This document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken, while indirect speech conveys the meaning in the reporter's own words. When changing from direct to indirect speech, tenses, pronouns and words denoting time or position may need to change, except when reporting universal truths, facts or habitual actions. Reporting verbs introduce the reported speech.

1. CLASS 5
PRESENTATION BY
ARCHANA SHARMA

2. LET’S START WITH AN EXAMPLE:
 Suppose your English teacher told you that you needed an
atlas. You want to convey this to your father. You can do it in
either of these two ways:
1. Father, my teacher said to me, “You need a new atlas.”
2. Father, my teacher told me that I needed a new atlas.

3. -In sentence 1, you have repeated your teacher’s exact
words. In order to make it clear that you are repeating the
words actually spoken by the teacher, they are put within
quotation marks. This method of quoting someone is
called direct speech or direct narration.
-In sentence 2, you have put in your own words what the
teacher said. This method of quoting someone is called
indirect speech or indirect narration.

4. When the exact words used by a speaker are
reproduced within quotation marks, it is called
direct speech.
When the substance of a speech is conveyed in
the reporter’s words, it is called indirect speech.

5.  The exact words of the speaker which are put within
quotation marks or inverted commas are called reported
speech. The verb that introduces the reported speech is
called reporting verb:
-Father, my teacher said to me, “ You need a new atlas.”
(reporting verb) (reported speech)

6.  Note the following points about direct speech:
1. The direct speech is always enclosed within inverted
commas.
2. The first word of the direct speech begins with a capital
letter.
3. The direct speech is separated from the rest of the
sentence by a comma:
Lucky said, “Grandmother is going for a walk.”

7. Now note the following points about indirect speech:
1. No inverted commas are used.
2. No comma is used to separate the reported speech from the
rest of the sentence.
3. A conjunction, if necessary, is used to join the reported
speech with the rest of the sentence:
-Lucky said that grandmother was going for a walk.

8. 4. Tenses, pronouns and words denoting nearness of time
and position undergo certain changes.
-Hamneet said, “I am happy today.”
-Hamneet said that she was happy that day.

9. RULES FOR THE CHANGE OF TENSES
1. If the reporting verb is in a present tense or a future
tense, the tense of the verbs in the reported speech
remains unchanged.
-Direct: The father says, “ The lunch is ready.”
(simple present)
-Indirect: The father says that the lunch is ready.
(unchanged)

10. -Direct: My mother will say, “Books have become very
costly.”
(simple future)
-Indirect: My mother will say that books have become very
costly.
(unchanged)

11.  2. If the reported speech expresses a universal truth, a
scientific fact or a habitual fact, its tenses remain
unchanged.
1. Father looked at the burnt dish and said, “Too many cooks
spoil the broth.”
Father looked at the burnt dish and said that too many
cooks spoil the broth.

12. 2. My teacher said, “Water boils at 100 degree celsius.”
My teacher said that water boils at 100 degree celsius.
3. My mother said, “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.”
My mother said that an apple a day keeps the doctor
away.