This document provides information about sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis for determining the grain size distribution of soils. Sieve analysis is used to analyze the distribution of gravel and sand size particles, while hydrometer analysis is used for silt and clay size particles too small to be analyzed by sieves. The document describes the basic procedures and equipment used for each type of analysis, including stacking sieves of decreasing size and agitating soil-water suspensions to measure particle sedimentation rates. Combined sieve and hydrometer analysis can determine the full grain size distribution of soils containing particles of various sizes.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
index properties of soil, Those properties of soil which are used in the identification and classification of soil are known as INDEX PROPERTIES
Water content
Specific gravity
In-situ density
Particle size
Consistency
Relative Density
Subject: soil mechanic
Grain Size Analysis Test
Experiment No: 2
*Prepared by;
Rezhwan Hama Karim
*University Of Halabja
*Civil Engineering Department
Contents:
Introduction
References
Purpose of this experiment
Materials and equipment
Procedure
Data analysis
Calculation
Discussion
Conclusion
Introduction
Grain size analysis is a typical laboratory test conducted in the soil mechanics field. The purpose of the analysis is to derive the particle size distribution of soils. A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil engineering) to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.
Standard References:-
ASTM D 422-standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils.
Purpose of this experiment
This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil. The mechanical or sieve analysis performed to determine the distribution of the coarser, larger-sized particles, and the hydrometer method is used the distribution of the finer particles.
Procedure:
First of all we found weight of each sieve as well as the bottom pan and we wrote it to use it in the analysis.
And we found the weight of the given dry soil sample and recorded it.
Then we checked all the sieves to make sure that all of sieves are clean, and assembled them in the ascending order of sieve numbers (#4 sieve at top and #200 sieve at bottom). And we placed the pan below #200 sieve. Carefully we poured the soil sample into the top sieve and place the cap over it.
After that we placed the sieve stack in the mechanical shaker and shack it for 10 minutes.
Finally we removed the stack from the shaker and carefully weighted and recorded the weight of each sieve with its retained soil. Weighted and recorded the weight of the bottom pan with its retained fine soil.
Discussion:
In this test we learn how to find grain size of the soil and how to classify it with comparing to ASTMD standards.
By using gradation curve and our table since F200 (1.55%) <50%, this mean our soil type should be Gravel or Sand.
R4 (22.2%)<12 R200(98.45%)=49.25 and this should be sand.
F200 (1.55%) <%5 so this should be SW or SP.
Our Cu>=6 but our Cg is not between 1 and 3 so our soil is SP.
%gravel (22.2%)>=15%so our soil is SP with gravel.
Conclusion:
In this test we are learn how to fined particle size distribution and classified our soil sample with ASTM D standard which we notice that our soil is poorly grained sand with gravel due to our comparing with ASTMD standard and we drew a particle-size distribution for our sample which is our curve well graded because it take a lot of particle sizes of our soil sample. This test we didn’t have many of sieve numbers this result to this 4.3
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Site investigation for multistorey buildingKiran Birdi
Preliminary and Detailed Investigation of Site.
It is done to check whether the site is feasible for Multistorey Building or not.
In this, I have calculated the Bearing Capacity of Soil by performing SPT.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Astm designation c 136 for fine aggregatesMuhammad Ahmad
Sieve Analysis for Fine Aggregate as per ASTM. Slides contain all the relevant data and steps that would be required for the performance of sieve analysis of fine aggregates.
This presentation covers the topic of particle size classification, dry sieve analysis, wet sieve analysis, sedimentation analysis, stokes law, methods of sedimentation analysis, Indian Standard Soil classification system.
index properties of soil, Those properties of soil which are used in the identification and classification of soil are known as INDEX PROPERTIES
Water content
Specific gravity
In-situ density
Particle size
Consistency
Relative Density
Subject: soil mechanic
Grain Size Analysis Test
Experiment No: 2
*Prepared by;
Rezhwan Hama Karim
*University Of Halabja
*Civil Engineering Department
Contents:
Introduction
References
Purpose of this experiment
Materials and equipment
Procedure
Data analysis
Calculation
Discussion
Conclusion
Introduction
Grain size analysis is a typical laboratory test conducted in the soil mechanics field. The purpose of the analysis is to derive the particle size distribution of soils. A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil engineering) to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction of the whole mass.
Standard References:-
ASTM D 422-standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils.
Purpose of this experiment
This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil. The mechanical or sieve analysis performed to determine the distribution of the coarser, larger-sized particles, and the hydrometer method is used the distribution of the finer particles.
Procedure:
First of all we found weight of each sieve as well as the bottom pan and we wrote it to use it in the analysis.
And we found the weight of the given dry soil sample and recorded it.
Then we checked all the sieves to make sure that all of sieves are clean, and assembled them in the ascending order of sieve numbers (#4 sieve at top and #200 sieve at bottom). And we placed the pan below #200 sieve. Carefully we poured the soil sample into the top sieve and place the cap over it.
After that we placed the sieve stack in the mechanical shaker and shack it for 10 minutes.
Finally we removed the stack from the shaker and carefully weighted and recorded the weight of each sieve with its retained soil. Weighted and recorded the weight of the bottom pan with its retained fine soil.
Discussion:
In this test we learn how to find grain size of the soil and how to classify it with comparing to ASTMD standards.
By using gradation curve and our table since F200 (1.55%) <50%, this mean our soil type should be Gravel or Sand.
R4 (22.2%)<12 R200(98.45%)=49.25 and this should be sand.
F200 (1.55%) <%5 so this should be SW or SP.
Our Cu>=6 but our Cg is not between 1 and 3 so our soil is SP.
%gravel (22.2%)>=15%so our soil is SP with gravel.
Conclusion:
In this test we are learn how to fined particle size distribution and classified our soil sample with ASTM D standard which we notice that our soil is poorly grained sand with gravel due to our comparing with ASTMD standard and we drew a particle-size distribution for our sample which is our curve well graded because it take a lot of particle sizes of our soil sample. This test we didn’t have many of sieve numbers this result to this 4.3
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Site investigation for multistorey buildingKiran Birdi
Preliminary and Detailed Investigation of Site.
It is done to check whether the site is feasible for Multistorey Building or not.
In this, I have calculated the Bearing Capacity of Soil by performing SPT.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Astm designation c 136 for fine aggregatesMuhammad Ahmad
Sieve Analysis for Fine Aggregate as per ASTM. Slides contain all the relevant data and steps that would be required for the performance of sieve analysis of fine aggregates.
This presentation covers the topic of particle size classification, dry sieve analysis, wet sieve analysis, sedimentation analysis, stokes law, methods of sedimentation analysis, Indian Standard Soil classification system.
Soil texture is the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay in a soil. Texture is considered to be a permanent characteristic of a soil since weathering only very slowly changes particle size. Furthermore, cultivation and other management practices do not alter the sizes of individual soil particles. In some cases, however, erosion or deposition may rapidly alter the particle size distribution.
Texture is an important property of soils because particle size determines the surface area of solids per unit volume or mass of soil. Texture also influences the pore size distribution in soil. A sandy soil is dominated by large individual soil particles and, therefore, has a relatively small total surface area and large pore spaces between soil particles. At the other extreme, a clay soil consists of tiny individual particles and has a large total surface area but small pore spaces. However, small soil particles tend to be associated with one another to form aggregates of soil particles. Thus, the pore space in a clay soil consists of small intra aggregate pores and much larger inter aggregate pores. In fact, the total volume of pore space per unit volume of soil (porosity) of a sandy soil is actually smaller than the porosity of a clay soil.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
1. S I E V E
A N A L Y S I S
H Y D R O M E T E R
T E S T
İ B R A H İ M A Y H A N
2. Soil Classification categorizes soils according to their probable engineering
behavior. By knowing the soil classification, the engineer already has a fairly
good idea of the way the soil will behave during construction. However, a soil
classification does not eliminate the need for detailed testing for enginnering
properties.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
4. A soil consists of particles of various shapes, sizes, and quantity. The grain size
analysis divides these particles into size groups and determines their relative
proportions by weight. Grain size analysis is a basic laboratory test required to
identify soils in engineering soil classification systems.
The engineering soil classification systems divide soil particles on the basis of size
İnto categories- boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand, silt and clay.
Soil particles have sizes ranging from greater than 200 mm down to less than
0.002 mm.
PRINCIPLES OF GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
5. BOULDERS
CLAY
SİLT
SAND
GRAVEL
COBBLES
diameter > 256 mm
CLASSIFICATION
OF
SOIL*
diameter = 64-256 mm
diameter = 2-64 mm
diameter = 0.063-2 mm
diameter = 0.002-0.063 mm
diameter < 0.002 mm
*according to particle size
6. Natural soils are often made of a mixture of particles that do not
fall entirely within only one of these size ranges covering two or more categories.
Therefore, the grain distribution within the various size categories is generally
repsented by using cumulative distribution of statistics.
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE
7. In geotechnical engineering, particle size analyses are useful for various practical
applications, ranging from the selection of fill and aggregate materials, to road
construction, drainage, filters and grouting.
8. There are two separate procedures for obtaining the grain size distribution of soils:
Sieve analysis and sedimentation analysis.
Sieve analysis is used for gravel and sand-size particles but cannot be used for silt-
and clay- size particles.(fine-grained soils with grain size smaller than 0.075 mm)
A sedimentation procedure(e.g., hydrometer, pipette, buoyancy analysis) is used
for fine grained soils.
Sieve and hydrometer analyses are combined to define the grain size distribution
of soils having fine and coarse grains.
TYPES OF GRAIN SIZE ANALYSES
10. The sieve analysis determines the grain size distribution curve of soil samples
by passing them through a stack of sieves of decreasing mesh opening sizes
and by measuring the weight retained on each sieve.
The sieve analysis is generally applied to the soil fraction larger than 0.075
mm.
O B J E C T I V E1
11. Series of standard sieves with
openings ranging from 7.5 cm to
0.075 mm, including a cover plate and
bottom pan. Sieves are generally
constructed of wire screens with
square openings of standard size.
E Q U I P M E N T2
2
3
1
Sieve shake
Balances sensitive to 0.1 g
Series of standard
sieves
Soft wire brush
Mortar and pestle
4
5
12. Typical stack of sieves
The stack of sieves is mounted on a mechanical shaker
13. The material to be tested is first air dried. Aggregations or lumps are
thoroughly broken up with the fingers or with the mortar and pestle.The
specimen to be tested should be large enough to be representative of the soil
in the field. It should also be small enough not to overload sieves.
PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMPLE
14. There are two different procedures for dry and wet sievings. Wet sieving is used
when the small particles aggregate and form hard lumps.
DRY SIEVING
1. Oven dry the sample, allow it cool and measure its weight.
2. Select a stack of sieves suitable to the soil being tested. A stack of six or
seven sieves is generally sufficient for most soils and applications. The top sieve
should have an opening slightly larger than the largest particles. Arrange the
stack of sieves so that the largest mesh opening is at the top and smallest is at
the bottom.
P R O C E D U R E3
15. 3. Attach a pan at the bottom of the sieve stack. Pour the sample on the top sieve,
add a cover plate to avoid dust and loss of particles while shaking
4. Place the stack of sieves in the mechanical shaker and shake for about 10 min.
5. Remove the stack of sieves from the shaker. Beginnig with the top seive,
transfer its contents to a piece of paper. Carefully empty the sieve without losing
any material, and use a brush to remove grains stuck in its mesh opening.
Measure the weight of soil retained in each sieve and note that the
corresponding sieve mesh opening and number.
6. Repeat step 5 for each sieve.
20. Hydrometer analysis defines the grain size distribution curve of soils that are
too fine to be tested with sieves. Hydrometer analysis sorts soil particles by
size using the physical process of sedimentation.The grain size is calculated
from the distance of sedimentation of soil particles.The percent by weight
finer is determined by measuring the unit weight of the soil-fluid suspension.
The principle of hydrometer analysis is based on Stokes’ law. It assumes that
dispersed soil particles of various shapes and sizes fall in water under their
own weight as non-interacting spheres.
If soil samples have particle sizes ranging from sand to silt or clay, sieving and
hydrometer analysis are combined.
1
21. 2
Soil hydrometer 1
Dispersion apparatus
a high-speed mechanicel stirrer
equipped with an electric motor. The
dispersion apparatus disperses the
mixture of soil, chemicals and water.
2
Two sedimentation
cylinders of glass
essentially 45 cm high and 6.6 cm in
diameter, marked for a volume of
1000mL.
3
Glass rod
about 12 mm in diameter and
about 400 mm long.
4
Thermometer
ranging from 0 to 50 C .
5
Balance accurate to 0.01 g7
Stopwatch6
Measuring cylinder, 100mL8
500 mL of hydrogen peroxide9
3 L of distilled or
demineralized water10
23. 1. The test specimen is obtained from the fraction of soil sample that is smaller
than 0.075 mm. The approximate weight of the dry specimen may be selected
as shown in table below.
30.0fat clays
50.0silty soils
dry weight(g)soil type
PREPARATION AND PRETREATMENT OF SAMPLE
24. 2. Organic soils must be treated with chemicals to remove organic matter. The
organic matter is removed from soils by oxidation and is accomplished by
mixing the soil sample with a solution of 30% hydrogen peroxide.
3. Very fine soil grains will normally tend to flocculate in a suspension(i.e., will
adhere to each other and settle together). A dispersing agent is added to all
samples to prevent grains from flocculating. A 0.125 L quantity of stock
solution o sodium hexametaphosphate(40 g/L) is usually sufficient to disperse
most soils.
25. The test procedure consists of the following steps:
1. Determine the dispersing agent correction Cd and the meniscus correction Cm
2. Measure the specific gravity of solids Gs
3. Transfer the soil-water slurry from the dish to a dispersion cup, washing any
residue from the dish with distilled water. Place the cup in dispersing machine
and disperse the suspension for 1 to 10 min.
4. Transfer the suspension into a 1000-mL sedimentation cylinder and add
distilled water to fill the 1000-mL cylinder.
5. About 1 min before starting the test, take the graduate in one hand and, using
the palm of the other and or a suitable rubber cap as a stopper, shake the
suspension vigorusly for a few seconds to mix the sediment at the bottom of
the graduate into a uniform suspension. Repeat this agitation several times
by turning the cylinder upside down.Sustain a uniform suspension until the
test begins.
3
26. 6. Slowly immerse the hydrometer in the liquid 20 to 25 s before each reading.
Immerse and remove it very slowly, to prevent disturbance of the suspension.
7. Record the hydrometer reading after 1 and 2 min has elapsed from the time
agitation has stopped. As soon as the 2-min reading has been taken, carefully
remove the hydrometer from the suspension and place it in clean water. If a
hydrometer is left in a soil suspension too long, material will settle on or
adhere to the hydrometer bulb, and this will cause a significant error in the
reading. Insert the hydrometer in suspension again and record after 4,15,
30,60,120,240, and 1240 min.
8. At the end of 2 min and after each hyrometer reading, record the water
temperature. Temperature changes of the soil suspension during the test affect
test results.