The document discusses several studies on language learning strategies and motivation. Wong & Filmore (1979) found that cognitive and social strategies are important for young children's language development. Chesterfield and Chesterfield (1985) found that children first develop receptive strategies like repetition and then strategies for interaction like attention getting. Gardner (1985) identified motivation and attitudes as primary sources of language learning, consisting of goals, effort, wants and attitudes. Oxford & Nyikos (1989) and Politzer (1983) found that females tend to use language learning strategies like social interaction and formal practice more frequently than males. Politzer & mcgroarty (1985) and O’malley & Chamot (1990) found that Asian learners