The document covers the rules and transformations between direct and indirect speech in English, including the changes in tense, pronouns, and word order. It also provides applications for job positions, including an assistant professor and a first division clerk, detailing educational backgrounds and qualifications. Additionally, it explains various types of adjectives, their functions, and examples of usage.

1. Reference Material
II Year – IV Semester – English Language
Language Component ( Grammar ) (CBCS)
( Language Component Syllabus is Common for All the Courses Like
B.A., B.Sc., B.Com., and B.B.A., )
Direct and Reported speech
When we write exact words of a writer or someone as has been said or written, the
structure is in the direct tense. And exact words written are in inverted comma or quotation
marks.
1. He said, “I do not like her”.
2. She said, “Where are you going?”.
3. Sita said to students, “keep quiet in the library”.
4. He said, “Wow! How beautiful she is”.
When we write the substance of what has been said instead of exact words of somebody,
the structure is in indirect speech, and words are not put in the quotation mark or inverted
comma.
1. He said that he did not like her.
2. She asked me where I was going.
3. Sita ordered the students to keep quiet in the library.
4. He exclaimed with delight that she was very beautiful.
Certain words expressing nearness in direct speech are changed into words expressing
distance in the indirect speech.
1 This - that
2 These - those
3 It - it
1 Now - then
2 Here - there
3 Hither - thither
4 Today - that day
5 Yesterday- the previous day/the day before
6 Tomorrow- the day after
7 Last night- previous night
8 Ago - before
9 Hence - thence

2. I All the present tenses in the direct speech are changed into corresponding past
tenses in the indirect speech.
Ex:
is, am- was
are- were
has, have- had
can – could
will- would
shall- should
may- might
The simple present tense of the verb changed into the simple past tense form.
1. The girl said, “I love Chocolates”.
2. The girl said that she loved chocolates.
3. The teacher said, “I am in the classroom”.
4. The teacher said that he was in the classroom.
The present continuous form is changed into the past continuous form.
1. He said, “I am writing a letter”.
2. He said that he was writing a letter.
3. She said, “I am going to Bangalore”.
4. She said that she was going to Bangalore.
The present perfect tense of the verb is changed into past perfect tense.
1. He said, “I have purchased a book”.
2. He said that he had purchased a book.
3. She said, “I have got married long time ago”.
4. She said that she had got married long time before”.
The present perfect continuous tense changed into past perfect continuous tense.
1. She said, “I have been writing a letter”.
2. She said that she had been writing a letter.
3. He said, “I have been reading a book”.
4. He said that he had been reading a book.

3. But sometimes the simple past tense in the direct speech remains unchanged in the
direct speech or sometimes it is changed into the past perfect tense.
1. He said, “I brought a book”.
2. He said that he brought a book.
3. He said that he had brought the book.
And past continuous tense in the direct speech changed into past perfect continuous
tense.
1. She said, “I was reading a book”.
2. She said that she had been reading a letter.
3. He said, “I was sitting in the class”.
4. He said that he had been sitting in the class.
If the sentence expresses universal truths or common ideas the tense will not change
or can be changed
1 He said, ‘The sun rises in the east.’
2 He said that the sun rises/rose in the east
3 They said, ‘The earth moves around the sun.’
4 They said that the earth moves/moved around the sun.’
5 She said, ‘It is easy to learn English’
6 She said that it is/was easy to learn English
When the reporting verb is in present tense there is no need to change the tense
1 He says, ‘Rama is in Mysore.’
2 He says that Rama is in Mysore.
3 Keats says, ‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever’
4 Keats says that a thing of beauty is a joy forever.
The Nominative of the address in the direct speech becomes the person spoken to the
in the indirect speech.
1. Raju said, “Father, I want some money”.
2. Raju told to father that he wanted some money”.
3. The students said, “Teacher, we can’t understand this problem”.
4. The students told the teacher that they could not understand that problem.

4. If the person addressed to reports the speech himself then the second person changed
to first person in the indirect speech.
1. He said to me, “You can do this work”.
2. He said to me that I could do that work.
3. He said to me, “Where are you going?”
4. He asked me where I was going.
Interrogative Sentence
When we have to change a question into indirect speech, we must change the
introducing verb into inquired, demanded, and asked. When these sentences are changed
into reported speech the inverted comma as well as the question mark are removed and a
full stop used at the end of the sentence. Questioning sentences beginning with how, what,
when, where, who, which etc. be changed in this manner.
1. The teacher said, “Where are you going?”
2. The teacher asked where I was going.
3. The Manager said, “Where were you yesterday?”
4. The Manager enquired where I was the previous day.
5. She said, “When will you come back?”
6. She asked me when I would come back.
7. The Inspector said, “What is she doing here?”
8. The Inspector demanded what she was doing there.
But the questions beginning with: has, have, will, may, do, did, is, are etc. may be
answered in Yes or No. In these the reporting verb is to be followed by if/whether.
1. The conductor said, “Have you taken the ticket?”.
2. The conductor inquired if I had taken the ticket.
3. The teacher said, “Will you come tomorrow?”
4. The teacher asked whether I would come tomorrow.
5. The teacher said, “Did they answer the question?’
6. The teacher demanded if they had answered the question.
Imperative Sentence
A sentence which expressing a wish or command or request or order is an imperative
sentence. While changing these sentences into indirect speech the reporting verb is
replaced by asked, ordered, requested, advised, commanded, warned etc. In these sentences
the verb has to be in the infinite from.

5. 1. The teacher said, “You must get up early to study”.
2. The teacher advised them to get up early to study.
3. He said, “She has to complete the work”.
4. He ordered her to complete the work.
5. “Keep quiet in the class”, said the teacher to the students.
6. The teacher ordered the students to keep quiet in the class.
7. “Calm down”, said the mother to the child.
8. The mother asked the child to calm down.
When a sentence with let in the direct speech expressing a suggestion or proposal, the
reporting word is replaced by suggested/proposed, and should be used with auxiliary
verb.
1. He said, “Let us complete the work”.
2. He suggested that they should complete the work.
3. He said, “Let us start a business”.
4. He proposed that they should start a business.
Exclamatory Sentence
When changing the exclamatory sentence into reporting speech the reporting verb is
replaced by exclaimed, cried out, declared, wished, prayed etc. and interjections like
Hurrah, Oh, Bravo, are omitted, and in their places expressions like with delight, with
regret, with sorrow to intensify the feeling.
1. He said, “God may save my daughter”.
2. He prayed that God might save his daughter.
3. He said, “Hurrah! We have won the match”.
4. He exclaimed with delight that they had won the match.
5. He said, “How beautiful she is!”
6. He exclaimed that she was very beautiful.
7. She said, “Alas! She is dead”.
8. She exclaimed with sorrow that she was dead.

6. Application for Job with C V
From
Hemalatha B N
# 537, 15 main, 6 cross
Saraswathipuram
Mysore
27th
December, 2019
To
The Principal
Mahajana’s college
Jayalakshmipuram
Mysore
Respected Sir/Madam,
Subject: Application for the post of Assistant Professor.
I am writing to apply for the post of Assistant Professor of English advertised in The
Times of India dated 25 December 2012. Please find enclosed a copy of my Curriculum Vitae.
I have a Master degree in English from the Central University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad
with first class. After Post graduation I have been working in a multinational company as sales
manager. But later I realized that my interest lies in teaching. Hence, I want to pursue my career in
this direction. I am also doing research on the fiction of Michael Ondaatje under the guidance of
Prof. Ramakishna of Bangalore University.
If I am given an opportunity to work in your college, I will do my best for the betterment
of your students and college.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely
(Hemalatha)

7. Curriculum Vitae (CV)
Name Ramesha J K
Address # 175, 4 Main, 3 Cross, Saraswathipuram, Mysore570009
D O B April 14, 1990
Nationality Indian
Marital Status Single
Tele/mobile 08212473876/9988334455
Email. rameshajk88@gmail.com
Objective To teach as an Assistant Professor in an institution that has been given
the status of Deemed University.
Education and Qualifications
2012-2014 MA in English, DOS in English, Central University of Hydrabad,
Hydrabad
2011-2014 BA, Maharaja’s College, UOM, Mysore
Work Experience or Employment till date
2016- Present Faculty in English, Maharaja’s College, Mysore
2014-16 Faculty in English Department, Christ College, Bangalore
Skills
Languages: French, English and German
Good at spoken English, familiar with Word, Excel and Film Editing
Interests
Directing a historical movie, sports, singing, freelance writing
Reference- Attached

8. From
Samskruthi G L
# 537, 15 main, 6 cross
Saraswathipuram
Mysore
27th
December, 2019
To
The Principal
Maharaja’s college
Mysore
Respected Sir/Madam,
Subject: Application for the post of First Division Clerk.
I am writing to apply for the position of First Division Clerk advertised in The Deccan
Herald on 26 Dec 2012. Please find enclosed a copy of Curriculum Vitae.
I have completed my B.Com degree in Maharaja’s college with a first class in the year
2009. After my graduation I have been working in a private college as a clerk. I have completed
basic computer course which is good use for a clerk. I have also joined M.Com in KSOU, Mysore
to continue my education further. If I am given this job I would be great help for me and I would
work hard to development of your reputed institution.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully
(Samskruthi G L)

9. Curriculum Vitae (CV)
Samskruthi G L
samskrthijl777@gmail.com
Present Address Permanent Address
Samskruthi G L Samskruthi G L
# 45, 8 Main 3 Cross # 537, 15 Main, 6 Cross
Vijayanagara Saraswathipuram
Bangalore-560001 Myosre 570009
Tele/Mob. 7788993322 Tele/Mob.5566889910
Objective To teach as an Assistant Professor in an institution that has been given
the status of Deemed University and Elite status
Education
2012-2014 MA in English, DOS in English, Central University of Hyderabad,
Hyderabad
2011-2014 BA, Maharaja’s College, UOM, Mysore
Experience
2016- Present Faculty in English, Maharaja’s College, Mysore
2014-16 Faculty in English Department, Christ College, Bangalore
Skills Fluent in French, German and English
Interests Watching movies, trekking, hill climbing, reading etc.

10. The Adjectives
An adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun (a person, place or
an activity) in terms of quality, quantity, number or kind.
1. Nirupama is a good teacher.
2. There are fifteen mangoes in the basket.
3. I want some coffee.
4. I can stay in that hotel.
In the first sentence good shows the quality of the teacher. In the second sentence fifteen
denotes the number of mangoes in the basket. In the third sentence some refers to the quantity of
the coffee required. In the last sentence that points out in which hotel he is going to stay.
The Adjectives can be used in two different ways viz. Attributively and Predicatively.
If the adjectives are used along with the noun as an epithet or attribute, it is said to be used
attributively.
1. The intelligent boy is given a prize.
2. The dummy player is dropped from the team.
3. The clever lawyer has won the case.
If the adjective is used along with the verb and forms part of the predicate, it is said to be
used predicatively.
1. The boy is intelligent.
2. The player is dummy.
3. The lawyer is clever.
The Kinds of Adjectives
1 Adjectives of Quality (or Descriptive Adjectives):
The adjectives which show the quality, kind or condition of the nouns they qualify are
called Adjectives of Quality or Descriptive Adjectives. The Adjectives Quality or Descriptive
Adjectives always answer the question of what kind ?
1. Brian Lara is a great player.
2. The black boy has the blue eyes.
3. The unhappy young man has a sad look.

11. There are some adjectives formed of the proper nouns, hence they are, often, called proper
adjectives.
1. The Indian constitution is the largest one in the world.
2. The Australian players visited the slum in Mumbai.
3. The American President paid a visit to Jaipur.
2 The Adjectives of Quantity:
The Adjectives of Quantity show how much of a thing is meant. They always answer the
question how much ?
1. I ate some curds rice.
2. I drank some tea.
3. He has little patience.
4. I lost all my wealth.
5. The whole sum has been spent on jewellery.
6. He has no sense.
3 The Adjectives of Number (or Numeral Adjectives):
The Numeral Adjectives show how many persons, things or activities meant or in what
order a person, thing or an activity stands.
1. There are fifteen students in the class.
2. There are a few games in the tournament.
3. There are a few pictures in the book.
4. All have to die one day or the other.
5. There are some beautiful girls in Maharani’s college.
6. We have been taught many things.
7. He is the first student pass UGC-JRF exam while studying MA.
8. The second chapter is very interesting.
9. Rama is the last student to attend the prayer.
1. The Demonstrative Adjective
The Demonstrative Adjective points out which person, thing or activity is referred to.
1. This boy is taller than that boy.
2. These things are very costly.
3. Those bastards must be hanged till death.
4. Let’s rest under yonder tree.
5. That is a big tree.
6. Do not buy such things.
7. Engage yourself with such activities.
This and these indicate something near to the speaker
That and those refer to something distant to the speaker.

12. 2. Interrogative Adjectives
When, which, what, whose are used with nouns to ask question they are called the
interrogative adjectives.
1. What sort of acting is this?
2. What kind of man is he?
3. Which hotel should we go?
4. Which path shall we tread?
5. Whose book is this?
6. Whose bike is that?
3. The Emphasizing Adjective
The words like own and very are used to emphasize something, hence they are called the
Emphasizing Adjective.
1. I have killed him with my own hands.
2. Mind your own business.
3. He is his own master.
4. The very negligence made him pay a heavy price.
5. The very attitude of his is not acceptable.
6. That is the very book I needed.
4. The Exclamatory Adjective
Many a time the word what is used as an Exclamatory Adjective.
1. What a genius!
2. What a beauty!
3. What an idea!
4. What a match!
5. What a creature a woman is!