This document develops a simulation model of a microgrid for a non-interconnected zone in Colombia that integrates renewable energies. The microgrid model represents the electrical network of Puerto Carreño and includes a solar energy source, wind energy source, energy storage, and diesel generator. The simulation explores the effects of including over 30% renewable energy on load balancing and network stability. Results show that higher renewable penetration can cause imbalances affecting frequency and stability if not regulated by a control system coordinating the different energy sources and storage.
Hybrid Micro Grid Architectures and ChallengesIJMTST Journal
The distribution system is part of the electric power system that links the bulk transmission system and the
individual customers. Increasing environmental concerns, consumer expectations in terms of reliability &
better quality of power supply and improving economics of distributed energy resources (DER) based on
renewable, is making Micro Grid a viable proposition. Present electrical distribution system offers many
technical & operational glitches for successful integration of Micro Grid Technologies. Modern Power systems
are smart, interconnected, interdependent, load sharing and phased mission systems. Micro grids are
composed by distributed generators, energy storage devices, intelligent circuit breakers and local loads. In
this paper, a review of the main micro grid architectures proposed in the literature has been carried out. The
micro grid architectures are first classified regarding their AC or DC distribution buses. Besides, more
complex micro grid architectures will be discussed. Both advantages and disadvantages of each one of the
micro grid families will be discussed.
Grid integrated system
study on Integration of DG’s
Key challenges observed
Modelling and study of hybrid systems under different fault conditions
Propose suitable methods to over come some of these challenges
Modelling and Simulation of Energy Storage System for Grid-Connected Wind-PV ...ijtsrd
In this paper, a grid connected hybrid power system comprising wind and solar based renewable energy sources RERs is proposed. As these RERs are intermittent and random in nature, so a backup source is needed for smoothening the fluctuations in RERs output power. Battery energy storage BESS is proposed for this purpose. The electrical grid of the example represents a typical Utility distribution system. It consists of a 120-kV transmission system equivalent supplying a 25-kV distribution substation. Several feeders are connected to the 25-kV bus of the substation. One of them supplies the power to a community that owns the PV farm and an energy storage system. The grounding transformer connected at the 25-kV bus provides a neutral point and limits the overvoltage on the healthy phases during a single-phase fault. Its zero-sequence impedance is three times the value of the grid positive sequence impedance. Ajaz Ul Haq "Modelling and Simulation of Energy Storage System for Grid-Connected Wind-PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19048.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/19048/modelling-and-simulation-of-energy-storage-system-for-grid-connected-wind-pv-system/ajaz-ul-haq
Feasibility Study on Battery Energy Storage System for Mini gridijtsrd
Mini grids defined as a set of electricity generators and battery energy storage system is connected between the load side and the source side. A key feature of mini grids is that they can operate autonomously with no connection to a centralized grid. Gaw Cho village, Sagaing Division, Myanmar is selected because of the higher potential of solar energy. This paper presents the unbalance condition between the load side and the source side because the solar energy is changing under weather condition. Diesel generator is used as a backup system for this proposed area but the operation of the fuel cost increased for long term period. Here, battery energy storage system is used as a secondary supplier to balance between them. This paper focus on to used HOMER software for pointing out the result outcome not be oversizing the system requirement. Using real time data, storage characteristics and HOMER simulations, optimal sizing for both approaches were established. A well design min grid offered available tool for the rural electrification system. Nang Saw Yuzana Kyaing | June Tharaphe Lwin | Chris Tie Lin "Feasibility Study on Battery Energy Storage System for Mini-grid " Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27863.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27863/feasibility-study-on-battery-energy-storage-system-for-mini-grid-/nang-saw-yuzana-kyaing
Hybrid Micro Grid Architectures and ChallengesIJMTST Journal
The distribution system is part of the electric power system that links the bulk transmission system and the
individual customers. Increasing environmental concerns, consumer expectations in terms of reliability &
better quality of power supply and improving economics of distributed energy resources (DER) based on
renewable, is making Micro Grid a viable proposition. Present electrical distribution system offers many
technical & operational glitches for successful integration of Micro Grid Technologies. Modern Power systems
are smart, interconnected, interdependent, load sharing and phased mission systems. Micro grids are
composed by distributed generators, energy storage devices, intelligent circuit breakers and local loads. In
this paper, a review of the main micro grid architectures proposed in the literature has been carried out. The
micro grid architectures are first classified regarding their AC or DC distribution buses. Besides, more
complex micro grid architectures will be discussed. Both advantages and disadvantages of each one of the
micro grid families will be discussed.
Grid integrated system
study on Integration of DG’s
Key challenges observed
Modelling and study of hybrid systems under different fault conditions
Propose suitable methods to over come some of these challenges
Modelling and Simulation of Energy Storage System for Grid-Connected Wind-PV ...ijtsrd
In this paper, a grid connected hybrid power system comprising wind and solar based renewable energy sources RERs is proposed. As these RERs are intermittent and random in nature, so a backup source is needed for smoothening the fluctuations in RERs output power. Battery energy storage BESS is proposed for this purpose. The electrical grid of the example represents a typical Utility distribution system. It consists of a 120-kV transmission system equivalent supplying a 25-kV distribution substation. Several feeders are connected to the 25-kV bus of the substation. One of them supplies the power to a community that owns the PV farm and an energy storage system. The grounding transformer connected at the 25-kV bus provides a neutral point and limits the overvoltage on the healthy phases during a single-phase fault. Its zero-sequence impedance is three times the value of the grid positive sequence impedance. Ajaz Ul Haq "Modelling and Simulation of Energy Storage System for Grid-Connected Wind-PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19048.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/19048/modelling-and-simulation-of-energy-storage-system-for-grid-connected-wind-pv-system/ajaz-ul-haq
Feasibility Study on Battery Energy Storage System for Mini gridijtsrd
Mini grids defined as a set of electricity generators and battery energy storage system is connected between the load side and the source side. A key feature of mini grids is that they can operate autonomously with no connection to a centralized grid. Gaw Cho village, Sagaing Division, Myanmar is selected because of the higher potential of solar energy. This paper presents the unbalance condition between the load side and the source side because the solar energy is changing under weather condition. Diesel generator is used as a backup system for this proposed area but the operation of the fuel cost increased for long term period. Here, battery energy storage system is used as a secondary supplier to balance between them. This paper focus on to used HOMER software for pointing out the result outcome not be oversizing the system requirement. Using real time data, storage characteristics and HOMER simulations, optimal sizing for both approaches were established. A well design min grid offered available tool for the rural electrification system. Nang Saw Yuzana Kyaing | June Tharaphe Lwin | Chris Tie Lin "Feasibility Study on Battery Energy Storage System for Mini-grid " Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27863.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27863/feasibility-study-on-battery-energy-storage-system-for-mini-grid-/nang-saw-yuzana-kyaing
An Higher Case Operation and Analysis of a Multiple Renewable Resources Conne...IJERA Editor
In our nation the usage of electricity is increasing day-by-day. According to that conserdations, the generated
power from the non-renewable sources will not satisfy the demands properly. so for these purpose, by using
multiple renewable sources, it will be very useful to some type of dc applications. The power produced from the
individual renewable sources will not be satisfy the demand at all times. So by integration of a multiple
renewable sources such as wind and solar a huge amount of power will be produced. These power will be
coordinated to the ac grid or directly to dc consumers. For integration of renewable sources an aggregated model
has to be proposed. In according to these operation BESS (battery energy storage system)is equipped with the
system for maintaining the power balance. For obtaining the power balance the adaptive droop control technique
has to be proposed and droop curves are evaluated. The droop characteristics are selected on the basis of the
deviation between the optimized and real-time SOC of the BESS. In these paper, the operational analysis can be
performed when real time soc is higher than the optimised soc and droop curves are plotted.
Integration Planning and Operation Scheduling of Distribution Generation for ...IJERA Editor
Use of distributed renewable energy sources for domestic energy consumption will increase in near future due to
its advantages as being clean and infinite energy generation possibility. This trend allows more efficient energy
consumption because of reducing distribution losses and dependence of domestic appliances to grid distribution.
Electrical energy is an essential ingredient for the development of a nation. In this paper, it is proposed grid
connected solar PV without and with battery at domestic level to minimize the load on live grid during peak
time, excess power export to the grid when the PV generation is more compared to connected load and increase
the participation of renewable energy sources in our daily energy consumption. The decision support program
enables the consumer to implement the most efficient electricity management strategy while achieving the goal
of minimizing the electricity bill and to supply the quality power. The cost of investment and payback periods
are computed for PV system using cost benefit analysis
Micro-Grid Power: Working Intelligently and Working TogetherBrian Lucke
From Army AL&T Magazine, this article written by Marnie de Jong, Research Project Manager for the Renewable Energy for Distributed Undersupplied Command Environments program in CERDEC CPI Army Power, discusses the concept, challenges, and potential solutions to using the "Micro-Grid" to provide a more economical and available source of power for soldiers in austere environments.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Gen...ijtsrd
As the demand for more reliable and secure power system with greater power quality increases, the concept of distributed generation DG have become more popular. This popularity of DG concept has developed simultaneously with the decrease in manufacturing costs associated with clean and alternative technologies like fuel cells, biomass, micro turbine and solar cell systems. Intentional islanding is the purposeful sectionalisation of the utility system during widespread disturbances to create power “islandâ€. This island can be designed to maintain a continuous supply of power during disturbances of the main distribution system. Ruchali Borkute | Nikita Malwar ""Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23679/control-for-grid-connected-and-intentional-islanding-of-distributed-power-generation/ruchali-borkute
Abstract The demand for high quality electricity and growing electricity consumption has been caused by increasing electrification of daily life causes and the rising number of sensitive or critical loads. Due to the rapid increase in global energy consumption and the diminishing of fossil fuels, the customer demand for new generation capacities and efficient energy production, delivery and utilization keeps rising. The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid . Different load models can be simulated and analyzed using MATLAB and PSCAD software. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed. Keywords: DER, MG, PCC, PV, VSI.
Reactive Power Sharing Droop Control Strategy for DG Units in an Islanded Mic...IJMTST Journal
The proposed method mainly includes two important operations: error reduction operation and voltage
recovery operation. The sharing accuracy is improved by the sharing error reduction operation, which is
activated by the low-bandwidth synchronization signals. However, the error reduction operation will result in
a decrease in output voltage amplitude. Therefore, the voltage recovery operation is proposed to compensate
the decrease., due to increasing the demand of electricity as well as rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and the
government policies on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy technologies are more
attractive and various types of distributed generation sources, such as wind turbine generators and solar
photo voltaic panels are being connected to low-voltage distribution networks. Micro grid is an integrated
system that contain in s distributed generation sources, control systems, load management, energy storage
and communication infrastructure capability to work in both grid connected and island mode to optimize
energy usage. The paper presents a advanced control technique for a micro grid system which works
efficiently under a decentralized control system.
Renewable energy allocation based on maximum flow modelling within a microgridIJECEIAES
This paper designs a microgrid-wide energy allocation mechanism on top of a network flow model from distributed generators to consumer entities. Basically, the flow graph consists of a set of nodes representing consumers or generators as well as a set of weighted links representing the amount of energy generation, consumer-side demand, and transmission cable capacity. The main idea lies in that a special node is added to account for the interaction with the main grid and that two-pass allocation is executed. In the first pass, the maximum flow solver decides the amount of the insufficiency, which must be supplemented by the main power network, usually with predefined cost. The second pass runs the flow solver again to fill the energy lack and calculates the surplus of renewable energy generation. The experiment result observes the stability in energy distribution over the microgrid while the amount of the total energy production can be accommodated by the maximum link capacity.
An Higher Case Operation and Analysis of a Multiple Renewable Resources Conne...IJERA Editor
In our nation the usage of electricity is increasing day-by-day. According to that conserdations, the generated
power from the non-renewable sources will not satisfy the demands properly. so for these purpose, by using
multiple renewable sources, it will be very useful to some type of dc applications. The power produced from the
individual renewable sources will not be satisfy the demand at all times. So by integration of a multiple
renewable sources such as wind and solar a huge amount of power will be produced. These power will be
coordinated to the ac grid or directly to dc consumers. For integration of renewable sources an aggregated model
has to be proposed. In according to these operation BESS (battery energy storage system)is equipped with the
system for maintaining the power balance. For obtaining the power balance the adaptive droop control technique
has to be proposed and droop curves are evaluated. The droop characteristics are selected on the basis of the
deviation between the optimized and real-time SOC of the BESS. In these paper, the operational analysis can be
performed when real time soc is higher than the optimised soc and droop curves are plotted.
Integration Planning and Operation Scheduling of Distribution Generation for ...IJERA Editor
Use of distributed renewable energy sources for domestic energy consumption will increase in near future due to
its advantages as being clean and infinite energy generation possibility. This trend allows more efficient energy
consumption because of reducing distribution losses and dependence of domestic appliances to grid distribution.
Electrical energy is an essential ingredient for the development of a nation. In this paper, it is proposed grid
connected solar PV without and with battery at domestic level to minimize the load on live grid during peak
time, excess power export to the grid when the PV generation is more compared to connected load and increase
the participation of renewable energy sources in our daily energy consumption. The decision support program
enables the consumer to implement the most efficient electricity management strategy while achieving the goal
of minimizing the electricity bill and to supply the quality power. The cost of investment and payback periods
are computed for PV system using cost benefit analysis
Micro-Grid Power: Working Intelligently and Working TogetherBrian Lucke
From Army AL&T Magazine, this article written by Marnie de Jong, Research Project Manager for the Renewable Energy for Distributed Undersupplied Command Environments program in CERDEC CPI Army Power, discusses the concept, challenges, and potential solutions to using the "Micro-Grid" to provide a more economical and available source of power for soldiers in austere environments.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Gen...ijtsrd
As the demand for more reliable and secure power system with greater power quality increases, the concept of distributed generation DG have become more popular. This popularity of DG concept has developed simultaneously with the decrease in manufacturing costs associated with clean and alternative technologies like fuel cells, biomass, micro turbine and solar cell systems. Intentional islanding is the purposeful sectionalisation of the utility system during widespread disturbances to create power “islandâ€. This island can be designed to maintain a continuous supply of power during disturbances of the main distribution system. Ruchali Borkute | Nikita Malwar ""Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23679/control-for-grid-connected-and-intentional-islanding-of-distributed-power-generation/ruchali-borkute
Abstract The demand for high quality electricity and growing electricity consumption has been caused by increasing electrification of daily life causes and the rising number of sensitive or critical loads. Due to the rapid increase in global energy consumption and the diminishing of fossil fuels, the customer demand for new generation capacities and efficient energy production, delivery and utilization keeps rising. The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid . Different load models can be simulated and analyzed using MATLAB and PSCAD software. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed. Keywords: DER, MG, PCC, PV, VSI.
Reactive Power Sharing Droop Control Strategy for DG Units in an Islanded Mic...IJMTST Journal
The proposed method mainly includes two important operations: error reduction operation and voltage
recovery operation. The sharing accuracy is improved by the sharing error reduction operation, which is
activated by the low-bandwidth synchronization signals. However, the error reduction operation will result in
a decrease in output voltage amplitude. Therefore, the voltage recovery operation is proposed to compensate
the decrease., due to increasing the demand of electricity as well as rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and the
government policies on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy technologies are more
attractive and various types of distributed generation sources, such as wind turbine generators and solar
photo voltaic panels are being connected to low-voltage distribution networks. Micro grid is an integrated
system that contain in s distributed generation sources, control systems, load management, energy storage
and communication infrastructure capability to work in both grid connected and island mode to optimize
energy usage. The paper presents a advanced control technique for a micro grid system which works
efficiently under a decentralized control system.
Renewable energy allocation based on maximum flow modelling within a microgridIJECEIAES
This paper designs a microgrid-wide energy allocation mechanism on top of a network flow model from distributed generators to consumer entities. Basically, the flow graph consists of a set of nodes representing consumers or generators as well as a set of weighted links representing the amount of energy generation, consumer-side demand, and transmission cable capacity. The main idea lies in that a special node is added to account for the interaction with the main grid and that two-pass allocation is executed. In the first pass, the maximum flow solver decides the amount of the insufficiency, which must be supplemented by the main power network, usually with predefined cost. The second pass runs the flow solver again to fill the energy lack and calculates the surplus of renewable energy generation. The experiment result observes the stability in energy distribution over the microgrid while the amount of the total energy production can be accommodated by the maximum link capacity.
Microgrid Technology with Distributed Energy - A Reviewijtsrd
As one of the key technologies to achieve the large scale application of distributed power generation, microgrid can overcome the randomness, intermittence and dispersity caused by distributed energy and promote the development and utilization of new energy and renewable energy to ease the shortage of energy all over the world. In this paper, the characteristics and key technology of microgrid and the challenges may exit during development of microgrid are briefly introduced. Microgrid complies with the requirements to promote renewable energy power generation and social sustainable development, and will definitely occupy a vital position in the development of grid construction. Aman Kumar | Mamta Sood | Dr. Manju Gupta "Microgrid Technology with Distributed Energy - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49648.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49648/microgrid-technology-with-distributed-energy---a-review/aman-kumar
Reactive Power Sharing in Islanded Microgrid by Droop Control MethodIJMTST Journal
The proposed method mainly includes two important operations: error reduction operation and voltage recovery operation. The sharing accuracy is improved by the sharing error reduction operation, which is activated by the low-bandwidth synchronization signals. However, the error reduction operation will result in a decrease in output voltage amplitude. Therefore, the voltage recovery operation is proposed to compensate the decrease., due to increasing the demand of electricity as well as rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and the government policies on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy technologies are more attractive and various types of distributed generation sources, such as wind turbine generators and solar photo voltaic panels are being connected to low-voltage distribution networks. Micro grid is an integrated system that contain in s distributed generation sources, control systems, load management, energy storage and communication infrastructure capability to work in both grid connected and island mode to optimize energy usage. The paper presents a advanced control technique for a micro grid system which works efficiently under a decentralized control system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Active and reactive power sharing in micro grid using droop control IJECEIAES
The development of renewable energy contributes to the global objectives of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, obtaining and increasing our energy efficiency. In the face of these changes, the electric-network must adapt, while maintaining a high level of reliability and a quality of energy production. To meet this objective, it is recommended to use highly developed electrical network by integrating renewable energy sources in order to adapt the energy consumption to their production, using electrotechnical software information and telecommunications technologies. We are talking about intelligent grids (Smart Grid). The main objective of the work presented in this paper is the contribution to the study of intelligent network for efficient management of energy produced by several sources linked to the AC bus via the voltage inverters. Numerical simulations have been presented to validate the performance of the proposed active and reactive power controller (Droop Control).
Microgrid Technology with Distributed Energy - A Reviewijtsrd
As one of the key technologies to achieve the large scale application of distributed power generation, microgrid can overcome the randomness, intermittence and dispersity caused by distributed energy and promote the development and utilization of new energy and renewable energy to ease the shortage of energy all over the world. In this paper, the characteristics and key technology of microgrid and the challenges may exit during development of microgrid are briefly introduced. Microgrid complies with the requirements to promote renewable energy power generation and social sustainable development, and will definitely occupy a vital position in the development of grid construction. Nilesh Pandurang | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Microgrid Technology with Distributed Energy - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49423.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/49423/microgrid-technology-with-distributed-energy---a-review/nilesh-pandurang
Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques in Hybrid...ijtsrd
With the growth in global warming, renewable energy based distributed generators DGs play a prominent role in power generation. Wind, solar energy, biomass, mini hydro, and the usage of fuel cells and microturbines will provide substantial impetus in the near future. Environmental friendliness, expandability, and flexibility have made distributed generation, powered by a variety of renewable and unconventional energy sources, an appealing alternative for building contemporary electrical systems. A microgrid is made up of a group of loads and dispersed generators that work together to form a single controlled system. Microgrids, as an integrated energy delivery system, may function in tandem with or independently of the main power grid. The microgrid idea reduces the number of reverse conversions in a single AC or DC grid while also making it easier to link variable renewable AC and DC sources and loads to power systems. The connectivity of DGs to the utility grid through power electronic converters has raised concerns regarding equipment safety and protection. The microgrid may be configured to fulfil the customers specific needs, such as greater local dependability, reduced feeder losses, local voltage support, greater efficiency via waste heat usage, voltage sag correction, or uninterruptible power supply. The performance of a hybrid AC DC microgrid system in grid tethered mode is examined in this paper. For the creation of a microgrid, a solar system, a wind turbine generator, and a battery are utilized. Control methods are also included to allow the converters to appropriately coordinate the AC sub grid with the DC sub grid. The MATLAB SIMULINK environment was used to achieve the findings. Tarun Jaiswal | Ashish Bhargava "Analysis and Implementation of Power Quality Enhancement Techniques in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46296.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46296/analysis-and-implementation-of-power-quality-enhancement-techniques-in-hybrid-acdc-microgrid/tarun-jaiswal
A review of optimal operation of microgrids IJECEIAES
The term microgrid refers to small-scale power grid that can operate autonomously or in concurrence with the area’s main electrical grid. The intermittent characteristic of DGs which defies the power quality and voltage manifests the requirement for new planning and operation approaches for microgrids. Consequently, conventional optimization methods in new power systems have been critically biased all through the previous decade. One of the main technological and inexpensive tools in this regard is the optimal generation scheduling of microgrid. As a primary optimization tool in the planning and operation fields, optimal operation has an undeniable part in the power system. This paper reviews and evaluates the optimal operation approaches mostly related to microgrids. In this work, the foremost optimal generation scheduling approaches are compared in terms of their objective functions, techniques and constraints. To conclude, a few fundamental challenges occurring from the latest optimal generation scheduling techniques in microgrids are addressed.
Multi agent oriented solution for forecasting-based control strategy with loa...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
To improve the power supply availability in an island microgrid, this paper proposes a new approach that integrates distributed energy sources economically, reliably and efficiently. In an island mode, a microgrid must ensure its self-sufficiency of energy production since it cannot make an energetic exchange with a main grid. However, in this mode, the random behavior of the resources affected by meteorological factors presents a major constraint. The challenge related to the power availability in microgrids is to find a solution that faces the operation of intermittent power sources. The microgrid should guarantee a useful power management in order to achieve a high availability of energy. In this paper, we present a mathematical model to describe the influence of the meteorological factors on the sources production. We propose a multi-agent control strategy based on the production forecasting and load shedding for a high availability of the microgrid power supply. The proposed multi-agent system uses the master-slave model in which the communication and negotiation between the defined agents are performed by a concept of tokens. The developed control system is implemented on Spartan 6 FPGA-Board. The paper's contribution is applied to a Tunisian petroleum platform where several blackouts are recorded between 2012 and 2014. Simulation and experimental results show clearly a high availability as a performance of the proposed control strategy.
New solutions for optimization of the electrical distribution system availabi...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
This paper deals with the availability in microgrids that are composed of a set of sources (Photovoltaic generators, wind turbines, diesel generators and batteries) and a set of loads (critical and uncritical loads). The energy produced by various sources will be grouped in an alternative bus (AC bus), and it will be distributed on loads through an electrical distribution system. The occurrence of a fault in the system can cause a total or partial unavailability of energy required by the loads. The objective of this paper is to characterize the fault caused by the limited reliability of the components of the electrical distribution system and to propose an new design methodology to optimize the availability of this system (as well as the availability of power supply) by taking into account all the economic constraints. The proposed methodology is based on the redundancy of electrical distribution paths. An application of this optimization to a petroleum platform shows clearly a high degree of supply availability distribution in microgrid.
A deterministic method of distributed generation hosting capacity calculatio...IJECEIAES
Global warming has become a significant concern over the past decades. As a result, governments have shifted their policies toward renewable energy sources and environmentally friendly industries. This approach requires a renewal of the electrical networks to accommodate this new intermittent generation (from solar and wind sources) while remaining stable and reliable. In this vision, the notion of hosting capacity has been introduced to define the amount of new distributed generation that an electrical network can host without affecting its stability and reliability. This study proposes a deterministic method based on the π model of cables to estimate the underground feeder's hosting capacity. This method considers reverse power flow, overvoltage, reconfiguration, overloading, and the physical characteristics of lines. It is applied to the Moroccan medium voltage underground radial feeder. Through DIgSILENT power factory software, the power flow analysis is carried out to validate its effectiveness in overcoming overvoltage and cable overload problems. The results validate the relevance of our method, its reliability, its fluidity of application, and its ability to maintain performance indices within the acceptable range.
Overview: Simulation Analysis of low voltage DC micro grid - An investigation...IJSRD
The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. The micro grid was designed to operate connected to the main network. The micro grid operated appropriately for different steady state operating conditions. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid. This paper presents a performance study of a dc micro-grid when it is used a voltage droop technique to regulated the grid voltage and to control the load sharing between different sources like Photovoltaic cell , Fuel Cell, Batteries, etc. Some aspects about centralized (master-slave) and decentralized (voltage droop) control strategies are presented. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed.
Similar to Simulation of a microgrid for a non-interconnected zone that integrates renewable energies (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Simulation of a microgrid for a non-interconnected zone that integrates renewable energies
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 11, No. 1, February 2021, pp. 201~216
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i1.pp201-216 201
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Simulation of a microgrid for a non-interconnected zone that
integrates renewable energies
German Reina, Mauricio Mauledoux, Oscar A. Avilés
Mechatronics Engineering Program, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Colombia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Mar 3, 2020
Revised Jul 3, 2020
Accepted Aug 5, 2020
This paper develops a simulation of a small electrical network (Microgrid)
that integrates renewable energies, the model of the micro network is made
up of a solar energy source, a wind energy source, an energy storage
element, a non-renewable source such as a diesel generator. The model of
the microgrid represent a non-interconnected area from the electrical network
in Colombia. The non-interconnected areas sometimes depend on unreliable
connections to the grid integration of renewable energies could be the best
option to guarantee energy in these sectors and allow generating projects
with social impact. A possible solution to this deficit of energy is to
supplement the production of energy with renewable energy plants from
resources as sun or wind. The simulated model allowed to study the effects
of the network in island mode and in interconnected mode, showing
the imbalances that can be obtained by integrating renewable energies and
storage systems. It is verified that with an inclusion of more than 30% of
power in renewable energies there is the possibility of having load
imbalances, which affect the frequency and cause instability in the network.
It also verifies how a control system can regulate the load balance but must
interact with the other energy sources.
Keywords:
Energy
Non-interconnected
Renewable
Smart grid
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Oscar A. Avilés,
Mechatronics Engineering,
Universidad Militar Nueva Granada,
Cr 11 No 101 - 80, Bogotá, Colombia.
Email: oscar.aviles@unimilitar.edu.co
1. INTRODUCTION
This document develops a model for simulate a microgrid that represent a non-interconnected area
from the electrical network in Colombia. It was made to explore the effects that renewable energies have on
the electrical network as a power supply with residential loads. It explores the behavior of this energies and
verified if the control systems can maintain the balance of load. The simulation is done in two different
modes as interconnected or non-interconnected electrical network.
Colombia has a good potential to produce electricity with renewable energies, it does not have
seasons and also this country has a location with high annual averages of wind speeds and irradiance
from the sun. However, it has difficulties integrating remote regions into the national electricity grid.
It non-interconnected zones lack the possibility of energy 24 hours a day. A possible solution to this energy
deficit is to supplement the production of energy with renewable energy plants from resources as sun
or wind.
2. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 11, No. 1, February 2021 : 201 - 216
202
2. WHY IS IMPORTANT THIS SIMULATION
2.1. Non- Interconnected Zone in Colombia
The government define the term non-interconnected zones (ZNI) in Colombia as following:
“For all purposes related to the provision of the public electric power service, ZNI is understood to be
municipalities, townships, towns and hamlets not interconnected to the national electric system
(SIN-sistema interconectado nacional)" [1]. It ZNI can be defined as microgrid with non-renewable
generation sources that can be improved with the inclusion of renewable energies (unconventional) and take
advantage of everything that is developed for smart grids and apply the technology in island mode to
optimize the fuel from diesel plants that is commonly used as an energy source of energy in these zones.
The main characteristics of the non-interconnected zones in Colombia are: areas with unmet basic needs
> 77%, are scattered areas (Low Population Density), with a low average consumption level. They have
a low payment capacity and a very low level of collection. It has high costs of providing electricity service.
High level of losses. Low level of micro measurement. This makes them a perfect scenario for the efficient
use of available natural resources and the use of renewable energies.
The non-interconnected areas sometimes depend on unreliable connections to the grid such as
the Puerto Carreño in the Vichada zone that depends of a very weak medium voltage circuit from
Venezuela. This problem is very important for the development of pilot tests where the application of
renewable energies is the best option to guarantee energy in these sectors and allow generating projects with
social impact right now. According to the Institute of Planning and Promotion of Energy Solutions for
Non-Interconnected Zones IPSE, the non-interconnected areas in Colombia are in 32 Departments.
Where there is currently coverage over 17 departments, which is equivalent to 52% of the national territory
is included 90 Municipalities, 20 Special Biodiversity and Border Territories, 1,448 localities ZNI,
39 Municipal Headquarters: 5 departmental capitals [1].
2.2. Why a non-interconnected zone is a type of microgrid?
A microgrid is a section of an electrical network that can be connected to a main network and
operate autonomously, feeding its own loads from its own sources of energy for some periods of time.
When a microgrid is operating autonomously without connection to the main network, it is said to be
operating in island mode ("islanded"). The microgrid is controlled by a real-time monitoring system that
concentrates on regulating the voltage and frequency, this is achieved by controlling the different sources of
energy and always seeking to balance the load and energy generated, as well as the energy injected from
the main network. This controller should generally consider the load profiles, define an operating cost for
each of the sources, estimate the amount of solar energy and wind energy. All this application only can be
possible If the different resources or multi agents in the network send and receive information to all
the others. The interoperability is being useful to maintain the balance of load in the electrical network.
A microgrid can decide to isolate itself from the main network (grid) when there are faults in
the main network or when the quality of the energy is very poor, with this strategy it is sought that the users
can have a better reliability and quality in the energy that is associated to the loads of the microgrid.
This capacity is also part of the skills that allow to this type of networks, to integrate sources with
renewable energy, to take electrical power from the main network (grid) while there is no capacity to be
self-sufficient. Microgrid generally have backup sources such as diesel generators, gas turbines.
Their location is in remote places where the loads must be fed with greater reliability than the confidence
that the network can provide. It generally applies to hospitals, military installations and some manufacturing
processes [2].
Microgrid are constantly in research and development and there are several pilots that are being
developed [3-6], leaving an operating cost of around 5 USD per Watt of capacity. These micro networks
and research projects are focused on high reliability for the loads they handle, such as hospitals or military
bases, but due to their high cost they have not been taken to other users. The simulation model is designed
to represent the electric grid of the non-interconnected area of Puerto Carreño in Colombia as
a Microgrid that integrate renewable energies trying to explore the effects and understood the problems to
improve the performance of this networks.
3. CHALLENGES IN THE INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES
The main effect of the inclusion of renewable energies in the network is that they are basically more
prone to instability or variations in their quality parameters, it microgrid need to react quickly with control
actions on their own maneuvering equipment and eventually involve all those that are interconnected.
The first challenge of the electric networks that integrate renewable energies, is to regulate the power that is
delivered to the end user at the moments when there is no availability of alternative sources (for example:
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in the absence of sunlight or absence of wind). This means that the planning of the required energy must
consider the seasons of the year, and probabilistic studies of the wind projections that are available or
the solar radiation that is expected at a certain point. Some renewable energies depend on natural phenomena,
the available energy is conditioned to the available resource at a given moment [7-11]. An electrical network
based only on renewable energies such as wind energy, solar radiation will have problems to feed the load in
a constant manner as shown in Figure 1, production and consumption varies over time.
Elements that allow the regulating of energy delivered to the end user must be integrated in
the microgrid, because in case of absence of solar radiation [12] or wind [13] these systems are unusable to
generate energy and the energy received by the end user will be zero [14]. The variability of the network and
the fast reacting that now is required for maintain the balances between the load and the renewable energy
sources is the principal problem to be simulated. In some remote places there are microgrid composed only of
renewable energy that must provide energy to the user 24 hours a day, these must necessarily have devices
that allow to the energy generated to be stored or be supplemented with other sources of generation [15] for
its proper functioning.
Figure 1. Typical energy production and consumption in a Day (24H)
The solution for integrating renewable energies and regulating fluctuations is called smart grids.
This is a type of network that can coordinate the available energy sources and restore the stability in
the network. Smart grid will help to increase the level of penetration of renewable energies, IRENA
(International Renewable Energy Agency) [16] declare that with levels of penetration higher than 30%,
this information exchange technology is essential for the proper functioning of electrical grids.
3.1. Smart grid as solution
The main characteristic of a smart grid is to use technology to acquire information instantaneously
to achieve the balance between generation and demand, in this way it helps to make decisions based on
the information received, and keeps the system operating with the highest efficiency. The technology can be
applied in generators and consumers. The desired performance of a smart grid are: The generation of energy
is already distributed and consumers can contribute energy to the network; the flow of energy is in two
directions from generators to consumers, and consumers to generators; Consumption control is based on
real-time and historical data; however, the network can have rapid variations in power flow; It must maintain
the stability of the network, even when the available sources are variable and depend on natural elements;
Depending on the response times required, energy must be stored in some form; The generated voltage,
frequency and topology of the network are monitored.
This supervision is semi-automatic or fully automatic and should have more advanced control.
Even automatic topology changes are allowed; The consumer is an active entity and can generate energy for
the electricity network. The equipment that integrate a smart grid must be has: 1) the ability to communicate
between the different components and agents; 2) data management in real time; 3) Collection of information
for taking control actions; 4) Execution of control actions.
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4. THE MODEL OF THE MICROGRID
4.1. Electrical connection like a non-interconnected zone
The simulation model is designed to represent the electric grid of the non-interconnected area
of Puerto Carreño in Colombia. The Figure 2 [17, 18] shows the single line diagram, this electrical grid
has the following characteristics: The microgrid has a connection from an electrical network at 34.5 kV,
this energy is sent to a distribution substation at 13.2 kV (Grid Connection), the Diesel power plants in
480V are connected to the grid through a step-up transformer to the 13.2kV medium voltage busbar,
the loads are connected by a pole-mounted reducer transformer that reduces the voltage from 13.2 kV to
208/120 V to be used by the residential load.
Figure 2. Puerto Carreño grid, single line diagram
For the electrical network, the simulation emulates the connection of the power system of
Puerto Carreño, where the loads are approximately 5 MVA, the network arrives from Venezuela
through a medium voltage line. The generators are connected to the network through an elevator
transformer. The nominal rates and capacities are proposals in the model showed in the Table 1.
In the upper part of the table the source is indicated. The first row is the nominal phase-phase voltage
that will be used for the electrical connection, in the lower part is show the nominal power of each
source or load.
Table 1. Voltages and Powers of the sources that make up the micro network.
Diesel generator Wind farm Photovoltaic Park Storage Load
Nominal Voltage [Vn] 480 V 13.8k V 13.8 kV 208/120 VAC 208/120 VAC
Nominal Power [Sn] 10 MVA 2 MVA 2 MVA 400kVA 5MVA
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The size of the load is define by the report from IPSE in the monthly telemetry report of
the non-interconnected area of Puerto Carreño 2014 [17, 18]. The power of the Diesel generator is
the sum of the plants that this network already has. The elevating transformers are installed to include
the renewable sources at a typical distribution voltage used in Colombia assuming that they are far from
the consumption centers, as well as implements the typical reducing transformers that exist in
the distribution networks close to the load. The microgrid has the capacity to connect to the network.
The electrical connection consists of three nodes (BUS_1, BUS_2, BUS_3) shown in Figure 3,
the first is the diesel generation node at 480 V AC, this point has a small load that represents
the auxiliary services of the machine and from where the parameters for frequency regulation will be
taken. The distribution substation is represented as the BUS_2, where the diesel generator is connected
through the 20 MVA Yg / Yg elevator transformer. In this busbar the sources of the electric network,
the wind farm plant and the photovoltaic farm are connected. The busbar at 13.8 kV and has a reference
to ground through a ZIG-ZAG transformer of 10 MVA, this is installed in case the diesel source was
isolated and the system is floating. This bus feeds the load node through a reducing transformer from
13.8 kV to 208V with a capacity of 20 MVA Yg / Yg. The BUS_3 represents the lines of distribution up
to the loads. The loads are connected to 208/120 VAC as well as the 400-kVA distributed storage
system [19].
An important point in this design is that it took into consideration the high cost of large
distributed storage systems, which at this time reduces the storage capacity of this technology,
since they will not be implemented in the current solutions until their price is more affordable,
this would give an approximation to the real environment that may be in the near future In order to
simulate the effect of renewable energies a level of penetration of renewable energy sources exceeding
30% was proposed, this is represented as follows, 2 MVA of the wind farm plus 2 MVA in the solar
plant for a total of 4 MVA, which is equivalent to approximately 40%; the non-renewable generation
source is 10 MVA; The storage capacity is 400 kVA (Energy Storage 4%) and finally the consumption
of the load is 5 MVA.
4.2. Simulation considerations
For the simulation of this microgrid, the Matlab program was used, especially the Simulink tool
and its Simscape™ Power Systems tool block. The electrical network was modeled on the examples of
this library and the tool blocks that this program offers. The simulations are done with phasors for better
times of simulation and because this representation facilitates the implementation and calculation of
the three-phase power systems. The network of the project was adapted and presented in Figure 3,
the electric model of the network was proposed and interconnected to run a load flow, this allows to
simulate different scenarios, it was decided to use a time rage of 24 hours where the load flow is run on
three nodes Bus_1 Diesel plant, Bus 2 renewable sources and Bus 3 load and storage systems.
The model of the Matlab example library with simulation for 24 hours, was adapted to correspond to
the network designed for this specific microgrid.
The simulation of the exchange of information is between the storage system and the diesel
plant, since the grid network is modeled as an infinite source and over which there is no control.
Wind power plants and solar energy behave as independent systems or disturbances where it is not
possible to anticipate the energy they will produce. The control strategy consists of keeping
the frequency and voltage on BUS_3 as close as 60 Hz and at 208 VAC. The simulator does not allow
to use an OSI exchange model based on the IEC 61850 standard [20, 21], to replace this concept in
the simulation it is assumed that the information has no delays and that it is exchanged directly, that is,
there is an ideal process bus for the reception and sent information to each controller. The information
was exchanged using global tags, these can be visualized by other components
Due to stability problems in the load flow generated when executing the switch maneuvers
(Transient that occur in the opening or closing maneuvers - TRV), there were some difficulties,
which caused that the program did not find the solution when simulating the load flow. As a solution to
this problem, the maneuvers were disabled, and the switches were removed from the generation sources.
Only the switch associated with the ideal source (Grid) is implemented, which will be controlled to
make the disconnection in the case of island mode
The simulation models are:
a. Mode Island: When the switch associated with the network is opened and the system is working
alone through the generator and renewable sources.
b. Cogeneration: The network is connected, and the controller is modeled to minimize the use of fuel
but maintaining stability in the frequency
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The load is of residential type and two different ways of simulating it were implemented, one as
a constant system and the other with a variable load profile during daylight hours. Profiles were also
generated for the wind and for the sunlight that feed the renewable energies, taking as a base the local
information of the installation through the historical data of the IDEAM and its virtual atlas [22, 23].
Figure 3. Microgrid simulation diagram
4.3. Models for simulation
The choice of generation sources is made by recreating the Colombian scenario, which has
several interconnected and non-interconnected areas that can make use of renewable resources and
could be implemented in these areas in the future.
4.3.1. Diesel plant
The model for the diesel plant is shown in Figure 4(a), it consists of an engine that sends
mechanical power to a synchronous machine, the governor is responsible for regulating the power
according to a control criterion, in this case is the speed of the rotor (associated with frequency).
The parameters of a machine are taken under the norm IEEE recommended practice for excitation
system models for power system stability studies, developed by 𝐺. Sybille (Hydro-Quebec), Tarik
Zabaiou (ETS) - power_machines [24].
The engine is represented inside the governor which generates power that delivers to
the synchronous machine, it also has an excitation system which is responsible for controlling
the voltage of the machine (associated with the amplitude) and power. This model is taken from
the Matlab library and adapted for this simulation. The regulator of the machine has a feedback from
the output of the synchronous machine block and calculates the error, to send the desired torque and
thus close the control loop.
This model has a phasors meter that later is used to decompose the active power (𝑃), reactive
(𝑄) and apparent (𝑆) provided by the system. The calculation of the power used in the simulation
assumes that it is a balanced system, in which by the interposition theorem there is only the positive
sequence for which this calculation method is applied. The Figure 4(b) show the calculation system.
The power factor (angle) is taken from the difference of the angles of the phasors representing
the current and the voltage.
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(a)
(b)
Figure 4. Models for simulation, (a) Simulation model for the diesel plant implemented in matlab,
(b) Calculation of the power based in voltages and currents
4.3.2. Win plant
The wind generator is represented as a cubic relation between the wind and the power output
with a certain efficiency and a fixed reactive power. For the simulation, a velocity profile was generated
based on the averages shown in the IDEAM virtual atlas, where the wind speed increases at nighttime.
For the generator, a simplified system was used, which converts the power of the DC system into
a three-phase power generator balanced in AC; this modeled inverter through a relationship between
the voltages that the system has and the currents that must be injected into the system and the powers in
DC, allows the simulation to be faster and generate the three-phase power in the system with only
knowing the power in DC generated
In order to better approximate the model of the wind farm, the example proposed by Matlab is
implemented, by incorporating a protection over speed of the park, at the moment that the programmed
limit is exceeded, the system cuts the power generation, until the wind speed decrease below
the adjusted value. In the Figure 5 is showing the model that is used to generate an apparent three-phase
power in AC with a desired power in DC [25].
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The power calculated to the network is converted into three-phase power assuming that
the system is balanced, so that only power is generated because it is in zero sequence. Where the three-
phase voltages 𝑉𝑎𝑏 and 𝑉𝑏𝑐 are measured, the positive sequence voltage 𝑉1 is calculated using
the rotation operator "𝑎" (1).
𝑎 = −
1
2
+ 𝑗
√3
2
(1)
Figure 5. Wind plant model
Once you have the three-phase power S for the balanced system, you proceed to calculate
the positive sequence currents 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 that will give the value of the three-phase current generated by
the source. This concept is used throughout the simulation to represent DC to AC power converters.
This model is used to generate an apparent three-phase power in DC with a desired power in DC.
After generator sends the power quantity, the system must adapt the voltage to a value that allows it to
be connected to the transmission network in 13.8 kV simulating the required substation in this type of
plant, it also includes a load that represents the losses and elements consumed by the own systems.
The ideal source is placed so that the system can calculate values of 𝑉𝑎𝑏 and 𝑉𝑏𝑐 as reference at
the beginning of the simulation, see Figure 6.
Figure 6. Electrical connection for the wind plant
In this simulation, the reactive generation capacity is limited, as is the case with wind turbines
in real life. In summary, the implemented model allows:
a. Simulate the trips by over speed.
b. Deliver three-phase power as a relation to wind speed.
c. Limit the reactive power delivered (𝑄)
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4.3.3. Photovoltaic plant
The model for the solar generation plant is composed of a relation between irradiance and
power, where the power is calculated depending on the area to be used and the efficiency of the cells
the concept is shown in Figure 7. With this assumption simplifies the model, assuming that the modules
and arrays of cells are grouped and deliver a DC voltage with a certain power. The output of
the three-phase generator is connected to a load that represents the own services, in addition to the ideal
source for the calculation of the voltages 𝑉𝑎𝑏 and 𝑉𝑏𝑐 shown in Figure 8. This output at 575 V is
raised to 13.8 kV through the elevator transformer, which connects to the network. In this model,
the generation of reagents is also limited. To simulate the electrical behavior of the PV Plant.
Figure 7. Energy storage model based in a matlab example
Figure 8. Electrical connection for the PV plant
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4.3.4. Energy storage
The energy storage system was represented in a set of battery modules, grouped in blocks to
increase the variability, a random function is included to represent in the model that the blocks are in
different states of charge, and the blocks can be randomly in charge and regulation mode. The controller
takes the blocks that are in regulation mode (SOC> 85) and they have power to contribute to
the network, the blocks that are below the limit value, absorb power from the electrical network.
Two different converter blocks are used that represent the system, the first is an AC/DC
converter for the chargers and the second is the DC/AC converters for take energy from the batteries to
the electrical system. The modules have the possibility of being connected or disconnected from
the network through the switch to simulate the connection or disconnection of the storage systems
offering the possibility of switching each battery block and disabling the regulation. The Figure 8(b)
show the storage model.
4.3.5. Residential load
To represent the residential load, two options were taken, the first option allows the simulation
of a constant load and the second allows simulating a variable load profile over time. The second option
is a residential charge that increases consumption at night and reduces in the early morning hours
Figure 9.
Figure 9. Power consumption for a residential load in 24 hours
5. SIMULATION
The microgrid that was implemented for the simulation has two elements that can regulate
the amount of energy delivered to the load, the first element is the Diesel plant and the second is
the energy storage equipment. The source of the electrical network (GRID), although it delivers energy
cannot be regulated, only open or close maneuvers can be carried out controlling with the associated
maneuvering equipment.
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The diesel generator controller informs the other systems of the speed of the rotor (𝜔𝑚), so that
in this case the controller of the storage system can verify the available accumulated energy and initiate
control of the frequency of the network. These two controls work in parallel to keep the network stable.
When the system is in cogeneration reducing the consumption of the network, the governor is
programmed to maintain the stability of the network with the motor to the minimum (𝜔𝑚) 𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 0 and
only regulating reagents, which makes the generator only work in cooperation with the storage system
in cases where the network presents events that may destabilize the micro network, in this case,
the plant contributes reagents to the network and complements what is consumed to maintain
the stability of the frequency.
In island mode simulation, the microgrid behaves like a weak network; that means, it has small
generation sources sensitive to power oscillations, this makes the system very sensitive and exposed to
instabilities when loads behave very dynamically. In this case, the plant controller must send
the necessary commands to try to maintain the stability of the network. In parallel, the controller of
the storage system verifies the behavior of the frequency (𝜔𝑚) and provides energy to keep the system
stable. They are basically two controllers working in parallel to keep the frequency within the operating
range. Variations in the active power mainly affect the frequency of the system. Variations in reactive
power are less sensitive to changes in frequency and locally affect the magnitude of the voltage [6].
The main regulator in this mode is the governor of the machine that tries to maintain
the frequency by supplying power to the network. The design of this type of regulators is basically
based on PD controllers, the recommended regulator was implemented as IEEE recommended [24]. It is
show in Figure 10, the parameters of a machine are taken under the IEEE standard Recommended
Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies, developed by 𝐺. Sybille
(Hydro-Quebec), Tarik Zabaiou (ETS) - power machines. Adjustments were made to avoid overshoots
and minor adjustments for the specific load to adjust the parameters to the size of the network and
the load [26]. In cogeneration mode the parameters of the governor are modified to try to maintain
the stability of the network by reducing the fuel consumption of the machine but keeping the frequency
in a stable state. It seeks to maintain the lowest contribution of the machine to the network by taking
energy from renewable energies and the electricity grid.
Figure 10. Controls for the microgrid
5.1. Models for simulation
This simulation focus on representing the non-interconnected areas of Colombia such as Puerto
Carreño, Vichada. Scenarios were executed where the power contributed by the network was modified,
the load profile was modified. For others the battery regulation systems were turned off or on. This flexibility
gives the opportunity to develop different scenarios of simulation. They are planted as critical scenarios to
analyze
a. System disconnected from the network, Island mode with variable load.
b. System disconnected from the network, with regulation by batteries and variable load.
c. System connected to the network, with regulation by batteries and variable load to minimize the power of
the plant, decreasing the consumption of the diesel plant.
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The simulation runs in a time interval of 24h and with phasor values to optimize the execution time.
Approximately 5 minutes per stage. At the beginning of the day, the simulated load is 4 MVA, where wind
energy has two crests of 1.5 MVA generation. In this period of time, the diesel plant assumes the load of
the system [27, 28].
The Figure 11 shows the apparent power (S in MVA) of the system for each of the sources in
the network. The total apparent power generated is represented in green, the power provided by the Diesel
plant in yellow, the wind farm in blue, the photovoltaic park in red. In this simulation, there is no external
network power, that is, it is an island mode simulation.
The simulation runs in a time interval of 24 hours and with phasor values to optimize the execution
time. Approximately 5 minutes per stage. At the beginning of the day, the simulated load is 4 MVA,
where wind energy has two crests of 1.5 MVA generation. In this period of time, the diesel plant assumes
the load of the system. The photovoltaic energy only begins to contribute from 8 a.m. in the morning
(2.8 ×104 in 𝑥) and reaches its peak at noon. There is a cloudiness at 10 a.m., its maximum power is 1 MVA.
In the afternoon hours (60×104
) the load is increased, and the generation reaches its maximum peak of
6 MVA. At 10 o'clock at night a trip of the electric plant is presented due to excessive wind speed,
this generates a significant fall and oscillation in the stability of the network.
Figure 11. Apparent power simulation result (S) in 24h
5.2. Island mode
Figure 12(a) shows the result of the sum for apparent power (S in MVA) that the system generates,
in the center is the graph that represents, the power demanded by the load and in the last box the figure show
what is generated what is demanded by the load. The difference between the two curves is given by the loads
that represent the losses in the lines or transformation equipment and services of each of the generation
sources. The load curve is residential, and its lower limit is 2.8 MVA and greater limit is more than
5.2 MVA.
The controller manages to maintain the load despite the variations in the wind and solar renewable
energy plants. Maintains the stability of the system. The biggest disturbance occurs with the 2 MVA shed
that is produced by the excess of speed of the wind at 10 p.m. (8 x104 in 𝑥 axis). Some peaks are show for
this cause in the sum of power, however, the controller manages to maintain the stability of the network [29].
The generator maintains a production of approximately 4 MVA. The scenery show in the Figure 13 of
the simulation does not have the energy storage system since it had as objective to show the stability of
the network and the over peaks in the case of load shedding. These over peaks are shown in the Figure 12(b)
where their greatest differences with the reference occur, in the moment where increases of instantaneous
charges or the power supplies are affected by natural phenomenon that occur with the cloudiness of
the photovoltaic cells and with the shutdown of the wind farm by over speed (3.8x104 and 8 x104 in 𝑥),
despite these the stability are maintained between 0.08 Hz.
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(a)
(b)
Figure 12. Results island mode, (a) apparent power simulation result (S) in 24h,
(b) system in mode interconnected with the storage system, generators, and load
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5.3. Interconnected mode
In this case the governor and exciter of the machine should try to keep the machine at a value no
higher than 2 MVA, with which the consumption must be reduced by operating at a lower load point.
The machine is intended to regulate the Apparent power of the network. The results are shown in Figure 13
the generator power only exceeds the target value of 2 MVA at the moments of greatest demand. Overpasses
are made, in this case the fluctuations of the wind farm. The electrical network (Grid) in violet color has
a behavior similar to the load, but the plant is responsible for regulating the stability of the network in times
of rapid changes where the grid is insufficient. The grid goes to load the storage system for a greater extent
and the diesel plant behaves is much smoother in the interconnection mode with the network [30].
The charge and discharge regulator of the network put some instabilities in the network show as
jumps slightly softer than in the interconnected mode. However, the controller is being able to charge faster
and demand more energy without affecting the frequency and therefore the load. The controller manages to
maintain the frequency in the operation points, with an error of less than 1%, in the cases of the overshoots of
the loads or the heaviest changes. The most critical points of operation of the system mode connected are
show in the Figure 13, upper box island mode without energy storage, down box in with energy storage.
The frequency regulation keeps the values within less than 0.01Hz of error, behaving in an adequate
way to the expected. The power remains stable and the frequency regulation system manages to operate
the network in island mode and with more complex scenarios such as cogeneration, with or without storage
systems. The frequency oscillates in load shedding. The peaks are compensated by the batteries and decrease
(0.009 to 0.004 Pu). Although the oscillations by battery charging processes increase throughout the day.
Figure 13. Frequency variation with the system connected island mode without storage (up)
vs Frequency variation with the connected island mode with storage (down)
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6. RESULTS
The plant manages to compensate the variability of renewable energies the load is variable,
and the load flow remains stable There are losses in the system of almost 1MVA, representing the lines,
transformation systems and auxiliary power consumption. With power greater than 6 MVA in renewable
plants it is not possible to regulate the frequency. If the storage system is tun on the systems show a vary over
time, there are batteries in charge and others in discharge. The peaks due to load discharges are larger (20%)
when being fed by the batteries, to keep the frequency stable. The Diesel screen is placed to work at 2MVA,
minimizing the frequency 𝑤𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 0, to decrease the contribution of the plant. The network sends power to
the network (violet).The operation of the plant is much more stable and the electrical network compensates
for what the load needs.The sources manage to maintain the load balance.The frequency oscillates in load
shedding. The peaks are compensated by the batteries and decrease (0.009 to 0.004 Pu). Although
the oscillations by battery charging processes increase throughout the day
7. CONCLUSION
The simulated model allowed to study the effects of the network in island mode and in
interconnected mode, showing the imbalances that can be obtained by integrating renewable energies and
storage systems. The proposal with renewable energy sources integrated into the network in alternating
current, allowed a modeling of phenomena that occur in the existing network; however, the load flow may
not converge if there are many harmonics and power oscillations due to the maneuver of equipment such as
switches, so the control cannot be based only on maneuvering equipment and it is suggested on the regulators
of voltage and power of each source.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Universidad Militar Nueva Granada Military, which through its Vice
chancellor for research finances.
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