The document discusses different levels and states of consciousness. It describes controlled and automatic processes, daydreaming, and altered states of consciousness such as those achieved through meditation, drugs, or sleep deprivation. It then focuses on sleep, describing the five stages of sleep from being awake to the deepest sleep. It discusses REM sleep and dreaming. It explains theories about what causes sleep and dreams. Finally, it covers night terrors, nightmares, and sleepwalking that can occur during different sleep stages.

1. MatrissyaHermita

2. The continuum of consciousness
wide range ofexperiences, from beingacutelyaware andalert
tobeingtotallyunawareandunresponsive.
Consciousness
different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings.
It may include creating images in one’s mind, following one’s
thought processes, or having unique emotional experiences.

3. a. Controlled processes activities that require full
awareness, alertness, and concentration to reach
some goal. The focused attention required in
carrying out controlled processes usually interferes
withtheexecutionofotherongoingactivities.
a. Automatic processes activities that require little
awareness, take minimal attention, and do not
interferewithotherongoingactivities.

4. c. Daydreaming activity that requires a low level of
awareness, often occurs during automatic processes,
andinvolvesfantasizingordreamingwhileawake.
d. Altered states of consciousness result from using any
number of procedures such as meditation, psychoactive
drugs, hypnosis, or sleep deprivation, to produce an
awarenessthatdiffersfromnormalconsciousness.

5. e. SLEEPANDDREAM
 Sleep consists of five different stages that
involve different levels of awareness,
consciousness, and responsive- ness, as well as
different levels of physiological arousal. The
deepest state of sleep borders on
unconsciousness.
 Dreaming is a unique state of consciousness in
which we are asleep but experience a variety of
astonishing visual, auditory, and tactile images,
often connected in strange ways and often in
color. People blind from birth have only auditory or
tactiledreams.

6. According to Freud’s theory, when we are faced with very
threatening wishes or desires, especially if they are sexual or
aggressive, we automatically defend our self-esteem by placing
thesepsychologicallythreateningthoughtsintoamentalplaceof
which we are not aware, called the unconscious. We cannot
voluntarilyrecallunconsciousthoughtsorimages.
Implicit or non declarative memory means learning without
awareness, such as occurs in emotional situations or in acquiring
habits. We are unaware of such learning, which can influence our
consciousfeelings,thoughts,andbehaviors.
Unconsciousness, which can result from disease, trauma, a blow
tothehead,orgeneralmedicalanesthesia,resultsintotallackof
sensory awareness and complete loss of responsiveness to one’s
environment.

7. THESTAGESofSLEEPS
The stages of sleep refer to distinctive changes in the electrical
activity of the brain and accompanying physiological
responses of the body that occur as you pass through
differentphasesofsleep.
The alpha stage is marked by feelings of being relaxed and drowsy,
usually with the eyes closed. Alpha waves have low
amplitudeandhighfrequency(8–12cyclespersecond).
Non-REM sleep  approximately 80% of sleep time. divided into
sleep stages 1, 2, 3, and 4; each stage is identified by a
particular pattern of brain waves and physiological
responses.(REMstandsforrapideyemovement.)

8. Characterized/Marked Functional alteration
Stages 1 of
sleep
• transition from wakefuness to
sleep
• lasts 1–7 minutes.
• marked by the presence of theta
waves -> lower in amplitude and
frequency (4–7 cycles per second)
than alpha waves
• gradually lose
responsiveness to stimuli
• experience drifting
thoughts and images.
Stages 2 of
sleep
• marks the beginning of “sleep”,
• subjects who are awakened in
stage 2 report having been asleep.
• EEG tracings show high-
frequency bursts of brain activity
called sleep spindles.
• muscle tension, heart
rate, respiration, and
body temperature
gradually decrease ->
difficult to be
awakened.

9. Stages 3 of
sleep
30–45 minutes after drifting off into
sleep, you pass through stage 3 and
then enter into stage 4 sleep.
Stage 4 sleep, which is also called slow-
wave or delta sleep, is characterized by
waves of very high amplitude and very
low frequency (less than 4 cycles per
second) called delta waves.
Stage 4 -> the deepest stage of sleep,
the most difficult from which to be
awakened.
muscle tension, heart rate,
respiration, and
temperature decrease still
further -> becomes very
difficult to be awakened.&
blood flow to the brain are
reduced, and there is a marked
secretion of GH (growth
hormone), which controls
levels of metabolism, physical
growth, and brain
development.
a few minutes to an hour in
stage 4, backtrack through
stages 3 and 2 and then pass
into a new stage called REM
sleep, which is associated
with dreaming.
Stages 4 of
sleep

11. REMsleep
• remaining20%ofsleeptime.
• It is pronounced “rem” and stands for
rapid eye movement sleep  eyes
move rapidly back and forth behind
closedlids.
• REM brain waves have high frequency
and low amplitude and look very similar
to beta waves, which occur when wide
awakeandalert.
• During REM sleep, your body is
physiologically very aroused, but all
yourvoluntarymusclesareparalyzed.
• REM sleep is highly associated with
dreaming.

12. WhatCauseSleep
First,thetimeof dayyou gotosleepisregulatedbythecircadian
clock the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
(R.Y.Moore,2006).
Second, something turns on master sleep switch, located in the
VPN (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) turns off areas
that arouse brain, such as the reticular formation (Garcia-
Rilletal.,2006).

13. Third, a number of different chemicals and neurotransmitters,
some of which are manufactured in the pons, regulate when
you go into and out of non-REM and REM sleep and when you
awaken(Czeisleretal.,2006).
Fourth, the circadian rhythm that regulates your body
temperature is tied in with sleep, go to sleep when
temperature falls, wake up when temperature rises (Ropper
&Samuels,2009).

14. Freud’s theory of dreams says that we have a “censor”
that protects us from realizing threatening and
unconscious desires or wishes, especially those
involving sex or aggression. To protect us from
having threatening thoughts, the “censor”
transforms our secret, guilt-ridden, and anxiety-
provoking desires into harmless symbols that
appear in our dreams and do not disturb our sleep or
consciousthoughts.
The theory that dreams are extensions of waking life
means that our dreams reflect the same thoughts,
fears, concerns, problems, and emotions that we
havewhenawake.

15. The activation-synthesis theory says that dreaming
occurs because brain areas that provide reasoned
cognitive control during the waking state are shut
down.Asaresult,thesleepingbrainisstimulatedby
different chemical and neural influences that result
in hallucinations, delusions, high emotions, and
bizarrethoughtpatternsthatwecalldreams.
The threat simulation theory says that dreaming serves
a biological function by repeatedly simulating events
that are threatening in our waking lives so our brain
can practice how it perceives threats and so we can
rehearseourresponsestotheseevents.

16. Nightterrors
• occurduringstage3or4(deltasleep)
• frightening experiences that often start with a
piercing scream, followed by sudden waking in a
fearful state with rapid breathing and increased
heartrate.
• hasnomemoryofthefrighteningexperience.
• About3–7%ofchildrenhavenightterrors.

17. Nightmares
• occurduringREMsleep.
• very frightening and anxiety-producing images that
occurduringdreaming.
• usually involve great danger—being attacked,
injured,orpursued.
• Upon awakening, the person can usually describe the
nightmareingreatdetail.

18. Sleepwalking
• occursinstage3or4(deltasleep)
• consists of getting up and walking while literally
soundasleep.
• Sleepwalkers generally have poor coordination, are
clumsy but can avoid objects, can engage in very
limited conversation, and have no memory of
sleepwalking.