The document provides instruction on changing direct speech to indirect speech, known as narration. It discusses the key components of direct and indirect speech, such as changes to tenses, pronouns, adverbs, and types of sentences. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to change direct speech that is declarative, interrogative, imperative, optative, exclamatory, or greetings/farewells into the corresponding indirect speech.

2. Md. Nasimul Haque
Instructor (English)
Rangpur Technical School & College
Rangpur

3. Subject : English
Subject Code : 1122
Class : Ten/Twelve

4. He said to me,” I am a student.”
He said to me that he was a student.
Narration/Speech

5. At the end of the class the student will be able to
Learn about the narration.
Change different types of narration.
use different types of narration in
their practical life.

6. Narration is of two kinds
1. Direct Speech :
He said to me, "I am fine.”
2. Indirect Speech :
He said to me that he was fine.

7. Components of direct speech
He said to me, “ I am fine.”
Subject Reporting verb Object Reported speech
Tense
Present/Future : No change of
tense in the reported speech
Past : changing option of
tenses in the reported speech
Sentence :
assertive/Interrogative/Impere
tive/optative/Exclamatory
Tense

8. Changes of the tenses in the indirect speech
Present Indefinite Past Indefinite
Present Perfect
Past Continuous
Present Continuous
Past Perfect
Past PerfectPast Indefinite
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect ContinuousPast Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous

9. There is no change of tenses in Past Perfect And Past Perfect
Continuous Tense.
For the Future Tense
Shall Should
Would
Will

10. Changes of persons in indirect Narration
He said to me,” I know you.”
I You
Third Person has no changes

11. Some words are changed in indirect speech
Now
Today
Then
That day
Tomorrow The next day
Yesterday The previous day
This That
BeforeAgo
Thus So

12. Changing Narration of Assertive Sentence
Assert means describe. Assertive sentence
describe anything.
That is used in place of inverted comma.
He said to me,” I am fine.”
He said to me that he was fine
For universal truth, habitual truth and two or more
past tenses in a sentence, the tense does not
change.

13. Changing Narration of Interrogative Sentence
Interrogative sentence asks question. It is of two
kinds.
1. Yes-No question : It begins with auxiliary verbs
Are you a student?
2. WH question : It begins with WH words. It
means Who, Whom, Whose, Where, When,
What, Why, Which and How.
How are you?

14. Changing narration of Yes-No question
1. Ask is used in place of say.
2. If/Whether is used in place of inverted comma.
3. The sentence should be assertive. It means verb
places after the subject.
The teacher said to the student,” Do you like flower?”
The teacher asked the student if he liked flower.

15. Changing narration of WH question
1. Ask is used in place of say.
2. WH word is used in place of inverted comma.
3. The sentence should be assertive. It means verb
places after the subject.
The teacher said to the student,” How are you?”
The teacher asked the student how he was.

16. Changing Narration of Imperative Sentence
Imperative sentence tells us about order, advice
and request.
Do the work.
Please do the work.
Don’t laugh at the poor
Speak the truth.

17. Changing narration of Imperative sentence
1. Order/command, advice and request are used in place
of say.
2. To/not to is used in place of inverted comma.
The teacher said to the student,” Do the sum.”
The teacher ordered the student to do the sum.”
Father said to the son,” Don’t laugh the poor.”
Father advised the son not to laugh at the poor.”

18. Imperative sentence starts with let us/let’s
Helal said to me,” Let’s play cricket.”
Helal proposed to me that we should play cricket.
1.Proposed is used in place of reporting verb say.
2.That is used to remove inverted comma.
3.Should is used after second subject.

19. Imperative sentence starts with let
him/her/me/him/them
Helal said to me,” Let me play cricket.”
Helal said to me that we might play cricket.
1.Reporting has no change.
2.That is used to remove inverted comma.
3.May is used after second subject.

20. Optative sentence expresses pray and wishes.
May Allah help you.
Long live our parents.
1. Pray and wish are used in place of say.
2. That is used in place of inverted comma.
3. May is used after the second subject.
Mother said to me,” May Allah help you.”
Mother prayed that Allah might help me.
They said,” Long live our parents.”
They wished that their parents might live long.”

21. Exclamatory sentence expresses sorrow, grief and surprise.
Hurrah! We have won the game.
Alas! I am undone.
What a beautiful bird it is!
1.Exclaim with joy, exclaim with sorrow and
exclaim with surprise/wonder are used in
place of reporting verb say.
2.That is used to remove inverted comma.
3.The sentence should be assertive. It means
verb places after the subject.

22. They said,” Hurrah! We have won the game.”
They exclaimed with joy that they had won the game.
The boy said,” Alas! I am ruined.”
The boy exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.
The man said,” What a lovely bird it is!
The man exclaimed with surprised that it was a very
lovely bird.

23. Changing Narration of greeting
We use good morning, good evening, good afternoon
etc for greeting.
The boy said,” Good morning, my friend.”
The boy wished his friend good morning.
Wish is used in place of reporting verb.

24. Changing Narration of greeting
We use good bye, good night, farewell etc for farewell.
The boy said,” Good night, my friend.”
The boy bade his friend good night.
Bid is used in place of reporting verb.

25. Group work
Change the following speech.
1.The boy said to me,” I was ill.”
2.The man said to me,” What is your name?”
3.The student said,” Please give me a book”
4.He said to me,” May you be happy.”
5.The students said,” Good bye, my friends.”

26. Answer sheet
1.The boy said to me he had been ill.
2.The man asked me what my name was.
3.The student requested to give him a book.
4.He wished that I might be happy.
5.The students wished their friends good bye.