The document discusses various well completion types including open hole, screen or pre-slotted liner, and cemented and perforated casing/liner completions. It also covers topics like well design and completion considerations, artificial lift methods, production optimization techniques, and concepts like skin factor and its impact on inflow performance. Key well completion components and their functions are outlined as well.
Why Frac & How it works!
Rock Mechanics
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Fracturing
Fracturing models
Design criteria for frac treatments
Frac Equipment
Frac chemicals and proppants
QC for Frac job
Hydraulic fracturing technologies and practices
Why Frac & How it works!
Rock Mechanics
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Fracturing
Fracturing models
Design criteria for frac treatments
Frac Equipment
Frac chemicals and proppants
QC for Frac job
Hydraulic fracturing technologies and practices
Drilling fluids are absolutely essential during the drilling process and considered the primary well control.
Know more now about such a very important component of the drilling process.
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Drilling fluids are absolutely essential during the drilling process and considered the primary well control.
Know more now about such a very important component of the drilling process.
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Analyzing Multi-zone completion using multilayer by IPR (PROSPER) Arez Luqman
The primary objective of any well drilled and completed is to produce Hydrocarbons; by loading the Hydrocarbon (i.e. Oil and Gas) contained within the well through a conduit of the well and start separating it with surface facilities depending on type and composition of the Hydrocarbon.
Producing oil is simultaneously contained with problems depending on the type and properties of the reservoir.
Furthermore, what makes the problems much more; is when oil and/or gas is produced from multi-zones at the same time, when accumulated problems from all the producer zones occurring at the same time.
To help analyze this problems we are going to use PROSPER software package IPR multilayer, in which helps in identifying the relationship between Flow rate and Reservoir pressure.
Multiphase Advanced Pumping System for Artificial Lift MAPS-ALYuriFairuzov
Conventional artificial lift devices, such as a downhole pump or a plunger, are designed to be placed in a vertical oil or gas well. Placing the downhole pump in a deviated section of a horizontal well to reduce the back pressure on the reservoir or the amount of free gas that enters the pump results in high operating costs due to pump failures. In wells with plunger lift systems, the deviation can affect adversely plunger performance and c│reate problems with plunger recovery. Increase estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) and reduce the operating costs using the MAPS-AL multiphase advanced pumping system for artificial lift, a unique technology solution for horizontal wells.
Using Downhole Jet pump with DST ApplicationsTaha Metwally
In this Article we can use downhole jet pumps during drill stem testing (DST) for production. Downhole jet pump used in reverse flow circulation. the best way for solids and abrasives handling. More economic way in testing phase either long term production and field profitability.
DRILLING FLUIDS FOR THE HPHT ENVIRONMENTMohan Doshi
A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE DRILLING FLUIDS FOR DRILLING HPHT WELLS. HPHT WELLS ARE NOT BUSINESS AS USUAL AND THE SAME APPLIES TO HPHT DRILLING FLUIDS. THE FLUID CHEMISTRY AND THE FLUID COMPOSITION HAVE TO BE TAILORED TO MEET THE RIGORS OF THE HIGH TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENT
Key Process Considerations for Pipeline Design BasisVijay Sarathy
Prior to venturing into an oil & gas pipeline project, the project team would require a design basis, based on which the project is to proceed. Oil & Gas Pipeline design begins with a route survey including engineering & environmental assessments. The following document provides a few key considerations for process engineers to keep in mind, the factors that matter when preparing a pipeline design basis from a process standpoint.
Field development plan, rate of production,SYED NAWAZ
It gives you an idea about an impact of reservoir damage on production rate
Hello Everyone,
Follow my youtube channel "PETROLEUM UNIVERSE" https://lnkd.in/gjZgb7E
For weekly brushing of basics follow me on linkedin
https://lnkd.in/dqPYkwa
Follow and Subscribe only if you like and try to circulate among your friends
in detail description of previous gate papers of petroleum engineering and some assumptions for 2021, with a brief of future steps. reference textbooks
Complete Casing Design with types of casing, casing properties, casing functions, design criteria and properties used for designing and one numerical problem
it gives you an indetail information about gas formation volume factor formula, derivation, constant information, and a numerical problem for better understanding
This question appears in GATE Petroleum Engineering in which they have ask to calculate the skin factor and this question belongs to oil and gas well testing subject
This question appears in GATE 2016 Petroleum Engineering in which they ask us to estimate the total time required for reservoir deliver the oil and gas to the surface and obviously it's recovery factor
this question appears in GATE 2016 Petroleum Engineering in which they have ask us to calculate the input power required for a pump to deliver the required operation
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
4. OMP/54 14/7/01Marash Al-Kalbani
Well Design & Completions
OPEN HOLE COMPLETION (Barefoot)
Advantage:
• Simple
• Saving in cost and time
Disadvantage:
• No selective control
• difficult to isolate water or gas Breakthrough
• cross flow can not be controlled
• Not suitable for unstable Formation
Application:
• Low cost/multi well developments
• Deep consolidated wells.
• Naturally Fractured reservoirs.
5. OMP/54 14/7/01Marash Al-Kalbani
Well Design & Completions
Screen or Pre-slotted liner completions
Advantage:
• Simple
• Cheaper than cemented casing
• Sand control
Disadvantage:
• No selective control
• difficult to isolate water or gas Breakthrough
• cross flow can not be controlled
• Not suitable for unstable Formation
Application:
• Sandy wells
• Horizontal wells completion.
6. OMP/54 14/7/01Marash Al-Kalbani
Well Design & Completions
Cemented and Perforated casing/Liner
Advantage:
• Selective production
• Zonal Isolation
• Water/Gas Shut-off
Disadvantage:
• Extra cost (casing and cement, perforation)
• Formation Damage
Application:
• Unconsolidated formation.
• Multi reservoirs with different pressures.
• When dual Completions are required
9. OMP/54 14/7/01Marash Al-Kalbani
The ability to contain anticipated flowing pressure and any hydraulic pressures
which may be employed in well operations and conduct fluid to surface
(production) or the reservoir (injection well) with minimal flowing pressure loss
and optimal flow stability.
Completion String Design
The ability to isolate the annulus between the casing and the production tubing if
flow instability is likely or it is desirable to minimise reservoir fluid contact with the
production casing.
The ability to affect downhole shut-in either by remot control or directly activated
by changing well flowing conditions, in the event that isolation at surface is not
possible.
A means to communicate or circulate (selectively when required) between
the annulus and the tubing.
A provision for physical isolation of the tubing by the installation of a plug to
allow routine isolation e.g. for pressure testing of the tubing.
10. OMP/54 14/7/01Marash Al-Kalbani
Production Optimisation & (workover)
Examples :
Removal of Wellbore Damage (Acidisation)
Reduce Water Production (isolate water zone)
Increase Production (by adding more perforations/etc)
Lifting Method Optimisation
Pressure Support to Enhance Recovery
Why : to improve a well performance and/or gather
some data that will increase the Understanding of well
behaviour and therefore improving the field overall
performance.
12. OMP/54 14/7/01Marash Al-Kalbani
Concept of Skin
It is a dimensionless term to account for deviation from ideal
Darcy radial flow at or near the wellbore.
Most common sources of non-ideal flow:
Change in permeability near the wellbore (Formation
Damage/Stimulation)
Change in radial flow geometry, caused by limited entry to the
wellbore and flow convergence into perforations. (Limited
Completion Interval, Gravel Pack & Perforations)
Non-applicability of Darcy law at high flow velocities, usually
localised near the wellbore. (Turbulence)
Multi-phase flow near wellbore region (Saturation blockage)
13. OMP/54 14/7/01Marash Al-Kalbani
Mathematical Concept – A Lumped Model
[p(rs) – p(rw)]s =(qμB/2πksh) ln(rs/rw)
[p(rs) – p(rw)]0 =(qμB/2πkh) ln(rs/rw)
∆ps=(qμB/2πkh) ln(rs/rw)[(k/ks)-1]
S = ln(rs/rw)[(k/ks)-1]
∆ps=(qμB/2πkh)S
To quantify the effect of skin factor,
calculation of pressure drop due to skin
is most important.
14. OMP/54 14/7/01Marash Al-Kalbani
Impact of Skin on IPR
Actual IPR versus Ideal IPR
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Oil Rate (bbl/day)
FlowingBHP(psi)
Ideal Well IPR
Actual IPR
Formation Damage
Skin
Rate
Dependent
Skin
Two Phase Skin
15. OMP/54 14/7/01Marash Al-Kalbani
How to Calculate Skin?
Skin Factor calculated from well tests (build-up, drawdown, multi-
rate) tests is total skin factor.
It is essential to separate the skin factor into individual
components to assess possible measures to enhance
productivity.
Skin due to turbulence is rate-dependent and need to be
identified through multi-rate tests.
Blockage skin is due to development of two phase saturation near
the well-bore. It is also rate dependent to certain extent.
18. OMP/54 14/7/01Marash Al-Kalbani
Artificial Lift ( Advantages)
Rod Pumps ESP Hudraulic
Pump
Gas Lift PCP
1. Simple, basic
design
2. Unit easliy
change
3. Simple to
operate
4. Good for high
temp, viscous
oils
5. Pump off
control
1. High volume
2. Unobtrusive
surface
location.
3. Downhole
telemetry
avialable
4. Tolerant high
well
elevation/dogl
egs
5. Corrosion/Sc
ale
treatments
possible.
1. High volimes
2. Can use
water as
power fluid
3. Remote
power source
4. Tolerant high
well
elevation/dogl
egs
1. Solids
tolerant
2. Large volimes
3. Simple
maintenance
4. Tolerant high
well
elevation/dogl
egs
5. Wireline
maintenance
1. Solids and
viscous cruds
tolerant.
2. Energy
efficient
3. Unobtrusive
surface
location with
downhole
motor.
19. OMP/54 14/7/01Marash Al-Kalbani
Artificial Lift ( Disadvantages)
Rod Pumps ESP Hudraulic
Pump
Gas Lift PCP
1. Friction in
crooked
holes
2. Pump wear
with solids
production.
3. Free gas
reduces
pump eff.
4. Downhole
corrosion
inhibition
difficult.
5. Heavy equp.
For offshore
use.
1. Not suitable
for shallow,
low volume
wells.
2. Full workover
required to
change pump
3. Cable
damage
during
installation.
4. Cable
deteriorates
at high temp.
5. Gas and
solids
intolerant.
1. High surface
pressure.
2. Free gas
reduces
pump eff.
3. Power oil
systems
hazardous
4. High
minimum Low
FBHP,
abandonment
pressure may
not be
reached.
1. Lift gas may
not be
available.
2. Not suitable
for viscous
crude oil.
3. Casing must
withstand lift
gas pressure
4. High
minimum
Low FBHP,
abandonment
pressure may
not be
reached
1. Pump off
control
difficult
2. Problem with
rotating rods.
20. OMP/54 14/7/01Marash Al-Kalbani
Artificial Lift ( Main Characteristics)
Gas Lift BP ESP
Production range, bpd
Typical depth, ft
Flexibility
Hydraulic Efficiency
Tolerant to gas
Tolerant to sand
Offshore
Subsea
Number of strings (excl.Soc)
Typical Capex ($,000)
Opex
UTC ($/bbl)
200 tp >10,000
6000
High
Med
High
High
Yes
Yes
1900
150
Low to Med
200 to 2000
3000
Med
High
Med
Med to high
Rare
No
1900
110
Med
1000 to > 10,000
4000
Low
High
Med to Low
Low
Yes
Rare
200
200
High
Range 0.6 to 1.2
Ok, have production need to control surface pressures:
Use a Christmas tree:
Surface well head consists of casing heads for our well : 20, 13/3/8th 7” casing heads, the tubing head in our case lets say 4 “, and the Christmas tree which is the production tree.
Key controls are the master valve and choke valve
The perforating guns are fired after the tree is put in place, not before, as the situation is under balanced then initial clean up as the well produces into the well bore.
This called perforating under balanced.
Ok, producing the well, but still have the TCP in the hole what to do with it?
Guns may disintegrate upon firing and debris falls to bottom ( rat hole!), this then become some of the deign criteria for the RAT Hole. Must remain clear of any production systems that might be run into the well. At a later date.
Some times me they remain on the tubing, and allow flow to take place, they are removed when the well is first worked over and the tubing replaced.
Many wells are perforated by running the guns on a Wireline and activating them bye electrical impulse, either before running tubing or afterwards.
Now have a well have to figure out what its production is, both now and over life of production, why well must size surface facilities to handle the production both in terms of economics and volumetric pore pressures etc.
We could calculate the maximum potential assuming no i9nvaded zone for oil, or an OHFP test for gas wells to rate the well.
So our well ahs had some initial production, has cleaned up no invasion, its been acidized so hopefully have a negative skin. Ina addition to acidizing it bny perdoratinga nd going abck beyond 20 inches, might actuallha ve increassd the drainage zoemn and be getting betterv drawdown and increased production.
Howeverw e assumed we have perforated to get production equivalent to Open Hole production.
Assume all the well bore contributes ( Radial Flow) and that horizontal flow.
So use darcy equation to calculate maximum single phase flow from the reservoir zone tat is open
Control production to either mazimize short term production or long etrme recovery, need to \optimize.
So absed on our objectives can use the Christmas tree to control the downhole environment. So using the choke size “To choke the flow back to what you want always in 32nds, if fixed drop a bean ib that closes off part of the opening, variable has a wing valve.
When producing well want to make sure that it stays above the bubble point. Do not want “Gas beak out in the reservoir or the near well bore region ( Explain why).
Use active or flank or artifical water drive to keep it above bubble point.
Howevera s it comes to the surface will be low the bubble point and thereforewiull have 2 pahses , plus sand, plus water often and will need to handle them correctly at the surface.If this was an injector what would change to calculate maximum injection rate: brine instead of Oil,, so talk about rel perm and diff viscosity changing things.
Prodcution Choke Size
Production Choke size:
Control production to either mazimize short term production or long etrme recovery, need to \optimize.
So absed on our objectives can use the Christmas tree to control the downhole environment. So using the choke size “To choke the flow back to what you want always in 32nds, if fixed drop a bean ib that closes off part of the opening, variable has a wing valve.
When producing well want to make sure that it stays above the bubble point. Do not want “Gas beak out in the reservoir or the near well bore region ( Explain why).
Use active or flank or artifical water drive to keep it above bubble point.
However as it comes to the surface will be low the bubble point and thereforewiull have 2 pahses , plus sand, plus water often and will need to handle them correctly at the surface.
