The document provides a 6-week summer internship report on analyzing rejections of trailer control valves at WABCO India Pvt. Ltd. It includes observations of the valve assembly process, collection and analysis of rejection data from June 23 to July 11, and suggestions for control measures. Control measures were implemented which resulted in reduced rejections and improved quality, though some measures were still in progress. The report consists of chapters covering the company overview, project description, implementation details, results and conclusion.
Internship report-human resource management-central railway workshop-mysore-b...Mohan Kumar G
The document summarizes the internship report of Mohan Kumar G. at the Central Workshop of South Western Railway in Mysuru. It provides details of his 2-month internship from August to September 2016, where he focused on studying the workshop's human resource management practices and welfare measures for employees. The report includes an acknowledgement section thanking various people who supported and guided his internship. It also lists the objectives of industrial training and his specific goals of understanding the workshop's HRM systems and how it ensures employee welfare.
This document provides a history of New Holland Agriculture. It details that New Holland was founded in 1895 in Pennsylvania and was acquired by various companies over the decades, including Sperry Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and Fiat. It became a global full-line producer under Fiat ownership in 1991. Key milestones are noted such as New Holland's first combine introduction and 100th anniversary of its Belgium plant. The document positions New Holland as a global agricultural machinery brand today as a subsidiary of CNH Industrial.
The document discusses the transmission system of automobiles. It describes the key components of the transmission system including the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, universal joints, rear axle, wheels and tires. It provides details on the types of clutches used, including single plate clutch, multi-plate clutch, centrifugal clutch and fluid coupling. It also discusses the purpose and components of gearboxes, describing types like sliding mesh, constant mesh and synchromesh gearboxes.
This training report summarizes the author's 24-week industrial training at Lalan Rubbers (Pvt) Ltd's centrifuging factory in Bulathsinghala, Sri Lanka. The report includes an introduction to Lalan Rubbers, which owns several rubber manufacturing plants. It also includes a SWOT analysis of the Bulathsinghala factory and details of the processes, research, and experiences gained during the training period. Key findings from the author's research include identifying optimal combinations of equipment to improve centrifuging efficiency and reducing maturation times. The conclusion reflects on the benefits of the training and suggestions for future improvements.
Nazmul Hasan completed a 14-week internship at Jutta Sdn Bhd, where he worked in the IT department as a web developer. During his internship, he learned new computer skills, improved his communication and problem-solving abilities, and gained experience applying concepts from his university courses. He encountered some challenges, such as incorrectly entering employee data, but was able to correct his mistake. Overall, Nazmul found the internship very useful for exploring his career interests and strengthening his job skills.
Cruise control is a system that automatically controls the speed of a vehicle to maintain a steady speed set by the driver. It works using radar to determine the distance between vehicles and accelerate or decelerate accordingly to keep the desired speed. Adaptive cruise control can also adjust speed based on traffic conditions, detecting the vehicle ahead through radar or lidar sensors. While improving comfort and safety, cruise control still poses some dangers, especially on wet roads, but cooperative adaptive cruise control tested in California shows promise for the future.
Hitech Machine Tools is a manufacturing company located in Faridabad, Haryana, India that produces jigs, dies, and other equipment for automotive companies. It was founded in 1996 and has an annual turnover of 3 crores. The company has 50 employees and produces a variety of products including gauges, hydraulic systems, and automotive components. It aims to provide quality products at reasonable prices and good after-sales service to customers. The founder, Mr. Rakesh Sharma, started the company with a goal of supporting the domestic automotive industry in India.
Training report on railways (all workshop)anand prasad
The document discusses corrosion in Indian railway coaches. Corrosion is a major problem that reduces structural integrity and needs to be addressed during periodic overhauls. Key areas prone to corrosion include sole bars, body pillars, turn unders, and areas below lavatories. During overhauls, all underframe members are inspected for corrosion and repaired using approved steel sheets, electrodes, primers, and other treatments as specified by standards.
Internship report-human resource management-central railway workshop-mysore-b...Mohan Kumar G
The document summarizes the internship report of Mohan Kumar G. at the Central Workshop of South Western Railway in Mysuru. It provides details of his 2-month internship from August to September 2016, where he focused on studying the workshop's human resource management practices and welfare measures for employees. The report includes an acknowledgement section thanking various people who supported and guided his internship. It also lists the objectives of industrial training and his specific goals of understanding the workshop's HRM systems and how it ensures employee welfare.
This document provides a history of New Holland Agriculture. It details that New Holland was founded in 1895 in Pennsylvania and was acquired by various companies over the decades, including Sperry Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and Fiat. It became a global full-line producer under Fiat ownership in 1991. Key milestones are noted such as New Holland's first combine introduction and 100th anniversary of its Belgium plant. The document positions New Holland as a global agricultural machinery brand today as a subsidiary of CNH Industrial.
The document discusses the transmission system of automobiles. It describes the key components of the transmission system including the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, universal joints, rear axle, wheels and tires. It provides details on the types of clutches used, including single plate clutch, multi-plate clutch, centrifugal clutch and fluid coupling. It also discusses the purpose and components of gearboxes, describing types like sliding mesh, constant mesh and synchromesh gearboxes.
This training report summarizes the author's 24-week industrial training at Lalan Rubbers (Pvt) Ltd's centrifuging factory in Bulathsinghala, Sri Lanka. The report includes an introduction to Lalan Rubbers, which owns several rubber manufacturing plants. It also includes a SWOT analysis of the Bulathsinghala factory and details of the processes, research, and experiences gained during the training period. Key findings from the author's research include identifying optimal combinations of equipment to improve centrifuging efficiency and reducing maturation times. The conclusion reflects on the benefits of the training and suggestions for future improvements.
Nazmul Hasan completed a 14-week internship at Jutta Sdn Bhd, where he worked in the IT department as a web developer. During his internship, he learned new computer skills, improved his communication and problem-solving abilities, and gained experience applying concepts from his university courses. He encountered some challenges, such as incorrectly entering employee data, but was able to correct his mistake. Overall, Nazmul found the internship very useful for exploring his career interests and strengthening his job skills.
Cruise control is a system that automatically controls the speed of a vehicle to maintain a steady speed set by the driver. It works using radar to determine the distance between vehicles and accelerate or decelerate accordingly to keep the desired speed. Adaptive cruise control can also adjust speed based on traffic conditions, detecting the vehicle ahead through radar or lidar sensors. While improving comfort and safety, cruise control still poses some dangers, especially on wet roads, but cooperative adaptive cruise control tested in California shows promise for the future.
Hitech Machine Tools is a manufacturing company located in Faridabad, Haryana, India that produces jigs, dies, and other equipment for automotive companies. It was founded in 1996 and has an annual turnover of 3 crores. The company has 50 employees and produces a variety of products including gauges, hydraulic systems, and automotive components. It aims to provide quality products at reasonable prices and good after-sales service to customers. The founder, Mr. Rakesh Sharma, started the company with a goal of supporting the domestic automotive industry in India.
Training report on railways (all workshop)anand prasad
The document discusses corrosion in Indian railway coaches. Corrosion is a major problem that reduces structural integrity and needs to be addressed during periodic overhauls. Key areas prone to corrosion include sole bars, body pillars, turn unders, and areas below lavatories. During overhauls, all underframe members are inspected for corrosion and repaired using approved steel sheets, electrodes, primers, and other treatments as specified by standards.
This document provides information about tyres and tubes for students. It discusses the construction of tyres, including treads, patterns, markings and ratings. It also covers the latest trends like run-flat and airless tyres. The document recommends safety measures for tyres such as checking for proper inflation and balancing to prevent hydroplaning. It concludes with reinforcing the importance of tyre safety and maintenance.
This document provides details about an internship training project conducted at the Central Railway Locomotive Workshop in Parel, Mumbai. It includes an introduction, certificates of completion for three interns, an acknowledgment, an index of topics covered in the internship report, and initial sections on braking systems used in Indian railways. Specifically, it discusses the classification of braking systems, focusing on air brake systems which use compressed air supplied by air compressors to activate brakes on each coach through a series of pipes, reservoirs, valves and cylinders.
The document provides an introduction and overview of the updated Indian Railways Unified Maintenance Manual for Wagons. Some key points:
- The previous maintenance manual was published in 1979 and did not cover air brake systems, which have since been introduced.
- A committee was formed in 1998 to revise and update the manual to reflect modern wagon designs, maintenance strategies, and technological upgrades across Indian Railways.
- The updated manual provides comprehensive maintenance instructions for all wagon systems, with a focus on air brake systems. It is intended to serve as a single reference for wagon maintenance.
- Standardized numbering conventions are used for chapters, paragraphs, figures and tables to facilitate future revisions as new stock is introduced.
After many years of research Volkswagen Group created the first successful automotive W engine, with the introduction of its W8 engine (as a test bed for W12). The W12 combines two narrow-angle VR6 engines around a single crankshaft for a total of four banks of cylinders. For this reason, the four-bank configuration is sometimes, and more accurately, referred to as a "VV" or "VR", to distinguish it from the traditional three-bank "W" design. Volkswagen Group went on to produce a W16 engine prototype which produced 465 kilowatts (624 bhp).
A quad-turbocharged version of this engine went into production in 2005 powering the 736 kilowatts (987 bhp). The major advantage of these engines is packaging; that is, they contain high numbers of cylinders but are relatively compact in their external dimensions. In 2006, the Volkswagen Group-owned Bugatti produced an impossible missile, the Bugatti Veyron EB16.4, a supercar; with an 8.0 litre W16 engine. This had four turbochargers, and it produces motive power output of 736 kilowatts (987 bhp) at 6,000rpm. It utilises four valves per cylinder, 64 valves total, with four overhead camshafts. This car is now the fastest production car of world with unbelievable speed of 432kph and may be it goes on in coming years.
This document provides information on diagnosing issues with the ABS/ASR system on Isuzu N-Series vehicles from 2007. It includes:
- Descriptions of the ABS and ASR functions for preventing wheel lock and slip.
- Parts locations, circuit diagrams, and connector lists to support troubleshooting.
- Procedures for function checks, diagnostic trouble code readings, inspections, and repairs/replacements of components like the electronic hydraulic control unit, speed sensors, and sensor rotors.
- Lists and descriptions of potential symptoms and diagnostic trouble codes to facilitate diagnosis and repair.
1) The document describes an anti-lock braking system (ABS) which uses sensors and controllers to prevent wheels from locking during braking. It modulates brake pressure to keep wheels rotating just before the lockup point, allowing steering control during heavy braking.
2) The ABS components are described including electronic control unit, hydraulic control unit, wheel sensors. The working involves isolating brake pressure from wheels about to lock to allow them to rotate freely again.
3) A mathematical model and Simulink model are presented. Results show vehicle stopping distance is reduced with ABS compared to without ABS due to better traction from controlled wheel slip.
This document analyzes commercial vehicle loan pools in India. It finds that:
1) Pools with greater non-commercial vehicle exposure (>40%) and higher weighted average seasoning tend to have better collection efficiency and lower credit enhancement.
2) Collection efficiencies have declined each year from 2008-2012 for all originators' pools. AU Finance pools have the lowest cumulative collection efficiency.
3) For AU Finance pools specifically, shorter tenures (<3 years) and higher weighted average seasoning (>3 months) correlate with better average collection efficiency. Pools containing CV, auto and tractor loans have the lowest efficiency.
4) Across all originators, the originator is found to have a greater impact on
This document summarizes a technical seminar on Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) systems for vehicles. It begins with background on road accidents globally and in India. It then covers the need for AEB to help avoid collisions. The presentation explains how AEB works using sensors like radar and cameras to detect obstacles and apply the brakes autonomously if a collision is detected. It discusses different AEB types and their applications in vehicles. Advantages are around reducing crashes, though disadvantages include cost and limiting driver control. The conclusion is that AEB can help avoid accidents and reduce road deaths and injuries.
Autonomous cruise control Seminar reportDeepak kango
1. Autonomous cruise control (ACC) is an optional cruise control system that automatically adjusts a vehicle's speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead using a radar sensor.
2. ACC uses radar or laser sensors to detect slower vehicles ahead and slow down the vehicle while also accelerating back to the set speed when the forward vehicle is no longer detected.
3. The key components of an ACC system are the ACC module for processing radar information, engine and brake control modules for controlling vehicle speed and braking, and instrument cluster for displaying ACC status to the driver.
Summer Training Report for Diploma (mechanical) StudentsKashifRaza113
This Training is completed at UPSRTC (Lucknow) by a student of polytechnic(mechanical) from Integral University Lucknow. UPSRTC is a Government Organisation for Public Transport in Uttar Pradesh.
This document is a project report submitted by Bhargava SaiKumar Sudikonda to TVS Motor Company as part of an internship. The report analyzes competitors of TVS Jupiter scooter and customer reservations about purchasing the Jupiter in Vijayawada and Guntur regions. The objective is to make recommendations to increase Jupiter sales. Mystery shopping and customer surveys were conducted to understand factors influencing scooter purchase decisions. Key findings include low brand image for TVS, less awareness of Jupiter compared to Activa, limited sales executive knowledge, and the importance of showroom ambience. Recommendations focus on improving sales executive product knowledge and changing marketing strategy from push to pull.
Roller bearing used in railway coachessachin deora
This presentation is useful for that every person who complete their summer training under Railway Carriage Workshops For fulfillment for award of degree of B.Tech.
- Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) help prevent wheel lockup and allow steering control during hard braking. ABS monitors wheel speed and regulates brake pressure to keep wheels rotating just below the lockup point.
- ABS was first developed for aircraft in 1929 but did not see widespread automotive use until the 1970s and 1980s as the technology advanced. By the late 1980s and 1990s, ABS was becoming standard on higher-end cars.
- ABS uses wheel speed sensors and hydraulic valves to regulate brake pressure hundreds of times per minute, allowing steering control even during hard braking on slippery surfaces. This improves vehicle stability and control during emergency braking situations.
This document discusses the history and technology of tires. It begins with definitions of tires and their importance in vehicle performance. Tires originated as bands of leather and the first modern tire was invented in 1888. The document then covers tire terminology, types including summer, winter and all-season tires, tread patterns like ribbed and block shapes, markings that specify dimensions and limitations, composition of rubber compounds and fabrics, the manufacturing process, and modern innovations like run-flat tires.
Summer Internship/Training report at Indian RailwayChirag Jain
The document summarizes Chirag Jain's 15-day summer training at the Western Railway Carriage Repair Workshop in Mumbai. It includes an acknowledgement, declaration, preface, and schedule of shops visited each day including lifting and maintenance of ICF and FIAT bogies, suspension springs and shock absorbers, air brake systems, wheels and axles, and final inspection. Key activities of the workshop included periodic overhauling of 1500 passenger coaches per year. Maintenance processes for bogies, air brakes, and other components are described. Safety precautions and defects to check for during maintenance are also outlined.
Blw summer training report Mechanical LAS LFS HWS EEE CTS TRAjitDubey22
The document is an internship report submitted by Ajeet Dubey, a 3rd year mechanical
engineering student, detailing his internship at Banaras Locomotive Works (BLW) in Varanasi,
India from July 3rd to August 11th, 2023. It provides an overview of BLW, including its history,
products, and key production facilities and processes. It also describes the locomotive assembly
shop in detail, outlining the main stages and activities involved in locomotive assembly.
A nice & better brief presentation on Automatic Braking System that may bring you a great interest and ideology among this fantastic and wonderful technology.
ABS is a basic necessity for the safety of vehicle and the most important thing is to make everyone understand its importance.
Hope this presentation is of some value to all.
-Contains methods for ABS improvements
This document discusses airless or non-pneumatic tires as an alternative to traditional pneumatic tires. It notes the drawbacks of pneumatic tires like punctures and blowouts. Airless tires are not supported by air pressure and instead use flexible treads and shear bands that deform temporarily over spokes and return to their initial shape. The document reviews different design approaches from companies like NASA, Michelin, and Bridgestone. It lists advantages like eliminating leaks and punctures but also disadvantages like lack of adjustability and higher costs compared to pneumatic tires. Potential applications mentioned include military vehicles, ATVs, and small vehicles.
The PPC4000 is an electronic parallel positioning and O2 trim combustion control system built into a compact, flexible user configurable package. PPC4000 supports up to 10 servomotors.
Neal Brendan Beins is a Malaysian male seeking immediate work. He has experience in operations and merchant recruitment for a mobile cleaning service app startup. Previously he worked as a sales executive for two tour operators, where his responsibilities included client servicing, tour coordination, and negotiations. He has skills in the Malay, English, and basic Japanese languages as well as Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Illustrator. He holds a Diploma in Advertising and Graphic Design from The One Academy of Communication Design.
This document provides information about tyres and tubes for students. It discusses the construction of tyres, including treads, patterns, markings and ratings. It also covers the latest trends like run-flat and airless tyres. The document recommends safety measures for tyres such as checking for proper inflation and balancing to prevent hydroplaning. It concludes with reinforcing the importance of tyre safety and maintenance.
This document provides details about an internship training project conducted at the Central Railway Locomotive Workshop in Parel, Mumbai. It includes an introduction, certificates of completion for three interns, an acknowledgment, an index of topics covered in the internship report, and initial sections on braking systems used in Indian railways. Specifically, it discusses the classification of braking systems, focusing on air brake systems which use compressed air supplied by air compressors to activate brakes on each coach through a series of pipes, reservoirs, valves and cylinders.
The document provides an introduction and overview of the updated Indian Railways Unified Maintenance Manual for Wagons. Some key points:
- The previous maintenance manual was published in 1979 and did not cover air brake systems, which have since been introduced.
- A committee was formed in 1998 to revise and update the manual to reflect modern wagon designs, maintenance strategies, and technological upgrades across Indian Railways.
- The updated manual provides comprehensive maintenance instructions for all wagon systems, with a focus on air brake systems. It is intended to serve as a single reference for wagon maintenance.
- Standardized numbering conventions are used for chapters, paragraphs, figures and tables to facilitate future revisions as new stock is introduced.
After many years of research Volkswagen Group created the first successful automotive W engine, with the introduction of its W8 engine (as a test bed for W12). The W12 combines two narrow-angle VR6 engines around a single crankshaft for a total of four banks of cylinders. For this reason, the four-bank configuration is sometimes, and more accurately, referred to as a "VV" or "VR", to distinguish it from the traditional three-bank "W" design. Volkswagen Group went on to produce a W16 engine prototype which produced 465 kilowatts (624 bhp).
A quad-turbocharged version of this engine went into production in 2005 powering the 736 kilowatts (987 bhp). The major advantage of these engines is packaging; that is, they contain high numbers of cylinders but are relatively compact in their external dimensions. In 2006, the Volkswagen Group-owned Bugatti produced an impossible missile, the Bugatti Veyron EB16.4, a supercar; with an 8.0 litre W16 engine. This had four turbochargers, and it produces motive power output of 736 kilowatts (987 bhp) at 6,000rpm. It utilises four valves per cylinder, 64 valves total, with four overhead camshafts. This car is now the fastest production car of world with unbelievable speed of 432kph and may be it goes on in coming years.
This document provides information on diagnosing issues with the ABS/ASR system on Isuzu N-Series vehicles from 2007. It includes:
- Descriptions of the ABS and ASR functions for preventing wheel lock and slip.
- Parts locations, circuit diagrams, and connector lists to support troubleshooting.
- Procedures for function checks, diagnostic trouble code readings, inspections, and repairs/replacements of components like the electronic hydraulic control unit, speed sensors, and sensor rotors.
- Lists and descriptions of potential symptoms and diagnostic trouble codes to facilitate diagnosis and repair.
1) The document describes an anti-lock braking system (ABS) which uses sensors and controllers to prevent wheels from locking during braking. It modulates brake pressure to keep wheels rotating just before the lockup point, allowing steering control during heavy braking.
2) The ABS components are described including electronic control unit, hydraulic control unit, wheel sensors. The working involves isolating brake pressure from wheels about to lock to allow them to rotate freely again.
3) A mathematical model and Simulink model are presented. Results show vehicle stopping distance is reduced with ABS compared to without ABS due to better traction from controlled wheel slip.
This document analyzes commercial vehicle loan pools in India. It finds that:
1) Pools with greater non-commercial vehicle exposure (>40%) and higher weighted average seasoning tend to have better collection efficiency and lower credit enhancement.
2) Collection efficiencies have declined each year from 2008-2012 for all originators' pools. AU Finance pools have the lowest cumulative collection efficiency.
3) For AU Finance pools specifically, shorter tenures (<3 years) and higher weighted average seasoning (>3 months) correlate with better average collection efficiency. Pools containing CV, auto and tractor loans have the lowest efficiency.
4) Across all originators, the originator is found to have a greater impact on
This document summarizes a technical seminar on Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) systems for vehicles. It begins with background on road accidents globally and in India. It then covers the need for AEB to help avoid collisions. The presentation explains how AEB works using sensors like radar and cameras to detect obstacles and apply the brakes autonomously if a collision is detected. It discusses different AEB types and their applications in vehicles. Advantages are around reducing crashes, though disadvantages include cost and limiting driver control. The conclusion is that AEB can help avoid accidents and reduce road deaths and injuries.
Autonomous cruise control Seminar reportDeepak kango
1. Autonomous cruise control (ACC) is an optional cruise control system that automatically adjusts a vehicle's speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead using a radar sensor.
2. ACC uses radar or laser sensors to detect slower vehicles ahead and slow down the vehicle while also accelerating back to the set speed when the forward vehicle is no longer detected.
3. The key components of an ACC system are the ACC module for processing radar information, engine and brake control modules for controlling vehicle speed and braking, and instrument cluster for displaying ACC status to the driver.
Summer Training Report for Diploma (mechanical) StudentsKashifRaza113
This Training is completed at UPSRTC (Lucknow) by a student of polytechnic(mechanical) from Integral University Lucknow. UPSRTC is a Government Organisation for Public Transport in Uttar Pradesh.
This document is a project report submitted by Bhargava SaiKumar Sudikonda to TVS Motor Company as part of an internship. The report analyzes competitors of TVS Jupiter scooter and customer reservations about purchasing the Jupiter in Vijayawada and Guntur regions. The objective is to make recommendations to increase Jupiter sales. Mystery shopping and customer surveys were conducted to understand factors influencing scooter purchase decisions. Key findings include low brand image for TVS, less awareness of Jupiter compared to Activa, limited sales executive knowledge, and the importance of showroom ambience. Recommendations focus on improving sales executive product knowledge and changing marketing strategy from push to pull.
Roller bearing used in railway coachessachin deora
This presentation is useful for that every person who complete their summer training under Railway Carriage Workshops For fulfillment for award of degree of B.Tech.
- Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) help prevent wheel lockup and allow steering control during hard braking. ABS monitors wheel speed and regulates brake pressure to keep wheels rotating just below the lockup point.
- ABS was first developed for aircraft in 1929 but did not see widespread automotive use until the 1970s and 1980s as the technology advanced. By the late 1980s and 1990s, ABS was becoming standard on higher-end cars.
- ABS uses wheel speed sensors and hydraulic valves to regulate brake pressure hundreds of times per minute, allowing steering control even during hard braking on slippery surfaces. This improves vehicle stability and control during emergency braking situations.
This document discusses the history and technology of tires. It begins with definitions of tires and their importance in vehicle performance. Tires originated as bands of leather and the first modern tire was invented in 1888. The document then covers tire terminology, types including summer, winter and all-season tires, tread patterns like ribbed and block shapes, markings that specify dimensions and limitations, composition of rubber compounds and fabrics, the manufacturing process, and modern innovations like run-flat tires.
Summer Internship/Training report at Indian RailwayChirag Jain
The document summarizes Chirag Jain's 15-day summer training at the Western Railway Carriage Repair Workshop in Mumbai. It includes an acknowledgement, declaration, preface, and schedule of shops visited each day including lifting and maintenance of ICF and FIAT bogies, suspension springs and shock absorbers, air brake systems, wheels and axles, and final inspection. Key activities of the workshop included periodic overhauling of 1500 passenger coaches per year. Maintenance processes for bogies, air brakes, and other components are described. Safety precautions and defects to check for during maintenance are also outlined.
Blw summer training report Mechanical LAS LFS HWS EEE CTS TRAjitDubey22
The document is an internship report submitted by Ajeet Dubey, a 3rd year mechanical
engineering student, detailing his internship at Banaras Locomotive Works (BLW) in Varanasi,
India from July 3rd to August 11th, 2023. It provides an overview of BLW, including its history,
products, and key production facilities and processes. It also describes the locomotive assembly
shop in detail, outlining the main stages and activities involved in locomotive assembly.
A nice & better brief presentation on Automatic Braking System that may bring you a great interest and ideology among this fantastic and wonderful technology.
ABS is a basic necessity for the safety of vehicle and the most important thing is to make everyone understand its importance.
Hope this presentation is of some value to all.
-Contains methods for ABS improvements
This document discusses airless or non-pneumatic tires as an alternative to traditional pneumatic tires. It notes the drawbacks of pneumatic tires like punctures and blowouts. Airless tires are not supported by air pressure and instead use flexible treads and shear bands that deform temporarily over spokes and return to their initial shape. The document reviews different design approaches from companies like NASA, Michelin, and Bridgestone. It lists advantages like eliminating leaks and punctures but also disadvantages like lack of adjustability and higher costs compared to pneumatic tires. Potential applications mentioned include military vehicles, ATVs, and small vehicles.
The PPC4000 is an electronic parallel positioning and O2 trim combustion control system built into a compact, flexible user configurable package. PPC4000 supports up to 10 servomotors.
Neal Brendan Beins is a Malaysian male seeking immediate work. He has experience in operations and merchant recruitment for a mobile cleaning service app startup. Previously he worked as a sales executive for two tour operators, where his responsibilities included client servicing, tour coordination, and negotiations. He has skills in the Malay, English, and basic Japanese languages as well as Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Illustrator. He holds a Diploma in Advertising and Graphic Design from The One Academy of Communication Design.
11-3 Surface Areas of Pyramids and Cones Concepts.pdfLomasGeoC
This 10 page document does not provide any substantive information to summarize. It consists of 10 blank pages with only page numbers listed. The document contains no text, details, or content that could be accurately summarized in 3 sentences or less.
Este documento presenta 20 preguntas sobre conceptos clave relacionados con el comercio exterior y la aduana. Explica términos como Incoterms para el transporte internacional de mercancías, el papel de la aduana en el control de importaciones y exportaciones, los diferentes tipos de depósitos aduaneros, los documentos requeridos para la declaración de importación, y los tributos aduaneros aplicados a las mercancías.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para instalar la versión 3.4.5 del Sistema Único de Aportaciones (SUA). Primero se recomienda actualizar el sistema operativo y respaldar la base de datos actual. Luego, se debe descargar el archivo de instalación, seleccionar la carpeta de instalación, y hacer clic en "Siguiente" para completar la instalación. Finalmente, hacer clic en "Finalizar" para cerrar la ventana de instalación.
Kate Cope is an administrative assistant with over 15 years of experience supporting executives in various industries. She has skills in Microsoft Office, communication, organization, and customer service. She holds a certificate as an administrative assistant from Pine Technical College and seeks to advance to an executive level support role.
La iniciativa tiene por objeto establecer que será obligación del patrón otorgar permisos por luto. Para ello propone: 1) indicar que dicho permiso será por cinco días laborales con goce de sueldo por muerte de padres, hijos, hermanos o cónyuge; 2) señalar que en caso de que se trate de sus abuelos o de los padres de su cónyuge, éste será por dos días; y, 3) determinar que los días referidos serán aquellos inmediatos al deceso y con carácter de irrenunciables.
El documento resume las diferencias entre contrato y convenio, los elementos de un contrato, la naturaleza y función del consentimiento, la diferencia entre contratos unilaterales y bilaterales, y entre contratos onerosos y gratuitos. También explica los requisitos de validez de los contratos, la naturaleza de su objeto y forma, y tipos de contratos como consensuales, reales y solemnes.
Esto es, el origen de la Desindexación o desvinculación del Salario Mínimo, en México para todas las leyes que lo involucren en sus cantidades, dando lugar a la Unidad de Medida y Actualización que entro en vigor el 28/01/2016, una reforma histórica en México
Dentro del Paquete Económico del 2016, el Gobierno Federal, pretende hacer una reforma trascendental en los ahorros de los trabajadores que cotizan para el PENSIONISSSTE, como lo es, esta iniciativa...
C. PRESIDENTE DE LA MESA DIRECTIVA
DE LA CÁMARA DE DIPUTADOS
DEL CONGRESO DE LA UNIÓN
PRESENTE
Con fundamento en el artículo 71, fracción 1 de la Constitución Política de los
Estados Unidos Mexicanos, me permito someter por su digno conducto, ante esa
Honorable Asamblea, la Iniciativa de Decreto por el que se reforman y derogan
diversas disposiciones de la Ley del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de
los Trabajadores del Estado.
El Fondo Nacional de Pensiones de los Trabajadores al Servicio del Estado
(PENSIONISSSTE), fue creado por la Ley del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios
Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (Ley del ISSSTE), publicada el 31 de marzo
de 2007 en el Diario Oficial de la Federación, como un órgano desconcentrado del
Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, con
facultades ejecutivas para la administración de cuentas individuales de servidores
públicos y para la inversión de los recursos de dichas cuentas individuales. Por
tanto, fue constituido como un vehículo de ahorro para el retiro, con participación de
los trabajadores y del gobierno.
De esta manera, la Ley del ISSSTE configuró al PENSIONISSSTE como un órgano
cuya misión es de carácter social, sin fines de lucro y, dada su naturaleza de órgano
público, con el beneficio adicional de que la utilidad que obtuviera no se destinaría
al pago de dividendos, sino se canalizaría para fortalecer el ahorro de los
trabajadores una vez satisfechos sus costos de administración, necesidades de
inversión y constitución de reservas
Don Earth & Life Science Daily Lesson Log (DLL)DONBUMACAS
This document is a daily lesson log for an Earth and Life Science class covering the origin of the universe and solar system. Over four days, students learned about various hypotheses on the origins through presentations, activities, and quizzes. They discussed theories like the Big Bang and developed their own understandings. Formative assessments tested their ability to describe cosmological structures, explain evidence for expansion, and compare solar system features to recent scientific advances. The goal was for students to understand cosmological origins and appreciate their relevance through both academic and personal perspectives.
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Arpit Kumar completed a summer training project at Tata Motors in Lucknow from June 21st to July 19th. The project involved process validation of critical and major processes on Trim Line 2. Trim Line 2 assembles cowls and cabs before passing them to assembly lines. Arpit analyzed processes like steering fitment and torque validation to ensure quality and safety. He concluded that the experience provided valuable lessons in teamwork, problem solving, and industry experience to support his future career.
This 3 sentence summary provides an overview of the document:
The document is a summer field training report submitted by Ishant Gautam to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Translam Institute of Technology & Management in Meerut, India. The report details Ishant Gautam's training experience at Diesel Locomotive Works in Varanasi, India, including backgrounds on DLW, its facilities, production processes, and products with a focus on locomotive design and manufacturing.
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This document provides a summary of a summer field training report submitted by Anish Singh at Diesel Locomotive Works in Varanasi, India. It discusses the various departments within DLW, including design, material control, production shops for assembling locomotive blocks, engines and complete locomotives, and testing facilities. It also provides an overview of the locomotives produced at DLW, including specifications for the WDP4 4000HP passenger locomotive. The Loco Testing Shop section describes how locomotives are tested on-site to evaluate performance.
The use of mechanized and automated devices to perform the various assembly tasks in an assembly line or cell
Most automated assembly systems are designed to perform a fixed sequence of assembly steps on a specific product that is produced in very large quantities.
I have tried to put up my academic and professional work till now in this CV. For more information about Professional roles which I carried out, please contact me via email/LinkedIn/Cellular contact.
Similar to SIX WEEKS SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT (20)
1. SIX WEEKS SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT
ON
REJECTION ANALYSIS OF TRAILER CONTROL VALVE
Submitted by
Bikash Chandra Samantray
Reg. No-11109624
Section- M1112
Under the Guidance of
K. Sudhakar (Head of Department – Vehicle Dynamics Control)
WABCO INDIA PVT. LTD,
Ambattur, Chennai
School of Mechanical Engineering
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara
2. Acknowledgements
I take this opportunity to thank each and every individual who gave me this wonderful platform
to complete my internship successfully.
I could not have done this work without the constant support from the entire team of WABCO
INDIA LTD. The environment inside the plant is truly professional and this is what motivated
me the most. The official staffs are very co-operative and it is because of this that work stress is
never felt while working here.
I would specially like to thank Mr. K. Sudhakar and Mr. Bagavathi who gave me the opportunity
to work on a project. Not only they advised me on new ideas about the project but also
considered my ideas for further improvements in the project. I would like to thank Ms. Suganya
(Sr. Engineer), Mr. S.Karthick (PED), Mr. Manikandan (Group Leader) and Mr. Elumalai
(Quality Dept.) for their valuable advice and contribution.
Bikash Chandra Samantray
Third year B.Tech (Mechanical)
3. ABSTRACT
The report consists of the following tasks which were carried out at the factory during the
summer internship.
i. Observation of the Assembly of Trailer Control Valve
ii. Collection of Rejection Data from 23.6.2014 to 11.7.2014
iii. Analysis of the Rejection Data
iv. Control measures suggested
v. Result after implementation of Control measures
Certain control measures implementation in progress.
4. CONTENTS
I. Chapter No. 1 – (Organizational Overview)-------------------------------------Page 1-6
II. Chapter No. 2 – (project Description)---------------------------------------------Page 7-13
Introduction to TQM --------------------------Pg. 8
Importance of TQM----------------------------Pg. 8-9
Techniques in TQM----------------------------Pg. 9-10
Working of TCV -------------------------------Pg. 11-12
Layout of Tractor ------------------------------Pg. 13
III. Chapter No. 3 – (Implementation Detail)----------------------------------------Page 14-29
Flow Chart --------------------------------------Pg. 14
Observation of Assembly ---------------------Pg. 15
Collection of Data ------------------------------Pg. 16
Analysis of Rejection Data --------------------Pg. 17-28
Actions Suggested ------------------------------Pg. 29-30
IV. Chapter No. 4 – (Result and Conclusion)----------------------------------------Page 31- 33
Results ---------------------------------------------Pg. 31
Benefits--------------------------------------------Pg. 32
Conclusion ----------------------------------------Pg. 33
V. Chapter No. 5 – (Gantt. Chart)-----------------------------------------------------Page 34
5. CHAPTER - 1
ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEW
WABCO INDIA LIMITED, WABCO India designs, manufactures and markets conventional
braking products, advanced braking systems, and other related air assisted products and systems.
The company has grown significantly in the Indian commercial vehicle market. WABCO India
serves its aftermarket customers through a wide national distribution network. With five world-
class manufacturing facilities, software design center and a test track in India, WABCO India
excels in engineering and manufacturing. WABCO India employs over 3,200 employees and
reported Rs. 1138 Crores in sales in 2013-14.
WABCO (NYSE: WBC) is a leading global supplier of technologies and control systems for the
safety and efficiency of commercial vehicles. Founded nearly 150 years ago, WABCO continues
to pioneer breakthrough electronic, mechanical and mechatronic technologies for braking,
stability and transmission automation systems supplied to the world’s leading commercial truck,
bus and trailer manufacturers. With sales of $2.7 billion in 2013, WABCO is headquartered in
Brussels, Belgium.
WABCO GROUP CUSTOMER VALUES
In 2009, WABCO initiated two strategic Customer Value Teams (CVTs) to align with
technology trends that are relevant to our customers.
One CVT drives vehicle efficiency and environmental sustainability, while our other CVT drives
advanced safety and driver effectiveness. Each team develops concepts for new products and
systems to maximize value for customers by leveraging all of WABCO’s technologies and
capabilities.
6. Vehicle Efficiency and Environmental Sustainability
WABCO’s vision toward 2020 is to support the commercial vehicle industry to achieve its target
of improving fuel efficiency by 20 percent and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 20
percent.
Our CVT is further powered by WABCO’s global engineering network. By devising innovation
strategy from deeper understanding of diverse customer roadmaps, we can develop and deliver
technologies that increase fuel efficiency, reduce vehicle weight, optimize energy recovery, and
achieve other efficiency and environmental enhancements for commercial vehicles on a
continual basis.
Advanced Safety and Driver Effectiveness
WABCO has a vision to improve vehicle safety while strongly contributing to driver
effectiveness. Our strategy involves reducing the number of commercial vehicle accidents by 50
percent by 2020.WABCO’s industry-leading portfolio of vehicle safety technology addresses
nearly every type of road accident. Our CVT, which also includes engineering and
manufacturing experts, anticipates customer needs. Connected with customers and aligned with
their technology roadmaps, our CVT develops new products and functionalities to better meet
the future needs of original equipment manufacturers everywhere.
The Power of Technology
7. Our CVTs are committed to contributing to the long term success of our customers. We further
leverage WABCO’s powerful technology portfolio and experience in established markets. We
also help satisfy the rapidly rising demand for advanced solutions in emerging markets where
commercial vehicle producers are accelerating their adoption of higher safety and environmental
standards.
Customers
i. Tata Motors Ltd., Pune
ii. Tata Motors Ltd., Lucknow
iii. Volvo Commercial Vehicles, Bangalore
iv. Daimler India Commercial Vehicles, Chennai
v. Ashok Leyland Ltd., Chennai etc.
8. AWARDS AND RECOGNITIONS
i. Ashok Leyland Award for Excellence in Quality- 2009
ii. Best New Product Development 2009 – Volvo Group
iii. Best Quality Medal in World
and many more …
9. SOME WABCO INDIA PRODUCTS
1. Anti-Lock Braking System – Anti-Lock Braking Systems (ABS) are used to prevent
locking of a vehicle’s wheels as a result of excessive actuation of service braking system,
especially on slippery roads.
2. Relay Valve – WABCO’s Relay Emergency Valve is normally used in trailer braking
systems. It is a dual function valve, combining the functions of relay valve and an
emergency valve which are:
a) The application and release of trailer brakes
b) The emergency application of the brakes in the event of accidental decoupling of
the trailer
Features: Designed for either reservoir or frame mountings
Benefits : Provides support to the Trailer of the Vehicle
Applications : Trailer
10. 3. Trailer Control Valve – WABCO’s Trailer Control Valve is engineered to control the
vehicle’s trailer braking with a tractor-trailer combination. The major functions of this
valve include:
Normal charging of trailer reservoir when no brake application is made
It supplies increased pressure to the trailer brakes during normal service brake application
Application of trailer brakes when the foot brake valve primary circuit has failed
Application of trailer brakes when tractor spring brakes are actuated
Protect the tractor circuit by activating dump feature when either supply or control line
fails
4. Brake Chamber – WABCO’s Brake Chamber converts the air pressure into mechanical
output force.
Apart from these products, WABCO also manufactures Drying And Distribution Unit
(DDU), Electronic Braking System etc.
11. CHAPTER - 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION IN BRIEF
I. Name of Project – Rejection Analysis of Trailer Control Valve
II. Task – To observe the rejection in TCV Line and suggest and implement suitable
methods to reduce the rejection and improve the Quality of the Product .
III. Product Description - Trailer Control Valve is engineered to control the vehicle’s trailer
braking with a tractor-trailer combination. The major functions of this valve include:
Normal charging of trailer reservoir when no brake application is made
It supplies increased pressure to the trailer brakes during normal service brake application
Application of trailer brakes when the foot brake valve primary circuit has failed
Application of trailer brakes when tractor spring brakes are actuated
Protect the tractor circuit by activating dump feature when either supply or control line
fails
IV. Team Members
a) Mr. K. Sudhakar – (H.O.D – Vehicle Dynamics Control-1)
b) Mr. K. Bagavathi- ( Production Leader)
c) Mr. J. Elumalai – (Quality Dept.)
d) Mr. Bikash Chandra Samantray (Project Trainee)
V. Name of the Department where the Project was carried out –
Quality Assurance Department (QAD)
VI. Quality Tools Used – Pareto Chart, Charts (Bar Graph), Fault Tree Analysis
12. Brief Description about the need for Quality in a product
INTRODUCTION TO TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
Quality management is a business principle that ensures excellence in a company's products,
services and internal processes. Companies that implement quality management programs use
the information from them to identify weaknesses, faults, areas for improvement and strengths.
This gives the company the ability to set standards, make adjustments as needed and to offer
greater value overall to their customer base. Although the approach to solving quality issues
varies with different programs, the goal remains the same – to create a high quality, high-
performing product or service that meets and exceeds internal and external customer
expectations. When companies focus on quality management, they create a plan for success.
IMPORTANCE OF TQM
I. Product Performance
Quality management programs improve a company's product. The primary aspects of product
quality management start with performance, reliability and durability of the product. With
quality management programs, manufactured products undergo testing to verify they perform
according to its stated promises or features. This allows a company responsiveness to change
problem areas or improve product strengths. By adding quality management aspects at the design
phase of new products, for example, this allows companies to design performance benchmarks
into the product.
II. Customer Satisfaction
These programs can also help to ensure customer satisfaction. By including customer surveys in
the QM program, key personnel gain understanding of the product features important to
consumers. By widening the survey scope to include noncustomers, this provides additional
insight into why these people use the services of the competitor, allowing the company to
integrate these features into their products. Feature-specific surveys can target the areas of a
product or service that need improvement or work well already. These types of programs can
help a business create products that customer’s desire.
III. Reduce Waste
A well-thought out quality management program can also help companies reduce waste.
Manufacturing companies, for example, that house raw material inventory pay for its storage,
management and tracking. These costs are built into the price of the product. By implementing a
supply-chain management program, a company can reduce the raw materials it has to keep on
hand, saving money and valuable space. Such a system injects a systematic approach to keeping
13. raw material needs equal to production requirements, which can help to bring down product
costs overall, improving the product's profit margin.
IV. Enhanced Productivity
Quality management programs also can identify areas for improvements in internal processes.
This approach can impact productivity by eliminating unnecessary tasks or improving existing
ones. It also generates teamwork when a company implements employee-based mixed
departmental teams that review internal processes. An example of this is the balanced scorecard
approach. This methodology provides a mechanism for evaluating department operations against
benchmarked performance expectations. This type of quality program identifies how well
individual areas of the company perform when compared with its established goals. It defines
whether a company needs to streamline or re-engineer its internal processes.
V. IncreasedRevenues
Quality management programs help companies establish standards of operation in all
departments. By using these programs in multiple areas, a company can identify the strategies it
needs to implement. Through these programs, it can improve its reputation among its existing
customers, which can also help it attract new ones. This results in employees spending less time
and raw material inventory to produce quality products or services. This recaptures lost monies
while refining product and service excellence, ultimately leading to increased revenues and a
better bottom line.
TECHNIQUES IN TQM
Six sigma, JIT, Pareto analysis, and Five Whys technique are all approaches that can be used to
improve overall quality.
I. Six Sigma
Six Sigma drew inspiration from the quality improvement methodologies of preceding decades,
including quality control, TQM, and Zero Defects. It aims to improve the quality of a process by
identifying the causes of defects and removing them in order to minimize variability in
manufacturing and business process. Like TQM, the Six Sigma philosophy includes a belief that
achieving sustained quality improvement requires commitment from the entire organization,
particularly from top-level management. The main difference between TQM and Six Sigma is
that, at its core, TQM is a management approach to long-term success through customer
satisfaction. In a TQM effort, all members of an organization participate in improving processes,
products, services, and the culture in which they work.
II. Just in Time (JIT)
14. The Just in Time (JIT) method is a production strategy that aims to improve business return on
investment by reducing in-process inventory and associated carrying costs. JIT focuses
on continuous improvement and can improve a manufacturing organization's return on
investment, quality, and efficiency. The JIT inventory system focuses on having "the right
material, at the right time, at the right place, and in the exact amount" and sees inventory as
costly. JIT programs often include a focus on Total Quality Control. For example, it is said that
at Toyota, when a process or parts quality problem surfaced on the production line, the entire
production line had to be slowed or even stopped.
III. Pareto analysis
Pareto Analysis is a statistical technique that is used to select a limited number of tasks that
produce significant overall effect. It uses the Pareto principle, which states that the majority of
the problems may be caused by only a few key causes. Pareto analysis also concludes that 80%
of the result can be generated by focusing on 20% of the key work.
IV. 5 Whys
The 5 Whys is a question-asking technique used to explore the cause-and-effect relationships
underlying a particular problem. The primary goal of the technique is to determine the root cause
of a defect or problem which points toward a process that is not working well or does not exist.
The technique was originally developed by Sakichi Toyoda and was used within the Toyota
Motor Corporation during the evolution of its manufacturing methodologies. It is now used
within Kaizen (continuous improvement), lean manufacturing, and Six Sigma.
15. TRAILER CONTROL VALVE WORKING
Function
The Trailer Control Valve is used to control to control a twin line Braking System on a trailer
from the vehicle’s Dual Brake Valve and Hand Control Valve.
The major functions of this valve include:
Normal charging of trailer reservoir when no brake application is made
It supplies increased pressure to the trailer brakes during normal service brake application
Application of trailer brakes when the foot brake valve primary circuit has failed
Application of trailer brakes when tractor spring brakes are actuated
Protect the tractor circuit by activating dump feature when either supply or control line
fails
16. WORKING OF TCV
Brakes Off Position
a) When the Brakes are not being applied, the air supply enters the Port 11 acting underside
piston of Dump Feature pushing it upwards against the spring force.
b) The air supply then passes to chamber C and port 12 to the emergency reservoir in the
trailer through the relay valve.
Brakes Fully Applied
a) When the dual brake on the tractor is operated air enter port 41 and 42
b) Through ports 41 chambers A and G are charged and the air pressure acts upon
pistons(M632301 and M632311) and they act downwards.
c) When the piston M632301 contacts piston valve, it closes the exhaust and sun
sequentially opens inlet .
d) The air from chamber C then flows through chamber B and port 22 into the trailer signal
line in proportion to the pressure from the primary delivery port of the Dual Brake Valve.
HAND BRAKE APPLICATION
When the Graduated Hand Control Valve Brake position in ‘ON’ position air pressure
from the chambers D and port 43 is depleted. Automatically the piston is pushed up by
the air pressure in chamber and in turn the M610241 valve gets into contact with the
piston M632301 closing the exhaust passage, opening inlet passage (f) and air is supplied
to the chamber B and port 22.
PORT 41
PORT 43
PORT 42
PORT 11
DUMP FEATURE
Chamber AChamber G
Chamber C
Chamber B
19. Observation of the Assembly Process
1. Stage 1 – Plunger and Piston Valve Assembly
2. Stage 2 - Tension Pin Assembly
3. Stage 3 - Upper Body Assembly
4. Stage 4 - Seal Assembly
5. Stage 5 - Dump Body Assembly
6. Stage 6 - Middle Body Assembly
7. Stage 7 - Voss Fitting
8. Stage 8 - Leak Testing
9. Stage 9 - Venting guide Assembly and Packing
IN
OUT
20. COLLECTION OF DATA
In this stage, the rejection data was collected from 23.6.2014 to 11.7.2014 for shift A (Day Shift)
and a graph was made.
The above graph gives the information that in 3 weeks totally 805 units of TCV was
produced out which 132 units were rejected.
The percentage rejection is 17 %.
21. ANALYSIS OF REJECTION DATA
From the Rejection Data found, an analysis was done to find the different types of leak which
contributed to the rejection. The following graph shows the different kinds of leak that
contributed to the rejection.
Explanation of the graph
The blue bar represents 1st week data, the red bar represents the 2nd week data and similarly the
green bar represents the 3rd week data.
For example, the No. of Rejections due to 11 Leak in the 1st week is 14, in the 2nd week it is 12
and finally in the 3rd week is 16. The same method follows for the other types also.
22. PARETO ANALYSIS
Now it’s time to see which mode of leak has the maximum contribution to rejection. This is done
with the help of a Pareto Chart.
Pareto Analysis is a statistical technique that is used to select a limited number of tasks that
produce significant overall effect. It uses the Pareto principle, which states that the majority of
the problems may be caused by only a few key causes. Pareto analysis also concludes that 80%
of the result can be generated by focusing on 20% of the key work.
Below is the Mode of Leak Pareto Chart
The graph gives us this information that 11 Leak, Upper Joint Leak, Port 43 On Leak and Lower
Joint Leak contribute 80% to the total rejection.
In order to reduce the percentage of rejection, we need to focus at these four factors one by one.
23. REDUCTION OF LEAKS
In order to reduce the No. of Rejections due to leak we first have to find out the probable causes
and after listing the probable causes we have to validate each cause and then point out at the root
cause. This is done with the help of Fault Tree Analysis.
Now what is Fault Tree Analysis?
Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a top down, deductive failure analysis in which an undesired state
of a system is analyzed using Boolean logic to combine a series of lower-level events. This
analysis method is mainly used in the fields of safety engineering and reliability engineering to
understand how systems can fail, to identify the best ways to reduce risk or to determine (or get a
feeling for) event rates of a safety accident or a particular system level (functional) failure. FTA
is used in the aerospace, nuclear power, chemical and
process, pharmaceutical, petrochemical and other high-hazard industries; but is also used in
fields as diverse as risk factor identification relating to social service system failure.
In aerospace, the more general term "system Failure Condition" is used for the "undesired state" /
Top event of the fault tree. These conditions are classified by the severity of their effects. The
most severe conditions require the most extensive fault tree analysis. These "system Failure
Conditions" and their classification are often previously determined in the functional Hazard
analysis.
FTA can be used to:
Understand the logic leading to the top event / undesired state.
Show compliance with the (input) system safety / reliability requirements.
Prioritize the contributors leading to the top event - Creating the Critical
Equipment/Parts/Events lists for different importance measures.
Monitor and control the safety performance of the complex system (e.g., is a particular
aircraft safe to fly when fuel valve x malfunctions? For how long is it allowed to fly with the
valve malfunction?).
Minimize and optimize resources.
Assist in designing a system. The FTA can be used as a design tool that helps to create
(output / lower level) requirements.
Function as a diagnostic tool to identify and correct causes of the top event. It can help with
the creation of diagnostic manuals / processes.
24. Let’s have a look at Fault Tree Analysis for 11 Leak
Here Middle Body, Piston Valve Seating and M632311 Piston are the probable causes for 11
Leak.
In Middle Body, Porosity, cuts, and accumulation of foreign particles are the possible causes.
Similarly Piston 632301 and Piston Valve are the probable causes for Piston Valve Seating.
Similarly for Piston M632311 Porosity, cuts and foreign particles are the possible causes.
25. Now we need to validate every Probable cause and point out at the root cause.
Middle Body M632301 Piston M632311 Piston
Piston Valve
26. FAULT TREE ANALYSIS FOR UPPER JOINT LEAK
Here the probable causes are M630430 O Ring and Upper Body.
Now let’s looks at the factors to be validated.
FAULT TREE ANALYSIS FOR 43 LEAK
The probable causes are Middle O Ring and Middle Body.
The factors to be validated are given in the next page.
27. FAULT TREE ANALYSIS FOR LOWER JOINT LEAK
The probable causes for Lowe Joint Leak are Lower Body Porosity and Middle Body
Cuts. Let’s look at the factors which need to be validated.
Now in order to figure out the root cause we need to validate every factor and find out its
connection with the leak.
28. VALIDATION
Piston Valve Cut Marks/Foreign Particles
The accumulation of foreign particles on the surface of the Piston Valve clearly tells us
that this is a significant cause.
M632301 Piston Cut Marks
The cut marks on surface of the piston are a significant cause.
30. Middle Body Porosity
Blow Holes on the surface of the Middle Body are a significant cause.
M632311 Piston Foreign Particles
Accumulation of Foreign Particles on the piston contributes to the leak.
31. Upper Body Porosity
Presence of blowholes on the inner side of the Upper body is a significant cause. They
contribute to Upper Joint Leak.
Lower Body Porosity
Presence of blowholes on the outer surface of the Lower body is a significant cause. They
contribute to Lower Joint Leak.
32. Now as we have validated every cause we need to find what factors are the root causes
and accordingly we need to decide what actions need to be taken.
33. ACTIONS SUGGESTED AND PLANNED
5W2H Analysis
ACTION NO 1
WHAT ACTION? – Washing of all child parts in Ultrasonic Machine
WHY? – To remove dust and Burr from the child parts
WHEN? – The action is to be carried out before the shift starts
WHERE? – Inside Plant premises
WHO? – Washing Operator and Part Delivery Staff (Spiderman)
HOW? – Washing of Tray and all Child Parts
HOW MANY? - All the parts
Ultrasonic Washing Machine
34. ACTION NO 2
WHAT ACTION? - Segregation of GOOD parts from the lot.
WHY?–To avoid supply of parts with cuts and scratches to Assembly Line
WHEN? – Immediate action
WHERE? – Incoming inspection Area
WHO? – Incoming inspector
HOW? – Visual segregation/Measurement of dimensions
HOW MANY? - All the parts
ACTION NO 3
WHAT ACTION? - Impregnation
WHY? – To seal the blowholes and pinholes
WHEN? – Immediate action
WHERE? – Impregnation Section
WHO? – Impregnation staff
HOW? – Using Impregnation Machine
HOW MANY? - All the parts
35. CHAPTER - 4
RESULT AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTIONS
Now as we have implemented the suggested actions it’s time to look at the results and
analyze whether the proposed methods where effective or not.
This can be explained with the help of the graph.
The above graph shows a decline in the rejection percentage from the initial condition
(i.e. 17%) to average 7%.
SUGGESTIONS WHICH CAN BE IMPLEMENTED IN FUTURE
Change in the Design of Middle Part i.e. the inner surface of the body is not machined.
Use of UV Pinhole Detector Torch to detect Blow holes and Pinholes (mfg. Elcometer
Pvt. Ltd.)
8
11
11
6
4
5
6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
% Rejection
% Rejection
36. BENEFITS
PRODUCTIVITY – Productivity has increased since the No. of Rejections has gone
down and the efficiency has increased from 83% to 93%.
QUALITY – Quality has improved and No. of scrap has decreased.
COST – The economic loss due to rejections have come down and there is a increase
in profit.
ZERO LINE STOPPAGES – Line stoppages have been eliminated and quality
material have been started getting supplied from the inventory to the assembly line.
MORALE OF OPERATORS – Morale of the operators have boosted and there is a
increase in their confidence level.
SAFETY – Safety has increased.
37. CONCLUSION
It was a wonderful experience working at WABCO INDIA PVT. LTD. I gained a lot of
insight regarding the Production Line and the Quality Department. The friendly welcome
from all the employees is appreciating, sharing their experience and giving their piece of
wisdom which they have gained in the long journey of work. I also thank WABCO INDIA
LTD for providing me with the food facility. I am sure that the qualities I learnt will surely
help me in shaping my future.