SKIN CREAMS

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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
SKIN CREAMS
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research(RIPER)-
Autonomous
JNT University Anantapur
A Seminar as a part of curricular requirement for I year M.Pharmacy I Semester
Presented by
G.ARAVIND KUMAR
(20L81S0101)
Industrial pharmacy
Under the guidance of
Dr. C. Haranath M.Pharm, Ph.D.,
Associate Professor.
1

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Content
 Definitions
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Ideal properties
 Types
 Bases used in skin creams
 Method of preparation
 Formulation
 Evaluation of creams
 References
2

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Definition
 Creams are homogeneous, semisolid or viscous preparations that posses a
relatively fluid consistency and are intended for external application to the
skin or certain mucous membranes for protective, therapeutic or
prophylactic purposes especially where an occlusive effect is not necessary.
 They are semisolids usually consisting of solutions or dispersions of one or
more medicaments in suitable bases.
 They are formulated using hydrophilic or hydrophobic bases to provide
preparations that are essentially miscible with the skin secretion.
3

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Advantages
 Convenient and easy to apply.
 Avoidance of first pass metabolism A.
 Inconveniences of intravenous therapy and of the varied conditions of
absorption like Ph changes presence of enzymes gastric emptying time etc.
 Avoid of risk
 Avoid fluctuation of drug levels inter and intra patent variations
 Achievement of efficacy with lower total daily dosage of drug by
continuous drug input.
4

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Disadvantages
 Skin irritation of contact dermatitis may occur due to the drug and
excipients.
 Poor permeability of some drugs through the skin .
 Possibility of allergic reactions
 Can be used only for drugs which require very small plasma concentration
for action
5

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Ideal properties
 Easy to apply
 Spread easily on the skin
 Pleasant in appearance
 Less irritation to the skin
 Melt or liquefy when applied on to the skin
6

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Types
 Oil in water (ow) type
 Water in oil(wo) type
 Cosmetic creams
 Medicated creams
7

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1
Oil in water (ow) type:
 Dispersed phase - oil
 Continuous phase -water
 They are less greasy and more easily washed off using water
Ex: Fluocinolone Acetonide Cream
Water in oil (wo) creams:
 Dispersed phase - water
 Continuous phase – oil
 More difficult to handle , hydrophobic and will be released more readily from a
wo cream then an ow cream
 EX: Moisturizing & cold cream
8

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Cosmetic creams :
These creams are highly used in variety of skin conditions( dermatoses ).
EX: vanishing creams , Foundation creams, cold creams, moisturizing creams ,
all purpose creams , night creams , skin protective and creams
Medicated creams
A cream is semisolid emulsion containing suspended or dissolved medication
EX: antibiotic creams, antifungal creams, zinc oxide creams
9

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Creams are classified according to their functions
 Cleaning and cold creams.
 Foundation and vanishing creams .
 Night and message creams
 Hand and body creams
 All- purpose creams is cleansing and cold creams
10

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Bases used in cream
Base type Characteristics Uses Examples
Hydrocarbon (oleaginous) oils
and fats
Insoluble in water not water-
washable anhydrous will not absorb
water emollient occlusive greasy
drug release poor
Protectant emollient
vehicle for drugs
prone to hydrolysis
White petrolatum
white ointment
Vaseline
Anhydrous absorption
Hydrocarbon base+
wo surfactant
Insoluble in water not water –
washable anhydrous can absorb
water emollient occlusive greasy
drug release poor but better for
hydrophobic drugs
Protectant emollient
vehicle for aqueous
solutions vehicle for
solids and drugs
Hydrophilic
petrolatum lanolin
Aquaphor
aquabase polysorb
Water in-oil emulsion absorption
Hydrocarbon base+
<45% ww water+
wo surfactant with HLB≤ 8
Insoluble in water
Not water-washable
Contain water
Can absorb water (limited) emollient
occlusive
Greasy drug release fair to good
Emollient cleansing
cream
Vehicle for liquids
Vehicle for solids and
drugs
Hydrous lanolin
Cold cream
Eucerin
Hydrocream
Rose water
ointment
Nivea
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Water-removable (oil-in-
water emulsion)
Hydrocarbon base+
>5%ww water+
ow surfactant with HLB≥9
Insoluble in Water
Water-washable
Contain water
Can absorb water
Nonocclusive nongreasy
Drug release fair to good
Emollient
Vehicle liquids
drugs
Hydrophilic ointment
Vanishing cream
Dermabase
velvachol
Water-soluble Water-soluble
Water-washable
May contain water
Can absorb water(limited)
Nongreasy
Lipid-free
mix well with skin
secretions
Drug release good
Emollient
Vehicle for liquids
drugs
Local anesthetic
Polyethylene glycol
Ointment
polybase
12

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Method of preparation
Trituration:
 Used for finely divided insoluble powder particles or liquids insoluble
powder are added by geometric dilution liquids are added by making well
in Centre.
 Air pocket formation avoided. Involved the use of glass lab when small
quantities are used mortar and pestle used when we have large quantities.
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Levigation
 Incorporation of insoluble coarse particles also know as wet grinding
insoluble coarse powder is rubbed with molten base or liquid or semi solid
base.
 A considerable shearing force is applied to avoid grittiness
14

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Fusion method
 The fusion method is followed when the drugs and other solid are soluble
in the ointment base the bases is liquefied and the soluble components are
dissolved in the molten base.
 The congeal mixture is then speculated or triturated to obtain a smooth
texture .Care is taken to avoid thermal degradation of the base or other
components during the fusion process
15

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Mechanical Addition
 Water – removable creams are basically hydrophilic typw emulsions.
 A hydrophilic emulsifying agent is included in the aqueous phase in order
to obtain stable oil- in – water dispersion.
 Sodium lauryl sulfate is used in the preparation of hydrophilic ointment.
16

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Formulations
Cleansing Creams :
 They are used for the purpose of removing make up ,surface grime (layer
of dirt on skin) and secretions of skin from the face and throat respectively.
 Cleansing creams are of two types.
 They are:
1. Bees wax-borax type Emulsified type
2. Liquefying type
17

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Bees wax-borax typeEmulsified type
 It is an oil-in water type of emulsion in which high percentage of mineral oil is
present. This mineral oil helps in imparting cleansing property. Phase inversion
takes place due to evaporation of water after the creams are rubbed on the skin .
The phase inversion helps in imparting the cleansing action.
18
Formula-1 Quantity for 100 g
Mineral oil (lubricant) 28g
Isopropyl myristate (lubricant and emollient) 14g
Acetoglyceride (luster) 2.5g
Petroleum jelly (lubricant) 7.5g
Beeswax (emollient) 15g
Borax (buffer) 1g
Water (vehicle) 32g
Preservative q.s
Perfume (odour) q.s

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Procedure:
• Heat Phase A and B separately in a water bath.
• When all of phase B is melted stop heating and add the oil phase to the
water phase under stirring. Blend.
• Cool down and at approx. 35-40 degrees Celsius add the preservative.
• Continue stirring until the blend reaches the room temperature.
• Fill in a jar.
19

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Liquefying Type
This type of creams consist of a mixture of oil and water are translucent in
nature. They are translucent in nature ,they are anhydrous creams with
thixotropic character and they liquefy when applied on skin.
20
Formula Quantity for 100 g
Mineral oil(lubricant) 80g
Petrolatum(protective
agent)
15g
Ozokerite
wax(humectants)
5g
Preservative q.s
Perfume (odour) q.s

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Cold cream
They types of creams are water-in-oil type of emulsion. They produce cooling
sensation by the evaporation of water after application of cream to the skin .
Hence they are know as cream. They should possess emollient action and the
layer left on the skin after application should be non occlusive.
21
Formula Quantity for 100g
White beeswax(emollient) 20g
Mineral oil(lubricant) 50g
Distilled water (vehicle) 28.8 g
Borax (buffer) 0.7g
Perfume(odour) 0.5g

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PROCEDURE COLD CREAM
 Heat the mineral oil and beeswax in a jacketed vessel at 75˚C and maintain
heat.
 In another container, dissolve borax and preservative in water and heat to
75˚C (Aqueous phase).
 Slowly add this aqueous phase to the mineral oil-beeswax heated oily
phase.
 Cool to 35˚C and add perfume.
22

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Foundation creams
 they provide emollient base or foundation to the skin . They are applied
before applying face powder or other preparations of make-up.
 Ingredients are similar to that of vanishing creams.
23
Formula Quantity for 100 g
Lanette wax 8 g
Stearic acid (lubricant) 8g
Water (vehicle) 64 g
Glycerin (humectants) 10g
Powder (base) 1.0 g
Color q.s
Perfume(odour) q.s
Preservatives q.s
q.s

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Vanishing cream
• Vanishing cream gets the name from the fact that it leaves no trace when
rubbed into the skin.
• These are oil in water emulsions that contains large percentages of water
and stearic acid or other oleaginous components.
• After application, the continuous phase evaporates, leaving behind a thin
residue film of the stearic acid.
24

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IDEAL PROPERTIES OF VANISHING CREAMS
1. High melting point
2. Pure whiteness
3. Very little odor and low iodine number
4. Rubbed easily on the skin
25

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Stearic acid
 Major component of vanishing cream
 Good quality triple pressed must be selected
 Soap formed in-situ by the reaction between a suitable alkali and stearic
acid determines hardness of the cream.
USE :
• Governs the consistency of the cream
Humectants
• Glycerol most favored followed by sorbitol and propylene glycol
USE:
• Prevents excessive drying out of cream
26

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Alkali
 Examples are Potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate,
triethanolamine and borax.
 Potassium hydroxide is mostly used since makes a cream of fine texture
without excessive harshness.
 Sodium or potassium hydroxide when used alone forms hard cream hence
used always in combination.
 Borax used in combination with potassium hydroxide or triethanolamine to
form white emulsion.
 Carbonates not favoured, liberates CO2 and creams become spongy
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Stearic acid
provides oil phase
and 20 -30% of
free acid
neutralized by
alkali
E EmEmulsifier
as soap from
KOH ( IN SITU )
VANISHING CREAM
in which oil phase
melts above body
temp and crystallizes
as invisible form to
give a non greasy and
shiny layer on skin

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FORMULATION OF VANISHING CREAM
Ingredients01 Quantity (%w/w) Category
Oil Phase
Stearic acid, triple pressed 15.0 %
Cetyl alcohol 0.50 % Emollient, water-absorptive,
and emulsifying properties
Isopropyl myristate 3.00 % Nongreasy emollient
Aqueous Phase
Sodium Hydroxide 0.18 % Alkali
Potassium Hydroxide 5.0 % Alkali
Glycerol 0.50 % Humectant
Water 75.82 % Vehicle
Perfume q.s. Fragrance
Preservative q.s. Antimicrobial
29

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PROCEDURE
1. Dissolve the sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide in water, add glycerol and
preservative and heat to 80˚C.
2. In another vessel, melt the stearic acid, cetyl alcohol and isopropyl myristate (oily phase)
and heat to 75˚C.
3. Add the alkali solution to the melted oily phase with good agitation.
4. When the mixture has cooled to about 45˚C, add the perfume and continue slow mixing
until cool.
5. Cover and let it stand overnight. Remix briefly next day before packaging.
NOTE: •
The alkali reacts with some of the stearic acid to form a soap which then acts as emulsifier.
The polyol (glycerol) prevents loss of moisture.
• Sodium stearate crystals gives pearly shine
30

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Night and massage creams
a) Night creams : the preparations which are applied during night time and
removed in the morning are called night creams.
b) Massage creams: the preparations which are gently applied and rubbed
on the skin through massage technique are called massage creams skin
becomes dry to the following reason.
 When stratum corneum is exposed to low humidity, excessive loss of water
takes place which attributes to dryness of skin
 When the lower layer to dryness of skin.
 When the skin is in contact with soap or solutions properly.
 When he skin is in contact with soap or solutions of detergent for long time.
31

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Hand and body creams
 Due to exposure of skin to water soaps and detergents many times a day,
removal of liquids and other secretions from the skin occurs cold and dry
winds are responsible for chapping occurs due to loss of moisture from the
skin which is also associated with cracking.
 Water is sufficient enough to treat the dryness of the skin but evaporation of
water takes place rapidly, which again , makes the skin dry and no
emollient effect is produced.
 In case, if hands are immersed in water for longer time then abnormal
hydration take place.
32

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 This hydration will lead to swelling of cells in stratum corneum which
ultimately results in rupturing of cells.
 Hence, hand and body creams are formulated with suitable emollient,
which not only make water available but also regulates the water take-up
by the cells of stratum corneum.
33

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All-purpose creamssports creams:
 These creams are used by sport persons and also by people who do outdoor
activities , hence they are called as sport creams.
 They are oily in nature but non-greasy type.
 They provide protective film to the skin.
 They make the rough surfaces of the skin smooth.
34

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When it is applied in more quantity, it act as
a) Nourishing agent
b) Protective cream in order to protect the skin from sunburn.
c) Night cream.
d) Cleansing cream.
When it is applied in less quantity, it act as
a) hand creams
b) Foundation creams
35

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Evaluation of creams
1. Determination of pH
2. Primary skin irritation test
3. Visual appearance
4. Viscosity in cps vs shear rate in sec-1
5. Spread ability
6. Rheological studies
7. Thermal behavior
8. Saponification value
9. Stability studies
10. Acid value
36

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11.In-vitro methods
a) Tensile strength tester
b) Hargen’s Gas bearing electro dynamometer (GBE)
c) Occlusive potential of ingredients
d) Gravimetric analytical method
e) Thermal analytical method
f) Electrical methods
37

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12. In-vivo methods:
a) Transpirometry
b) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
c) Optical microscopy and macro photography
d) Skin friction
e) Sensitivity tests
38

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References
 Text book of cosmetic formulations : Gaurav Kumar Sharma Jayesh
Gadiya, Meenakshi Dhanawat, P51-66
 Sarfaraz K, Niazi, “ Handbook of pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Formulations; Semisolid Products” V-4,Informa Healthcare, New
York,landon
 Tanesh Sahu,Tarun Ptel et al., Skin Cream as Topical Drug Delivery
System: A Review .Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences
2016:4(5):149-154
 Compounding and dispending by john F.Marriot,Keith A, Wilson
Christopher A Langley & Dawn Belcher pg147-151
39

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