow light beam is projected almost parallel along the structure to be observed
•Elevated structures are visible by shadowing
•Illumination angle 90°
•Magnification 10-25x
Application :
•elevated abnormities or changes in the iris
•tumors, cysts
Cont…
50. Indirect illumination :
•The beam is focused in an area adjacent to ocular tissue to be observed
•Decentered beam
•Illumination 2 to 4mm slit
•Magnification: Low to medium (depending upon object size)
Application:
•infiltrates
•corneal scars
•deposits
•epithelial and stromal defects
Cont…
52. Retro-illumination :
•Light reflected on iris or fundus
•Microscope focused on cornea
•Two types: direct and indirect
Application :
For better visualization of
•Epithelial cysts
•Keratic precipitates
•Small blood vessels
•Small scar
Cont…
53. Direct retro-illumination :
•Observed feature is viewed in direct pathway of reflected light
•with this illumination findings are made visible with high contrast
•medium slit width 2 to 4mm
•Illumination angle 45-60°
Application :
•Infiltrations, small scars, corneal vessels, etc.
Cont…
54. Indirect retro-illumination :
•Observer at right angle to the observed structures
•Illumination angle greatly reduced or increased
•Feature on the cornea is viewed against a dark background
•medium slit width 2 to 4mm
Application :
•Infiltrations, small scars, corneal vessels, micro cysts, vacuoles
Cont…
56. •This technique is used to observe media clarities and opacities.
•The pupil is dilated
•the slit beam and microscope are made co-axial and light strikes the fundus and creates a glow behind the opacity in the media
•The media opacity creates a shadow in the glow
Applications
•abnormities in the anterior vitreous, lens, anterior chamber, cornea
Cont…
Retro-Illumination from the Fundus :
57. Sclerotic scatter :
•Light incident on the limbus with 2-4mm slit at an angle of 45° - 60°
•Decentered slit
•The microscope focused centrally
•Total internal reflection of the incoming light at inner corneal boundaries (endothelium and epithelium)
Applications
•scars, foreign bodies, corneal defects
•irregularities in the cornea
Cont… Fig. : Corneal scar
58. Iris-transillumination :
•Transillumination of the iris by indirect light reflected from the fundus
•Mid dilated pupil (3 to 4mm)
•Illumination and observation at coaxial position
Applications
•Visualization of defects of the pigment layer of the iris
Cont…
Fig. : Transillumination in Albinism
59. Oscillatory illumination :
•Moves the beam (usually an optical section) from nasal to temporal limbus
•Viewed alternately by direct and indirect illumination
•Often possible to see minute objects or filaments, specially in the aqueous
•Reveals subtle areas of corneal thinning.
Cont…
60. Van Herrick’s Technique :
•Used to evaluate anterior chamber angle without gonioscopy
•Narrow slit beam close to limbus with Illumination angle 60°
•Medium magnification
Principle :
•Compare the width of cornea seen by optical section with the dark section seen between ant. surface of iris & back of cornea
Interpretation :
Grade 4 – open anterior chamber angle 1:1 ratio
Grade 3 – open anterior chamber angle 1:2 ratio
Grade 2– narrow anterior chamber angle1:4 ratio
Grade 1– risky narrow anterior chamber angle less than 1:4 ratio
Grade 0– closed anterior chamber
63. Applanation Tonometer :
The Goldmann Applanation Tonometer is the most common tonometer that usually mounted on the standard slit- lamp biomicroscope.
It’s easy to use and measure the IOP of a seated patient with high accuracy in most clinical situations.
Parts :
1.Tonometer tip (biprism)
2.Metal rod
3.Tonometer housing
4.Force adjustment knob
Associated instruments :
64. Principle :
•Applanated force (AF) equals the intraocular pressure (IOP)
•diameter of the applanated area: 3.06 mm here counteracting forces of corneal rigidity and capillary attraction cancel each other
Application :
•Measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP)
Cont…
65. Procedure :
1.Proper positioning of the patient
2.Instill topical anesthetic and flurescein in pt.‘s eye
3.Place the cobalt blue filter with broad slit illumination at 60-90° angle
4.The dial is preset between 1 and 2 (i.e. 10–20 mmHg)
5.Prism is advanced until it just touches the apex of the cornea
6.Viewing into the oculars a pattern of two semicircle will appear which represent the fluorescein-stained tear film touching the prism
Cont…
66. Procedure :
7.Then gently rotate the force adjustment knob of tonometer to align the inner margins of the semicircles
8.The reading on the dial, multiplied by 10, gives the IOP. Modern digital display system provides actual reading without multiplication
9.Repeat the procedure for other eye
10.At last wash B/E with antibiotic eye drop
Cont… Video clip : GAT
67. Fundus Observation and Gonioscopy :
•Different types of Contact and Non-contact lenses used for examination, diagnostic and therapeutic purpose in fundoscopy and gonioscopy
•With classic three mirror Goldmann lens post. Segment and irido corneal angle can examined simultaneously
68. Cont…
Fundoscopy :
Contact Glasses :
•Additional tool for fundus observation with the slit lamp
•Mostly direct; erect and non mirrored image of the fundus
•Required :
•dilated pupil
•use of coupling liquid (Hypromellose 0.3%)
•Coaxial angle (0°)
•Illumination – low with 2-4 mm slit
•Magnification – 10-16 x
69. Cont…
Non-contact lenses :
•Additional tool for fundus observation with the slit lamp
•Mostly indirect; upside-down and mirror image of the fundus (convex optics)
•non contact
Required:
•dilated pupil
•Coaxial angle (0°)
•Illumination - low with 2-4mm slit
•Magnification – 10-16 x
Fundoscopy :
71. Cont…
Goldmann 3-Mirror gonioscopic lens :
•Procedure same as contact fundus lens
Observation :
•Central lens (0) : Posterior pole
•73° mirror (1) : Equator
•67° mirror (2) : Ora serrata
•59° mirror (3) : Iridocorneal angle
Gonioscopy :
72. Cont…
Application :
•Grading of A/C angle width (Shaffer system)
•Peripheral anterior synechiae
•Neovascularization
•Hyperpigmentation
•Trauma
Angle recession
Trabecular dialysis
Cyclodialysis
Foreign bodies
•Blood in the Schlemm canal
Gonioscopy :
Fig.: Shaffer system grading
Fig.: Blood in chamber angle
Fig.: Neovascularization
73. •Slit-lamps have the capability of providing laser delivery with a conjunct laser system installed on it
•Lasers are used for the treatment procedures like photocoagulation, iridotomy or capsulotomy
•Commonly delivered lasers – Nd:YAG
Laser delivery system with slit-lamp : Fig.: Laser system mounted Slit-lamp
74. The slit lamp is one of the most commonly used and valuable diagnostic instruments for an ophthalmologist of today.
So user level care & maintenance is very much important to get optimum performance & long life from it.