Role of microclimatic modifications to manage climate change impacts on evapotranspiration and water productivity of wheat

2. Wheat is the world’s third most widely grown crop
(Ray et al 2012)
It is an important cereal crop of India, ranking second
after rice in area and production
India is second largest producer of wheat after China
with about 12% share in global food production
It meets 61% of protein requirement in India (DWR
Karnal Haryana)

3. 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Area (lakh ha) 298.65 300.03 311.88
Production
(million
tonnes)
94.88 93.51 95.91
Yield (kg/ha) 3177 3117 3075

4. 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Area
(000’ ha) 3528 3512 3512 3470
Production
(000’ metric
tons)
17982 16591 17620 16569
Yield
(Kg/ha) 5097 4724 5017 4775

5. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Million
Tonnes
India’s share in global wheat production was recorded at 13.2 percent in the year 2014-15

6.  It is a change in the statistical distribution of weather
patterns over an extended period of time which can be a
few decades to millions of years.
There is a change in the average weather conditions or in
the time variation of weather around longer-term
average conditions.

7.  The period from 1983 to 2012 - the warmest 30-year
period of the last 1400 years in the Northern
Hemisphere.
 The globally averaged combined land and ocean surface
temperature data show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06]
°C over the period 1880 to 2012. (IPCC 2014)
 January 2016 and December 2015 were the hottest
months since records began in 1880. (NOAA 2016)

8.  Snow fall at Pathankot on 6-7 Jan, 2011
 Rainfall of 400 mm on single rainy day at Ludhiana
(12th Aug, 2012)
 -4.0 °C temperature at Bathinda (9th Feb, 2012)
 Ludhiana without a single day of rainfall (June 2012)
 More prolonged winters in 2012 as compared to
previous years

9. Maximum Temperature Minimum Temperature

14. Natural Activities
Volcanoes
Change in solar output
Continental drift
Ocean currents
Burning of fossil fuels
Deforestation
Farming defaults
Population blast
Wastes
Anthropogenic
Activities

15. Energy 58%
Industry 22%
Agriculture 17%
Waste 3%
Emissions
Energy
Industry
Agriculture
Waste

16. Livestock
63.4%
Manure
Management
0.7%
Rice
Cultivation
20.9%
Soils 13%
Burning of
Crop Residue
2%
Emissions
Livestock
Manure Management
Rice Cultivation
Soils
Burning of Crop Residue

17. 3.7 to 4.8 ˚C by end of this century (IPCC 2014)
In India crop production loss could be 10-40% by
2100 AD
Loss of 4-5 million tonnes of wheat in India with
every 1 ˚C rise in temperature ( Aggarwal 2008)
The projected levels of atmospheric CO2 range from
500 to 1000 ppm by the end of the 21st century
(IPCC 2014)

18.  Positive effects:
Higher rates of photosynthesis (Drake et al 1997)
Crops can be grown in temperate regions even in
winter (Asseng et al 2006)
 Negative Effects:
Higher plant water demand (Peng et al 2004)
Reduced plant nutrient concentrations
Lower grain quality (Kimball et al 2001)

21.  Hydrological Cycle
 Precipitation
 Evapotranspiration
 Soil moisture
 Evapotranspiration
 Crop water requirement
 Water productivity
 Water resource planning and management

22. Average temperature 0.1049
Average Relative Humidity -0.4509*
Average wind speed 0.7780*
Average Sunshine hours 0.6085*
*Highly significant correlation
Regression equation:
Eto = 1133.3 + 14.93T – 11.39RH +105.02U + 61.5N

24. Parameter Regression Equation R2
Rainfall amount (RF) Y = -0.493 x + 543.9 0.58
No. of rainy days (NoRD) Y = -6.619 x + 564.1 0.55
Maximum temperature
(Tmax)
Y = 45.34 x - 531.6 0.79
RF, NoRD, Tmax Y = -228.02 + 33.21 X1 – 0.078 X2 – 2.01
X3
Where,
X1 = Mean monthly maximum
temperature (November - March)
X2 = Total Rainfall (November - March)
X3 = Total number of rainy days
(November - March)
0.83

25.  It is the crop yield per cubic metre of water
consumption
 It is expressed in kg/m³ and is the amount of
marketable product (kilograms of grain) in
relation to the amount of input needed to produce
that output (cubic meters of water)

30. Microclimate is the set of meteorological
parameters that characterize a localized area
A Microclimate is a local atmospheric zone
where the climate differs from the surrounding
area
Microclimate under the crop canopy is different
from the atmospheric environment

31. Surface Temperature
Relative Humidity
Wind Speed
Solar Insolation

32. Row
Spacing
Irrigation Tillage
Date of
Sowing
Mulching
Wind
Breaks
Bed
Planting

34. Wheat growing season extends from oct to may in North China

35. (MT-S)- minimum tillage having 22 cm apart rows
(CT-S)- conventional tillage having 22 cm apart row
(CT-S2)- conventional tillage along with 11 cm row spacing
(ZT-S)- zero tillage having the 22 cm apart rows

36. Frames a and d - R1 treatment (i.e., 0.30 m lateral spacing)
Frames b and e - R2 treatment (i.e., 0.60 m lateral spacing)
Frames c and f - R3 treatment (i.e.,0.90 m lateral spacing)

38. Irrigation (mm) Irrigation (mm)
WUE
kg/m
3
WUE
kg/m
3

39. Irrigation
Schedules
Booting Anthesis Grain filling
W0 24.31 17.74 13.32
W1j 28.19 19.81 18.65
W1b _ 25.50 22.76
W2 _ 26.95 24.18
W3 _ _ 18.16
(W0)- no irrigation
(W1j)- irrigation once at jointing
(W1b)- irrigation once at booting
(W2)- irrigation twice at jointing and booting
(W3)- irrigation three times at jointing, booting and grain-filling
ʻ– ʼ denoted the treatment was not irrigated at the day of measuring

40. (W0)- no irrigation
(W1j)- irrigation once at jointing
(W1b)- irrigation once at booting
(W2)- irrigation twice at jointing and booting
(W3)- irrigation three times at jointing, booting and grain-filling

41. Canopy Height (cm)
Irrigation
Schedule
0 20 30 40 50 60 70
Light Transmittance (%)
W0 15.7 22.9 29.4 37.9 52.0 75.6 95.7
W1j 9.6 13.6 18.1 25.9 36.7 52.2 98.9
W1b 13.1 18.3 23.8 33.4 46.2 65.3 91.2
W2 7.9 11.6 15.2 22.4 31.9 48.8 80.9
W3 6.6 9.8 13.1 19.3 29.3 50.8 84.3
(W0)- no irrigation
(W1j)- irrigation once at jointing
(W1b)- irrigation once at booting
(W2)- irrigation twice at jointing and booting
(W3)- irrigation three times at jointing, booting and grain-filling

42. C- control (without pre-sowing irrigation or mulching)
I- pre-sowing irrigation of 30mm without mulching
M- plastic film mulching without pre-sowing irrigation
IM- 30mm pre-sowing irrigation plus mulching.

44. 4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
1997-98 1998-99 1999-2K 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Zero Tilled
Conventionally Tilled
Year
Wheat
Yield
(kg/ha)

45. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
01/11/2012
01/12/2012
01/01/2013
01/02/2013
01/03/2013
01/04/2013
01/05/2013
01/06/2013
01/07/2013
01/08/2013
01/09/2013
01/10/2013
01/11/2013
No Tillage
Conventional Tillage
Evapotranspiration
(mm/day)
Date

46. (R+) retaining, (R−) partially or (R−−) fully removing residues under early planted wheat
or fallow (weeds controlled) conditions during 2009/10 cropping season.

47. (RT) reduced tillage
(NT) no tillage with mulching
(ST) subsoil tillage with mulching
(CT) conventional tillage

48. ZT- Zero Tillage
CT- Conventional Tillage

51. GPC- grain protein content

53. S1- 10 November
S2- 25 November
S3- 10 December

56. (I0M0)- limited irrigation with no mulch
(I0MT)- limited irrigation transparent polyethylene
(I0MR)- limited irrigation rice husk
(I0MB)- limited irrigation black polyethylene
(I1M0)- adequate irrigation with no mulch as control

57. 5
10
15
20
25
0 30 60 90 120
M 0
M 30
M 60
M W
Days After Sowing
Soil
Water
Content
(%)
M O- No mulch
M 30- Mulch for 30 DAS
M 60- Mulch for 60 DAS
M W- Mulch for whole growing period

58. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
10 40 70 100 130
M0
M 30
M 60
M W
Days After Sowing
Biomass
g/m
2
M O- No mulch
M 30- Mulch for 30 DAS
M 60- Mulch for 60 DAS
M W- Mulch for whole growing period

60. Tiller density increases with mulch Biomass production increases with mulch

65. F: Flat sowing with row to row spacing of 22 cm
B: sowing of crop on raised beds 37.5 cm wide with two crop rows 20cm apart and
30 cm wide furrow between two beds.
I0: no post-sowing irrigation, the treatment was referred to as rainfed.
I1: irrigation at CRI stage only.
I2:irrigation at CRI and flowering stages.
I3: irrigation at CRI, flowering and soft dough stages.
I4: recommended irrigations i.e. 1st irrigation four weeks after sowing, second 5-6
weeks after first, third 5-6 weeks after second and last 4 weeks after 3rd irrigation.

69. With the increase in temperature, the PET demand and
hence crop water requirement will increase.
Increase in evapotranspiration due to global warming can
put tremendous pressure on existing over-stressed water
resources.
By adjusting row spacing higher yields can be obtained
leading to higher water productivity under the changing
climate.

70. Zero tillage and no tillage help to decrease water losses
during fallow periods and thus increase water
productivity of the crop.
Proper irrigation scheduling can increase the canopy light
interception and thus more conversion of solar energy
into dry matter.
By adjusting sowing dates, crop can be protected from
temperature stress at different stages of the crop.

71. Mulch application helps to maintain optimum soil
temperature and moisture of proper growth of the crop.
Wind breaks decrease wind speed and evapotranspiration
and increase the yield.
Bed planting also reduces the evapotranspiration and
increases the yields thus increasing water productivity.
Microclimate modification techniques can be a good
option as adaptive measure against climate change.