The document discusses the integumentary system and skin organ. It describes the integumentary system as forming a protective barrier around the body and regulating temperature. The skin organ is the major organ of the integumentary system, forming a barrier between external and internal environments. The skin has three layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. Each layer has specific cell types and functions that contribute to the skin's role in protection and regulation.
Blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and CapillariesAmir Rifaat
It is one of the circulatory systems. This explains the roles of arteries, veins and capillaries. It also differentiate between the arteries, veins and capillaries. This slide also explained the pulmonary circuit and systemic curcuit. This is an interesting notes and easy to be understand.
A powerpoint on the Human Excretory System, intended for the SA Grade 11 Life Sciences Syllabus. Includes information on kidneys, osmoregulation, nephrons, excretion, etc. Hope it helps :)
The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.
Integumentary system
-The organs of the integumentary system include the skin and its accessory structures including hair, nails, and glands, as well as blood vessels, muscles and nerves.
-Dermatology is the medical specialty for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the integumentary system.
Structure Of The Skin
The skin (cutaneous membrane) covers the body and is the largest organ of the body by surface area and weight.
Its area is about 2 square meters (22 square feet) and weighs 4.5-5kg (10-11 lb), about 7% of body weight.
It is 0.5 – 4 mm thick, thinnest on the eyelids, thickest on the heels, the average thickness is 1 – 2 mm.
It consists of two major layers:
Outer, thinner layer called the epidermis, consists of epithelial tissue. Inner, thicker layer called the dermis.
Beneath the dermis is a subcutaneous layer (also called hypodermis) which attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs.
1. EPIDERMIS
-Covers, protects and waterproofs.
Contains five main layers:
- Stratum Basale
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
The epidermis has a number of important characteristics:
The epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
-It contains four major types of cells:
Keratinocytes (90% of the cells): It produce keratin which is a tough fibrous protein that provides protection.
-Melanocytes: which produce the pigment melanin that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation.
-Langerhans cells: involved in immune responses, arise from red bone marrow.
-Merkel cells: which function in the sensation of touch along with the adjacent tactile discs.
2. DERMIS
-It is a deeper layer of skin, composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.
-It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands.
-The epidermis is avascular and cells of this layer get their oxygen and nutrients from capillaries in the dermis.
-The dermis can be divided into papillary layer and reticular layer.
Hypodermis :
- The hypodermis (also called the subcutaneous layer) is a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles.
--Two types of glands are present in the skin over most of the body
These are sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
--Function Of Skin
Protection:
Sensation:
Heat regulation:
Storage and synthesis:
Synthesis of vitamin D:
Excretion and homeostasis:
Secretion:
Absorption:
Water resistance:
Colour :
Healing of wounds:
Aids in the diagnosis:
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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2. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Correct Pronunciation (in-teg-you-MEN-tah-ree)
Forms a protective two-way barrier around
the entire body and aids in temperature
regulation.
Made up of 5 structures: the SKIN
organ, hair, nails, sweat glands, and
sebaceous glands.
3. THE SKIN ORGAN
The major organ of the
integumentary system,
forming a barrier
between the external &
internal environments.
Top layer of skin made
of epithelium tissue,
which are composed of
close-packed cells that
form a covering.
4. THE MAKE UP OF SKIN
There are three layers
Epidermis- thin, outer
membrane layer.
Dermis- middle, fibrous
connective tissue layer.
Subcutaneous-
innermost layer
containing fatty tissue.
Dermatology (der-mah-TALL-oh-
jee)- is the study of skin &
the integumentary
system.
5. THE BREAK DOWN- EPIDERMIS
Epidermis- consist of a type
of epithelial tissue called
stratified squamous
epithelium, which is free of
blood and depends on
deeper layers for
nourishment.
Basal layer-deepest layer of
the epidermis, which forms stratified squamous epithelium
new cells that push old cells
to the top.
Melanin- contained in the
basal layer and produces a
Black pigment that is
responsible for the coloring
of skin and also protects
against ultraviolet rays of the
sun.
6. THE BREAK DOWN- DERMIS
Dermis- middle layer of
skin with a very good
blood supply -“true skin”.
Collagen Fibers- glue-
like protein contained
within the dermis and
gives connective tissues
its strength.
Dermis houses…
Hair follicles
Sweat glands
Blood vessels
Nerve fibers
Muscle fibers
And other elements
7. THE BREAK DOWN- SUBCUTANEOUS
Subcutaneous- also
called “hypodermis”, is
the deepest level of
skin and composed of
fat cells called
lipocytes.
Lipocytes- protects the
deeper tissues of the
body & acts as
insulation from heat and
cold.
8. ACCESSORY ORGANS & SKIN DISORDERS
Accessory Organs of the SKIN- are the
anatomical structures within the dermis such as
hair, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
Some skin disorders are rosacea, eczema, and
strawberry hemangioma. All of which can be
managed by help from a dermatologist.
Lets all protect our skin by keeping it
clean, properly moisturized and protected
from extreme heat or cold at all times.
*Red text is hyperlinked for more information.