This document describes a design project for a 4-cylinder 4-stroke inline engine. It includes the engine specifications, CAD sketches of components like the piston and crankshaft, performance results from a 2-liter displacement, a crank-phase diagram showing the firing order of 0-180-180-0 degrees, calculations of shaking forces and torques due to inertia forces, and plots of gas force and gas torque obtained from engine software. The document provides details on the technical aspects of the engine design that was analyzed for the graduate-level project.
This document summarizes an engine design project for a 2003 Ford Focus 4-cylinder inline engine. It provides key specifications of the engine, including a displacement volume of 2 liters. CAD sketches show the piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft. The firing order is specified as 0-180-180-0, which results in a mirror symmetric configuration that balances primary forces and moments. Graphs are planned to show gas pressure, force, and torque variations over the engine cycle. Further work includes calculating inertia torque, secondary forces and moments, harmonic balancing, and alternative firing orders.
Internal Combustion Engine Fundamental ConceptsHassan Raza
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineering students during their Internal Combustion Course. Students belong to a very prestigious Engineering institute of Pakistan "University of Engineering and Technology Lahore"
Study and performance analysis of combustion chamber usingGyanendra Awasthi
This document summarizes a study of combustion chamber simulation using ANSYS. It discusses:
1) The team designed the combustion chamber geometry in CATIA and imported it into ANSYS for analysis.
2) They performed simulations of swirl and tumble flow in the chamber to analyze air flow and turbulence.
3) The results showed increasing velocity and turbulence with higher valve lift up to a point, beyond which more turbulence is undesirable.
This document discusses technologies to reduce diesel emissions from vehicles, including combustion technologies like improved fuel injection systems, aftertreatment technologies like particulate traps, and alternative fuels like biodiesel. It also provides emission standards for passenger cars and heavy diesel vehicles in India from 1991 to the present Bharat stages. The document defines terms like volumetric efficiency and describes engine components like turbochargers and superchargers that improve air intake. It also discusses the difference between an engine's power and torque outputs and how they relate to vehicle performance.
This document provides a summary of key concepts related to internal combustion engines (ICEs). It discusses the basic components and operating principles of ICEs, including intake and exhaust systems, valves, combustion process, and conversion of reciprocating motion to rotation via a crank mechanism. It also defines and explains important engine performance parameters such as power, thermal efficiency, mean effective pressure, specific fuel consumption, and different types of engine efficiencies. Examples of related calculations are provided.
Volumetric efficiency calculating your cars volumetric efficiencyZulkarnian Nasrulllah
1) Volumetric efficiency is a measurement of how close the actual air flow into an engine is to the theoretical maximum air flow, given the engine's displacement. It is affected by various losses within the engine.
2) To calculate a car's volumetric efficiency, one must log engine speed, mass air flow rate, and intake air temperature data using a scan tool. These values are used to find actual air flow, which is divided by theoretical air flow to yield a percentage for volumetric efficiency.
3) Theoretical air flow is calculated based on engine displacement, maximum rpm, and whether it is a 2-stroke or 4-stroke engine. Actual air flow comes from mass air flow rate multiplied by air
This webinar introduces engineering concepts related to energy conversion cycles and compressible flow. It covers the Carnot, Brayton, Otto and Diesel cycles, discussing their schematics, T-s and p-V diagrams, assumptions, and performance trends. It also examines the components of these cycles including compression, combustion and expansion processes. Finally, it reviews compressible flow concepts such as nozzles, diffusers and thrust, as well as the assumptions and governing equations used in the analysis. The webinar aims to familiarize engineering students and professionals with basic energy conversion engineering and performance trends when air is considered the working fluid.
A mathematical model for cement kilns c i-rcle - university of british ( p...mkpq pasha
The document presents a mathematical model for cement kilns developed by Pirooz Darabi. The model consists of two parts: (1) a 1-D model for material and temperature evolution within the kiln bed, and (2) a tire combustion model that assumes tire burning occurs in two steps of devolatilization and char combustion. Numerical simulations were conducted to simulate industrial cement kilns under steady-state conditions and kilns co-firing tires. The model provides a better understanding of important kiln processes and can be used to address operational problems and optimize designs. It was concluded that successful firing of tires can lead to a more economical and environmentally friendly kiln.
This document summarizes an engine design project for a 2003 Ford Focus 4-cylinder inline engine. It provides key specifications of the engine, including a displacement volume of 2 liters. CAD sketches show the piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft. The firing order is specified as 0-180-180-0, which results in a mirror symmetric configuration that balances primary forces and moments. Graphs are planned to show gas pressure, force, and torque variations over the engine cycle. Further work includes calculating inertia torque, secondary forces and moments, harmonic balancing, and alternative firing orders.
Internal Combustion Engine Fundamental ConceptsHassan Raza
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineering students during their Internal Combustion Course. Students belong to a very prestigious Engineering institute of Pakistan "University of Engineering and Technology Lahore"
Study and performance analysis of combustion chamber usingGyanendra Awasthi
This document summarizes a study of combustion chamber simulation using ANSYS. It discusses:
1) The team designed the combustion chamber geometry in CATIA and imported it into ANSYS for analysis.
2) They performed simulations of swirl and tumble flow in the chamber to analyze air flow and turbulence.
3) The results showed increasing velocity and turbulence with higher valve lift up to a point, beyond which more turbulence is undesirable.
This document discusses technologies to reduce diesel emissions from vehicles, including combustion technologies like improved fuel injection systems, aftertreatment technologies like particulate traps, and alternative fuels like biodiesel. It also provides emission standards for passenger cars and heavy diesel vehicles in India from 1991 to the present Bharat stages. The document defines terms like volumetric efficiency and describes engine components like turbochargers and superchargers that improve air intake. It also discusses the difference between an engine's power and torque outputs and how they relate to vehicle performance.
This document provides a summary of key concepts related to internal combustion engines (ICEs). It discusses the basic components and operating principles of ICEs, including intake and exhaust systems, valves, combustion process, and conversion of reciprocating motion to rotation via a crank mechanism. It also defines and explains important engine performance parameters such as power, thermal efficiency, mean effective pressure, specific fuel consumption, and different types of engine efficiencies. Examples of related calculations are provided.
Volumetric efficiency calculating your cars volumetric efficiencyZulkarnian Nasrulllah
1) Volumetric efficiency is a measurement of how close the actual air flow into an engine is to the theoretical maximum air flow, given the engine's displacement. It is affected by various losses within the engine.
2) To calculate a car's volumetric efficiency, one must log engine speed, mass air flow rate, and intake air temperature data using a scan tool. These values are used to find actual air flow, which is divided by theoretical air flow to yield a percentage for volumetric efficiency.
3) Theoretical air flow is calculated based on engine displacement, maximum rpm, and whether it is a 2-stroke or 4-stroke engine. Actual air flow comes from mass air flow rate multiplied by air
This webinar introduces engineering concepts related to energy conversion cycles and compressible flow. It covers the Carnot, Brayton, Otto and Diesel cycles, discussing their schematics, T-s and p-V diagrams, assumptions, and performance trends. It also examines the components of these cycles including compression, combustion and expansion processes. Finally, it reviews compressible flow concepts such as nozzles, diffusers and thrust, as well as the assumptions and governing equations used in the analysis. The webinar aims to familiarize engineering students and professionals with basic energy conversion engineering and performance trends when air is considered the working fluid.
A mathematical model for cement kilns c i-rcle - university of british ( p...mkpq pasha
The document presents a mathematical model for cement kilns developed by Pirooz Darabi. The model consists of two parts: (1) a 1-D model for material and temperature evolution within the kiln bed, and (2) a tire combustion model that assumes tire burning occurs in two steps of devolatilization and char combustion. Numerical simulations were conducted to simulate industrial cement kilns under steady-state conditions and kilns co-firing tires. The model provides a better understanding of important kiln processes and can be used to address operational problems and optimize designs. It was concluded that successful firing of tires can lead to a more economical and environmentally friendly kiln.
This document outlines the aim, literature review, problem formulation, and initial study of a project on the thermostructural design of a four-stroke internal combustion (IC) engine. The aim is to understand the effects of piston shape and fin parameters on structural strength and heat transfer rate using finite element analysis. An existing 150cc engine will be modeled and optimized. The literature review covers piston and fin design considerations as well as materials. The problem formulation describes modeling pistons and fins in CAD and analyzing them using FEA. The initial study models flat, concave, and convex pistons as well as different fin configurations to analyze stress and heat transfer.
MECHANICAL PROJECT LIST (UNIGRAPHICS & HEPERMESH & CATIA)Vision Solutions
Vision Solutions provides engineering consulting services from three locations in India. It specializes in structural analysis using finite element analysis software. The document lists 14 past project abstracts focused on analyzing mechanical components and structures using modeling, meshing, and solving software like CATIA, ANSYS, and HyperMesh. The projects cover areas like centrifugal blowers, propellers, heat exchangers, nozzles, engine blocks, turbine blades, gears, pistons, brake rotors, drive shafts, connecting rods, valve trains, leaf springs, and ball mills.
AAF UK designed, manufactured and tested equipment to provide the most dependable complex clean air filtration solution for the Combustion Intake System for a Rolls-Royce Gas Turbine power generation units for Oil and Gas applications.
Vibration analysis of centrifugal blower impeller for various materials using...eSAT Publishing House
This document presents a vibration analysis of a centrifugal blower impeller made of different materials using finite element analysis. A centrifugal blower impeller model was created in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS for three materials: steel, aluminum, and glass/epoxy composite. The analysis found that glass/epoxy composite had the lowest mass and equivalent stress but highest total and directional deformation compared to steel and aluminum. Steel and aluminum showed similar natural frequencies while glass/epoxy frequencies were much lower. Glass/epoxy also showed the highest deformational amplitude versus frequency. The study aims to evaluate materials for centrifugal blower impellers.
The document provides details of the structural design of Hotel Louisiana. It includes calculations for loads, modeling in Risa software, slab design, beams and stirrups, reinforcement bars, columns, and checking for deflection and drift. Key aspects of the design are loads were assumed for one wind direction, floors were designed similarly, and beams, columns, and reinforcement sizing were determined using equations accounting for loads and code requirements. The design was checked against code limits for deflection, drift, and other factors and found to meet ACI standards.
Dynamic Modeling and Simulation on GE90 Enginetheijes
1) A dynamic model of the GE90 turbofan engine was developed using MATLAB/Simulink software to simulate engine performance and predict on-design characteristics.
2) The model includes components like the fan, compressors, combustor, turbines and nozzle. Transient behavior was modeled using plenum volumes and shaft inertias.
3) Simulation results for various parameters like pressures, temperatures, mass flows and thrust were obtained. Comparisons to GE test data showed good agreement within around 5-10% error, validating the dynamic model.
Engineering webinar material dealing with simple and basic Brayton Cycle and power cycle components/processes and their T - s diagrams, ideal and real operation and major performance trends when air is considered as the working fluid.
Ali Hashemi Sohi -AVIMA10-Mater thesis-New aero engine concepts1Ali Sohi
This document provides a summary and comparison of new aero-engine concepts from an economic and environmental perspective. It analyzes three case studies: the GE GEnx-1B64 vs Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 engines for wide-body aircraft, the PW1100G vs CFM Leap engines for narrow-body aircraft, and future engine concepts like counter-rotating propfan and intercooled recuperative engines. Key factors like acquisition costs, fuel efficiency, and maintenance costs are evaluated for each case study based on engine specifications and technologies. The document concludes that continuous technical development is needed to meet demands while novel technologies and future engine concepts deserve further investigation.
The piston in an engine converts chemical energy from fuel burning into mechanical energy. It transfers energy to the crankshaft via the connecting rod. The piston ring provides a seal between the piston and cylinder. Pistons must withstand high pressures and temperatures while being strong yet lightweight. They are typically made of aluminum alloys or cast iron. The design of a piston considers factors like strength, weight, sealing, heat dispersion, and tolerating thermal and mechanical stresses.
This document describes mathematical models for simulating the temperature fields of gas turbine blades during convective cooling. It presents boundary integral equation methods (BIEM) and finite difference methods (FDM) for calculating the stationary and quasi-stationary temperature distribution on a blade profile with radial cooling channels. The BIEM approach formulates the problem as a system of boundary integral equations involving temperature values and heat transfer coefficients on the blade surface and cooling channel boundaries. Numerical methods are developed to solve these equations, including discrete logarithmic potential operators and non-uniform surface discretizations. The reliability of the proposed methods is confirmed through computational and experimental analysis of heat transfer for a gas turbine nozzle blade.
HEV Modelling & Optimization_Deepak_PraveenPraveen S R
1. The document discusses modeling and optimizing a 2015 Honda Accord hybrid vehicle.
2. It involves analyzing existing test data to determine the vehicle's control strategy, modeling the vehicle for a 1.4 UDDS test cycle, and optimizing the parallel mode region.
3. The optimization aims to modify the speed and torque of the parallel mode region in the highway test cycle data to deduce an improvement in miles per gallon.
The turbo machine is an energy conversion device which converts mechanical energy to kinetic/pressure energy or vice versa. The conversion is done through the dynamic interaction between a continuously flowing fluid and rotating machine component. Turbo machines comprise various types of fans, blowers, compressors, pumps, turbines etc. More and more experimental research work is available in the field of turbo machine design and its evaluation. Literature review has revealed that a few literatures are available on three dimensional numerical analysis of a centrifugal fan/blower. Literature review in present work is highly focused on centrifugal blower and use of CFD techniques in turbo machines. In this course of work, input parameters and design parameters of centrifugal blower is obtained as per church and Osborne design methodology developed by Kinnari Shah, PROF. NitinVibhakar. Fluid model is made as per this design data in PRO-E SOFTWARE. And this fluid model is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach in ANSYS (CFX). Numerical analysis carried out in this work is to understand the flow characteristics at design and off-design conditions under varying mass flow rates, varying rotational speeds and number of blades in both design methodology. This numerical analysis is under consideration of steady flow and for rotational domain (frozen rotor interference) is used. Performance curves are obtained under different variable inlet parameters like volume flow rate, rotational speed and number of impeller blades. Here mass flow rate as a inlet boundary condition and static pressure as a outlet boundary condition. Volume flow rate is changed by changing the mass flow rate at inlet. Overall work carried out on flow behaviour and performance graphs for different cases are discussed in length in results and discussions chapter. Comparative evaluation of two design method indicates that error in static pressure gradient is higher in Osborne design rather than church design, and performance parameters are better for church design than the Osborne design.
This document provides formulas and explanations for key parameters in centrifugal pump performance including head, flow rate, power, efficiency, specific speed, suction specific speed, and affinity laws. These formulas and concepts are used to evaluate pump performance, troubleshoot issues, estimate operating points, protect from cavitation, select suitable seals, and implement control systems. Symbols are defined for pressure, power, flow rate, speed, voltage, current, and efficiency.
1. Horsepower is defined as the amount of energy required to lift 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute. Indicated horsepower is the power developed in the engine cylinder but does not represent the actual useful power delivered. Brake horsepower is the actual power delivered by the engine to the drive shaft after subtracting friction horsepower.
2. Effective horsepower is the final power delivered to equipment and should only be about 25% less than indicated horsepower. Friction power is the power absorbed by the engine to generate itself without a load. Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of brake horsepower to indicated horsepower multiplied by 100.
3. Drawbar power is the power available at the rear hitch of
ECFanGrid Whitepaper: Technical Information about paralleling fans.
more info at: http://ecfangrid.ca
Contents:
1 How-To–Select a Rosenberg ECFanGrid ....................... 1
2 How-To–Determine the Spacing between Fans ................... 2
3 How-To–Calculate & Attenuate Noise ........................ 6
4 How-To–Determine the need of Separators between Fans ....... 8
5 How-To–Control a Rosenberg ECFanGrid ...................... 10
6 How-To–Setup a Constant Pressure Control .................... 12
7 ECFanGrid Cookbook–Constant Pressure Control ................ 14
8 How-To–Setup a Constant Air Flow Control ................... 16
9 ECFanGrid Cookbook–Constant Air Flow Control ................ 20
10 How-To–Use ModBus RTU ................................ 21
11 How-To–Cover and Handle a Failure ......................... 22
12 How-To–Electric Wiring Example 2x2 ECFanGrid ................ 27
13 How-To–Retro-Fit with an ECFanGrid UnoBox .................. 28
Appendix 32
A Our Test Configurations:2x2 and 3x3 ECFanGrid ................. 33
B Some Random Impressions of the Testing Configurations............. 34
C WringSchematicofa2x2ECFanGrid ......................... 37
http://rosenbergcanada.com
http://ecfangrid.ca
The document summarizes the portfolio of Liu Huang, a master's student in mechanical engineering at UC Berkeley. It includes descriptions and analyses of several projects:
1. A flywheel-motor system for electric vehicles that can capture regenerative braking energy, improving efficiency by 60% and fuel economy by 15%. Analyses include bearing life calculation, glue strength calculation, FEA analysis, and control system design.
2. An air filtration system for asthma patients, including calculations of air pressure drop and flow rate, selection of fan and filter products, CAD modeling, and analyses of air velocity and pressure distribution in the mask.
3. A gearbox design for connecting a motor to a pump, including gear
This project involves designing a crude distillation unit to process 165,000 BPD of crude oil blend and optimize the heat exchange network. The document discusses matching the heat needed to heat the crude with the heat released from cooling product streams using a heat integration graph. It then lists the estimated diameters and lengths of the distillation columns and vessels. Finally, it provides an estimated total fixed capital cost of $96,478,971 for the crude distillation unit.
1. The document discusses internal combustion engines, which convert chemical energy from fuels like gasoline and natural gas into mechanical work.
2. Internal combustion engines are commonly used in automobiles, boats, airplanes, power generators, and other machinery. They can be classified based on their fuel, ignition method, combustion cycle, and other factors.
3. The document then focuses on describing the basic components and operating cycles of 4-stroke gasoline/petrol and diesel engines, as well as 2-stroke petrol engines. It provides details on the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes in each engine type.
This training report summarizes the student's work experience at VST Tata Motors through a work along program. It provides an overview of the company and details of the various tasks and learnings over 12 days, including understanding engine parts, servicing steering systems, gearboxes, suspensions and more. It also includes the company profile, sections, employee details and specific learnings about operations and engine design principles. The report aims to provide insights into what was learned during the work experience.
This document outlines the aim, literature review, problem formulation, and initial study of a project on the thermostructural design of a four-stroke internal combustion (IC) engine. The aim is to understand the effects of piston shape and fin parameters on structural strength and heat transfer rate using finite element analysis. An existing 150cc engine will be modeled and optimized. The literature review covers piston and fin design considerations as well as materials. The problem formulation describes modeling pistons and fins in CAD and analyzing them using FEA. The initial study models flat, concave, and convex pistons as well as different fin configurations to analyze stress and heat transfer.
MECHANICAL PROJECT LIST (UNIGRAPHICS & HEPERMESH & CATIA)Vision Solutions
Vision Solutions provides engineering consulting services from three locations in India. It specializes in structural analysis using finite element analysis software. The document lists 14 past project abstracts focused on analyzing mechanical components and structures using modeling, meshing, and solving software like CATIA, ANSYS, and HyperMesh. The projects cover areas like centrifugal blowers, propellers, heat exchangers, nozzles, engine blocks, turbine blades, gears, pistons, brake rotors, drive shafts, connecting rods, valve trains, leaf springs, and ball mills.
AAF UK designed, manufactured and tested equipment to provide the most dependable complex clean air filtration solution for the Combustion Intake System for a Rolls-Royce Gas Turbine power generation units for Oil and Gas applications.
Vibration analysis of centrifugal blower impeller for various materials using...eSAT Publishing House
This document presents a vibration analysis of a centrifugal blower impeller made of different materials using finite element analysis. A centrifugal blower impeller model was created in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS for three materials: steel, aluminum, and glass/epoxy composite. The analysis found that glass/epoxy composite had the lowest mass and equivalent stress but highest total and directional deformation compared to steel and aluminum. Steel and aluminum showed similar natural frequencies while glass/epoxy frequencies were much lower. Glass/epoxy also showed the highest deformational amplitude versus frequency. The study aims to evaluate materials for centrifugal blower impellers.
The document provides details of the structural design of Hotel Louisiana. It includes calculations for loads, modeling in Risa software, slab design, beams and stirrups, reinforcement bars, columns, and checking for deflection and drift. Key aspects of the design are loads were assumed for one wind direction, floors were designed similarly, and beams, columns, and reinforcement sizing were determined using equations accounting for loads and code requirements. The design was checked against code limits for deflection, drift, and other factors and found to meet ACI standards.
Dynamic Modeling and Simulation on GE90 Enginetheijes
1) A dynamic model of the GE90 turbofan engine was developed using MATLAB/Simulink software to simulate engine performance and predict on-design characteristics.
2) The model includes components like the fan, compressors, combustor, turbines and nozzle. Transient behavior was modeled using plenum volumes and shaft inertias.
3) Simulation results for various parameters like pressures, temperatures, mass flows and thrust were obtained. Comparisons to GE test data showed good agreement within around 5-10% error, validating the dynamic model.
Engineering webinar material dealing with simple and basic Brayton Cycle and power cycle components/processes and their T - s diagrams, ideal and real operation and major performance trends when air is considered as the working fluid.
Ali Hashemi Sohi -AVIMA10-Mater thesis-New aero engine concepts1Ali Sohi
This document provides a summary and comparison of new aero-engine concepts from an economic and environmental perspective. It analyzes three case studies: the GE GEnx-1B64 vs Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 engines for wide-body aircraft, the PW1100G vs CFM Leap engines for narrow-body aircraft, and future engine concepts like counter-rotating propfan and intercooled recuperative engines. Key factors like acquisition costs, fuel efficiency, and maintenance costs are evaluated for each case study based on engine specifications and technologies. The document concludes that continuous technical development is needed to meet demands while novel technologies and future engine concepts deserve further investigation.
The piston in an engine converts chemical energy from fuel burning into mechanical energy. It transfers energy to the crankshaft via the connecting rod. The piston ring provides a seal between the piston and cylinder. Pistons must withstand high pressures and temperatures while being strong yet lightweight. They are typically made of aluminum alloys or cast iron. The design of a piston considers factors like strength, weight, sealing, heat dispersion, and tolerating thermal and mechanical stresses.
This document describes mathematical models for simulating the temperature fields of gas turbine blades during convective cooling. It presents boundary integral equation methods (BIEM) and finite difference methods (FDM) for calculating the stationary and quasi-stationary temperature distribution on a blade profile with radial cooling channels. The BIEM approach formulates the problem as a system of boundary integral equations involving temperature values and heat transfer coefficients on the blade surface and cooling channel boundaries. Numerical methods are developed to solve these equations, including discrete logarithmic potential operators and non-uniform surface discretizations. The reliability of the proposed methods is confirmed through computational and experimental analysis of heat transfer for a gas turbine nozzle blade.
HEV Modelling & Optimization_Deepak_PraveenPraveen S R
1. The document discusses modeling and optimizing a 2015 Honda Accord hybrid vehicle.
2. It involves analyzing existing test data to determine the vehicle's control strategy, modeling the vehicle for a 1.4 UDDS test cycle, and optimizing the parallel mode region.
3. The optimization aims to modify the speed and torque of the parallel mode region in the highway test cycle data to deduce an improvement in miles per gallon.
The turbo machine is an energy conversion device which converts mechanical energy to kinetic/pressure energy or vice versa. The conversion is done through the dynamic interaction between a continuously flowing fluid and rotating machine component. Turbo machines comprise various types of fans, blowers, compressors, pumps, turbines etc. More and more experimental research work is available in the field of turbo machine design and its evaluation. Literature review has revealed that a few literatures are available on three dimensional numerical analysis of a centrifugal fan/blower. Literature review in present work is highly focused on centrifugal blower and use of CFD techniques in turbo machines. In this course of work, input parameters and design parameters of centrifugal blower is obtained as per church and Osborne design methodology developed by Kinnari Shah, PROF. NitinVibhakar. Fluid model is made as per this design data in PRO-E SOFTWARE. And this fluid model is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach in ANSYS (CFX). Numerical analysis carried out in this work is to understand the flow characteristics at design and off-design conditions under varying mass flow rates, varying rotational speeds and number of blades in both design methodology. This numerical analysis is under consideration of steady flow and for rotational domain (frozen rotor interference) is used. Performance curves are obtained under different variable inlet parameters like volume flow rate, rotational speed and number of impeller blades. Here mass flow rate as a inlet boundary condition and static pressure as a outlet boundary condition. Volume flow rate is changed by changing the mass flow rate at inlet. Overall work carried out on flow behaviour and performance graphs for different cases are discussed in length in results and discussions chapter. Comparative evaluation of two design method indicates that error in static pressure gradient is higher in Osborne design rather than church design, and performance parameters are better for church design than the Osborne design.
This document provides formulas and explanations for key parameters in centrifugal pump performance including head, flow rate, power, efficiency, specific speed, suction specific speed, and affinity laws. These formulas and concepts are used to evaluate pump performance, troubleshoot issues, estimate operating points, protect from cavitation, select suitable seals, and implement control systems. Symbols are defined for pressure, power, flow rate, speed, voltage, current, and efficiency.
1. Horsepower is defined as the amount of energy required to lift 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute. Indicated horsepower is the power developed in the engine cylinder but does not represent the actual useful power delivered. Brake horsepower is the actual power delivered by the engine to the drive shaft after subtracting friction horsepower.
2. Effective horsepower is the final power delivered to equipment and should only be about 25% less than indicated horsepower. Friction power is the power absorbed by the engine to generate itself without a load. Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of brake horsepower to indicated horsepower multiplied by 100.
3. Drawbar power is the power available at the rear hitch of
ECFanGrid Whitepaper: Technical Information about paralleling fans.
more info at: http://ecfangrid.ca
Contents:
1 How-To–Select a Rosenberg ECFanGrid ....................... 1
2 How-To–Determine the Spacing between Fans ................... 2
3 How-To–Calculate & Attenuate Noise ........................ 6
4 How-To–Determine the need of Separators between Fans ....... 8
5 How-To–Control a Rosenberg ECFanGrid ...................... 10
6 How-To–Setup a Constant Pressure Control .................... 12
7 ECFanGrid Cookbook–Constant Pressure Control ................ 14
8 How-To–Setup a Constant Air Flow Control ................... 16
9 ECFanGrid Cookbook–Constant Air Flow Control ................ 20
10 How-To–Use ModBus RTU ................................ 21
11 How-To–Cover and Handle a Failure ......................... 22
12 How-To–Electric Wiring Example 2x2 ECFanGrid ................ 27
13 How-To–Retro-Fit with an ECFanGrid UnoBox .................. 28
Appendix 32
A Our Test Configurations:2x2 and 3x3 ECFanGrid ................. 33
B Some Random Impressions of the Testing Configurations............. 34
C WringSchematicofa2x2ECFanGrid ......................... 37
http://rosenbergcanada.com
http://ecfangrid.ca
The document summarizes the portfolio of Liu Huang, a master's student in mechanical engineering at UC Berkeley. It includes descriptions and analyses of several projects:
1. A flywheel-motor system for electric vehicles that can capture regenerative braking energy, improving efficiency by 60% and fuel economy by 15%. Analyses include bearing life calculation, glue strength calculation, FEA analysis, and control system design.
2. An air filtration system for asthma patients, including calculations of air pressure drop and flow rate, selection of fan and filter products, CAD modeling, and analyses of air velocity and pressure distribution in the mask.
3. A gearbox design for connecting a motor to a pump, including gear
This project involves designing a crude distillation unit to process 165,000 BPD of crude oil blend and optimize the heat exchange network. The document discusses matching the heat needed to heat the crude with the heat released from cooling product streams using a heat integration graph. It then lists the estimated diameters and lengths of the distillation columns and vessels. Finally, it provides an estimated total fixed capital cost of $96,478,971 for the crude distillation unit.
1. The document discusses internal combustion engines, which convert chemical energy from fuels like gasoline and natural gas into mechanical work.
2. Internal combustion engines are commonly used in automobiles, boats, airplanes, power generators, and other machinery. They can be classified based on their fuel, ignition method, combustion cycle, and other factors.
3. The document then focuses on describing the basic components and operating cycles of 4-stroke gasoline/petrol and diesel engines, as well as 2-stroke petrol engines. It provides details on the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes in each engine type.
This training report summarizes the student's work experience at VST Tata Motors through a work along program. It provides an overview of the company and details of the various tasks and learnings over 12 days, including understanding engine parts, servicing steering systems, gearboxes, suspensions and more. It also includes the company profile, sections, employee details and specific learnings about operations and engine design principles. The report aims to provide insights into what was learned during the work experience.
DESIGN OF IC ENGINE COMPONENT-CYLINDER Snehal Patel
The document provides an overview of the design of internal combustion (IC) engine components. It discusses the operating principles of two-stroke and four-stroke engines. The principal parts of an IC engine are described including the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and valve gear mechanism. Design considerations for cylinders, pistons, and other components are outlined. Parameters like bore size, cylinder wall thickness, piston ring design are discussed in relation to withstanding pressure and heat dissipation. Common materials used for different parts are also mentioned.
This document provides information about 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines. It defines a 2-stroke engine as completing its cycle in one crankshaft revolution, while a 4-stroke engine takes two revolutions. The basic parts of each engine are described, along with their working principles. Advantages of 2-stroke engines include higher power density, while disadvantages include lower fuel efficiency. A comparison notes that 4-stroke engines have higher volumetric efficiency but lower power density than 2-stroke engines.
This document provides a summary of a mechanical engineering document on automobile engineering. It includes 2 mark and 11 mark questions and answers on topics related to internal combustion engines. Some key details include:
- Components of engines like the cylinder block, cylinder head, crankcase, pistons and more are listed.
- The major types of automobiles based on fuel used are defined.
- Drive types like front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive are classified.
- Differences between SI and CI engines are outlined regarding fuel, compression ratio, operating cycle and efficiency.
- Four-stroke and two-stroke engines are explained with diagrams showing engine components and cycles.
The document provides details about engine basics, including:
1. It outlines 12 lesson goals related to explaining engine operation, classifying engines, calculating compression ratio, describing displacement, listing engine parts, and comparing 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines.
2. The lesson content covers topics such as the evolution of vehicles, engine classification, operation of 4-stroke engines, firing order, engine measurements, construction overview, operation of 2-stroke engines, and comparisons between engine types.
3. The document provides definitions and explanations of key engine terms and components to help understand engine operation, including discussions of cylinders, pistons, crankshafts, camshafts, valves, and the four-stroke cycle
difination and explaintion of 2 strike vs 4stroke enginees including defination, ragulation types of and examples explation for educations and projects
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines, including:
- Common engine classifications such as two-stroke vs four-stroke engines and differences between petrol and diesel engines.
- Explanations of engine terminology like compression ratio, swept volume, indicated power, brake power, and thermal efficiency.
- Descriptions of the Otto and diesel thermodynamic cycles that spark ignition and compression ignition engines are based on.
- Comparisons of key engine parameters and how they relate to performance metrics like power, torque, and fuel consumption.
The document provides information on the basics of internal combustion (IC) engines. It discusses the differences between two-stroke and four-stroke engines, the sequence of operations in an IC engine cycle, valve timing diagrams for petrol and diesel engines, and comparisons of petrol and diesel engines. It also covers topics like scavenging, ignition systems, supercharging, lubrication, governing, carburetors, spark plugs, detonation, and octane ratings of fuels for spark ignition engines.
This document discusses energy conversion and engines. It defines an engine as a device that transforms one form of energy into another. Heat engines transform chemical energy from fuel into thermal and mechanical energy. The first internal combustion engines were developed in the early 1800s, with improvements over time leading to modern gasoline and diesel engines. Reciprocating internal combustion engines are widely used and have advantages like simplicity and efficiency, though they also cause vibration. The document describes the components, types, and nomenclature of reciprocating IC engines.
ENGINE POWER PETROL REPORT-AE 215-SOURCES OF FARM POWERmusadoto
What is an Engine?
Before knowing about how the Petrol Engine works, let's first understand what an engine is. This is common for both petrol and diesel engines alike. An engine is a power generating machine which converts potential energy of the fuel into heat energy and then into motion. It produces power and also runs on its own power.
The engine generates its power by burning the fuel in a self-regulated and controlled „Combustion‟ process. The combustion process involves many sub-processes which burn the fuel efficiently and results in the smooth running of the engine.
These processes include:
The suction of air (also known as breathing or aspiration).
Mixing of the fuel with air after breaking the liquid fuel into highly atomized / mist form.
Igniting the air-fuel mixture with a spark (petrol engine).
Burning of highly atomized fuel particles which results in releasing / ejection of heat energy.
How does an Engine work?
The engine converts Heat Energy into Kinetic Energy in the form of „Reciprocating Motion‟. The expansion of heated gases and their forces act on the engine pistons. The gases push the pistons downwards which results in reciprocating motion of pistons.
This motion of the piston enables the crank-shaft to rotate. Thus, it finally converts the reciprocating motion into the 'Rotary motion' and passes on to wheels.
A petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in American English) is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and similar volatile fuels.
In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually mixed after compression (although some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection). The pre-mixing was formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically controlled fuel injection, except in small engines where the cost/complication of electronics does not justify the added engine efficiency. The process differs from a diesel engine in the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to initiate the combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed
05 engine components and practical engine cycle and timing armRenel Alucilja
This document contains class records and notes from an agricultural power and engine components course. It includes a class attendance record, the results of short quizzes on engine components and cycles, and explanations of key engine parts like the cylinder block and head, valves, pistons, crankshafts, and bearings. It also summarizes the timing of practical four-stroke and two-stroke engine cycles, including valve timing, ignition timing, injection timing, firing intervals, and firing orders. The document provides an overview of internal combustion engine design and operation.
The document outlines the contents of a presentation on internal combustion engines. It includes sections on the introduction and classification of I.C. engines, components of I.C. engines, terminology used, and descriptions of the four stroke cycles of petrol and diesel engines. The key components of I.C. engines such as the cylinder, piston, crankshaft, valves and manifolds are defined. Advantages and disadvantages are provided for four stroke petrol and diesel engines.
The document summarizes key aspects of internal combustion engines. It describes that internal combustion engines generate power through the combustion of fuel within a piston-cylinder arrangement. The most common type is the reciprocating, spark-ignited, four-stroke gasoline engine used in automobiles and lawn mowers. The document then outlines the history and development of internal combustion engines from the early experiments in the 1680s to modern configurations. It provides details on the operation and components of typical four-stroke gasoline engines.
The document summarizes key aspects of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of internal combustion engines based on fuel type, ignition method, number of strokes, cycle of operation, cooling system, and more. It also describes the basic constructional details of engines, including common parts like the cylinder, piston, crankshaft, and connecting rod. Additionally, it provides an overview of the operation cycles of two-stroke and four-stroke engines as well as diesel and petrol engines.
The document discusses diesel engines, including their definition, construction, workings, types, and efficiency calculations. A diesel engine ignites fuel injected into the combustion chamber via heat from compressed air, rather than a spark plug. The two main types are two-stroke and four-stroke engines. Two-stroke engines complete a cycle in one revolution while four-stroke engines require two revolutions. The four strokes of a four-stroke diesel engine are intake, compression, power, and exhaust.
This document is a project report submitted by 12 students at the Government Polytechnic Kangra in India on maintenance of diesel and petrol engines. It includes sections on the objectives and specifications of a single cylinder diesel engine, the various parts of the diesel engine like the cylinder block, piston, cylinder head etc. It also describes the dismantling procedure for the diesel engine and covers maintenance of petrol engines including common faults and diagnosing issues. The report aims to teach students about engine maintenance and repair.
1. The document provides an introduction to internal combustion engines, including their basic components and operation. It describes the four main strokes of a four-stroke spark ignition engine: intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes.
2. A four-stroke compression ignition engine is also described. The main difference from a spark ignition engine is that air alone is inducted during the intake stroke of a compression ignition engine. Higher compression ratios cause the fuel injected later to self-ignite.
3. Key engine components are defined, such as the cylinder, piston, combustion chamber, valves, crankshaft, and others. The working principles of both spark ignition and compression ignition four-stroke engines are explained through diagrams
This document provides an overview of internal combustion (IC) engines, including:
- The main types of IC engines are reciprocating and rotary engines, classified by working cycle as Otto or diesel cycle engines, and by strokes as two-stroke or four-stroke engines.
- Four-stroke engines complete their cycle over two revolutions of the crankshaft, with intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. In a four-stroke SI engine, an air-fuel mixture is drawn in and compressed before being ignited by a spark plug.
- Four-stroke diesel engines operate at higher compression ratios than gasoline engines, igniting injected fuel without a spark plug due to high compression temperatures.
This document summarizes a project to automate the design of a single cylinder internal combustion engine. The project involves designing the connecting rod and crankshaft, performing motion, velocity, acceleration, and force analyses in SolidWorks and MATLAB, conducting static stress simulations to properly size components based on a safety factor, and automating the entire process. Key assumptions include using existing SolidWorks assembly parts and fixed bore and stroke dimensions. The analyses are used to optimize the design, reduce shaking forces through balancing, and ensure safety factors are within permissible limits.
The document describes the design and analysis of a leadscrew. It discusses leadscrew applications and components. The objectives are to design a leadscrew based on forces and stresses, analyze it for failures, and optimize the design if needed. PRO/E will be used to design the leadscrew and ANSYS will be used to analyze it. The document provides terminology, discusses thread types and leadscrew use in screw jacks. It outlines the design procedure, including force analysis and selecting design parameters like material and dimensions based on criteria. Direct compressive stress is calculated as a failure check.
The document describes the design and analysis of a leadscrew. It includes objectives to design the leadscrew based on applied forces and stresses, model the component in PRO/E, and analyze it in ANSYS. It covers terminology, applications, screw jack design, modeling steps in PRO/E, static structural analysis in ANSYS under different loads, and results for deformation, shear stress, strain, and normal stress. The analysis found the leadscrew does not fail under the applied forces and shows satisfactory results for reduced load values.
The document presents an experimental study on the effects of over-aging on the mechanical properties of 7075 aluminum alloy. Samples were artificially aged at 320°F for varying time periods up to 48 hours. Hardness decreased with increased aging time, with properties like tensile strength and yield strength also generally decreasing due to over-aging. Microstructural analysis showed changes in grain structure with aging. The study evaluated properties like hardness, strength and ductility to analyze the effects of over-aging on 7075 aluminum alloy.
This document describes the ASTM E647 standard test method for measuring fatigue crack growth rate. The test involves cyclic loading of pre-cracked specimens to grow cracks over time. Crack length is measured as a function of cycles to determine the crack growth rate, which is expressed in terms of the stress intensity factor range (ΔK). Specimen geometry and testing procedures are specified to accurately measure crack growth rates and determine material properties like the threshold stress intensity factor range (ΔKth) below which cracks do not propagate. Sources of error are also discussed since precision is important but difficult to achieve given variability in materials, testing apparatus, and measurement techniques.
The document summarizes an experiment that performed tensile tests on samples of 2024 aluminum and 1018 steel to determine material properties. Two measurement methods were used - one that measured displacement directly with a laser and one that used the testing machine's crosshead measurement. The laser method proved more accurate for determining properties that depend on strain like Young's modulus and strain hardening exponent. Tables of results show the laser method yielded values closer to published data. Direct strain measurement improved accuracy over using the crosshead displacement.
Three samples of 7075 aluminum with intentional defects (a center hole, U-notches, and V-notches) were tested under tension to determine their stress concentration characteristics (K) compared to a reference sample. Theoretical calculations of K matched experimental results, with the hole sample having the lowest K of 2.25 and the U-notch and V-notch samples having similar higher K values of 2.60 and 2.58, respectively. Stress-strain curves were produced for each sample and showed how stress accumulates more at defect points, with the maximum stress given by the product of K and the nominal stress.
The Charpy impact test was used to characterize the toughness of 6061 aluminum and 1018 carbon steel samples at varying temperatures. For aluminum, the impact energy decreased sharply from 33 ft-lbs to 15 ft-lbs as temperature decreased from 50°F to -25°F, while steel impact energy was relatively unaffected by temperature. Steel exhibited a ductile to brittle transition around 0°F as impact energy and shear lip percentage decreased sharply at lower temperatures, while aluminum toughness was unaffected by temperature due to its FCC crystal structure. Both materials showed fracture toughness values independent of temperature.
Two 7075 aluminum samples were prepared and tested to determine their fracture toughness properties. A compact tension sample reached a maximum load of 4435 lbs before fracturing, yielding a KQ value of 89.1 ksi in1/2. However, this value was determined to be invalid for being KIC due to the ratio of maximum to critical load exceeding 1.1. A single edge notch bend sample fractured at 4295 lbs but its final crack length was too small to measure, and its KQ value of 33.1 ksi in1/2 was also found to not represent KIC. In summary, neither sample provided a valid measurement of plane strain fracture toughness KIC for the 7075 aluminum material
The document describes a project to automate the design of a single cylinder internal combustion engine using linked analysis and simulation software. Specifically, the project will design the connecting rod and crankshaft, perform motion and stress analysis, and create a Visual Basic interface to allow the user to modify design parameters in Excel and automatically update the Solidworks model and analysis results in MATLAB. The interface will optimize the design to achieve an acceptable factor of safety while minimizing shaking forces during operation.
This presentation discusses fuel cells as an alternative energy source and provides details on their operation and applications. It introduces the need for alternative energy due to increasing population, resource use, and environmental impacts like global warming. It then explains what a fuel cell is, including its components of an anode, cathode, and proton-conducting membrane. Various types of fuel cells are described along with their histories and characteristics. Applications discussed include stationary power plants, vehicles, and portable power. In conclusion, the presentation argues that hydrogen fuel cells show promise as a clean, efficient replacement for gasoline and diesel in automobiles.
This document discusses corrosion of biomaterials used in dentistry. It outlines the development of dental implants from ancient times to modern materials like metals, ceramics, and composites. Corrosion in biomaterials depends on the material properties and environmental factors like pH, temperature, and load exposure from use in the mouth. The key biomaterials discussed are metal alloys, resin composites, and ceramics, outlining the corrosion mechanisms for each in the oral cavity and importance of material selection and design to prevent corrosion.
The document summarizes an experiment to study the effect of artificial aging on the hardness and mechanical properties of Aluminum alloy 7075. Samples of Al 7075 were aged at 320°F for varying time periods from 0 to 48 hours. Hardness tests and tensile tests were performed on the samples before and after aging to determine how properties changed with aging time. Microstructural analysis was also conducted to observe changes in the microstructure. The objective was to determine the optimum aging time that produces maximum strength for the alloy.
This certificate summarizes a participant's involvement in a robotics workshop. It states that the participant successfully completed a robotics arm course based on robotic arm control and implementing intelligent touch sensation. The participant learned concepts including programming microcontrollers, embedded C, controlling motors, and interfacing touch screens and devices with microcontrollers. The participant successfully conducted experiments covering aspects like programming, motor control, and interfacing touch screens.
1. ME 515: DESIGN PROJECT
Instructor: Dr. M.Y.
Khaled
SPRING-2015
4 CYLINDER 4 STROKE IN-LINE ENGINE
Presented by
Siddhesh Sawant
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………2
2. PROBLEM STATEMENT……………………………………………………………..4
3. ENGINE SPECIFICATION…………………………………………………………….5
4. PERFORMANCE RESULT…………………………………………………………..10
5. CRANK-PHASE DIAGRAM………………………………………………………..11
6. SHAKING FORCES AND SHAKING TORQUE……………………………….15
7. GAS FORCE AND GAS TORQUE………………………………………………..19
8. EVEN FIRING…………………………………………………………………………..22
9. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………….23
10. REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………….24
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1.INTRODUCTION
We almost take our Internal Combustion Engines for granted don’t we? All we do is buy our
vehicles, hop in and drive around. There is, however, a history of development to know about.
The compact, well-toned, powerful and surprisingly quiet engine that seems to be purr under your
vehicle’s hood just wasn’t the tame beast it seems to be now. It was loud, it used to roar and it
used to be rather bulky. In fact, one of the very first engines that had been conceived wasn’t even
like the engine we know so well of today.
An internal combustion engine is defined as an engine in which the chemical energy of the fuel is
released inside the engine and used directly for mechanical work, as opposed to an external
combustion engine in which a separate combustor is used to burn the fuel. The internal
combustion engine was conceived and developed in the late 1800s. It has had a significant impact
on society, and is considered one of the most significant inventions of the last century.
The internal combustion engine has been the foundation for the successful development of many
commercial technologies. For example, consider how this type of engine has transformed the
transportation industry, allowing the invention and improvement of automobiles, trucks,
airplanes and trains.
Internal combustion engines can deliver power in the range from 0.01 kW to 20x103 kW,
depending on their displacement. The complete in the market place with electric motors, gas
turbines and steam engines. The major applications are in the vehicle (automobile and truck),
railroad, marine, aircraft, home use and stationary areas. The vast majority of internal combustion
engines are produced for vehicular applications, requiring a power output on the order of 102 kW.
Next to that internal combustion engines have become the dominant prime mover technology in
several areas. For example, in 1900 most automobiles were steam or electrically powered, but by
1900 most automobiles were powered by gasoline engines. As of year 2000, in the United States
alone there are about 200 million motor vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. In
1900, steam engine were used to power ships and railroad locomotives; today two- and four-stoke
diesel engine are used. Prior to 1950, aircraft relied almost exclusively on the pistons engines.
Today gas turbines are the power plant used in large planes, and piston engines continue to
dominate the market in small planes. The adoption and continued use of the internal combustion
engine in different application areas has resulted from its relatively low cost, favourable power to
weight ratio, high efficiency, and relatively simple and robust operating characteristics.
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The components of a reciprocating internal combustion engine, block, piston, valves, crankshaft
and connecting rod have remained basically unchanged since the late 1800s. The main differences
between a modern day engine and one built 100 years ago are the thermal efficiency and the
emission level. For many years, internal combustion engine research was aimed at improving
thermal efficiency and reducing noise and vibration. As a consequence, the thermal efficiency has
increased from about 10% to values as high as 50%. Since 1970, with recognition of the importance
of air quality, there has also been a great deal of work devoted to reducing emissions from
engines. Currently, emission control requirements are one of the major factors in the design and
operation of internal combustion engines.
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2.PROBLEM STATEMENT
This graduate-level Design Project, DP, is an individual effort to examine the car-engine. The one
selected is the simplest of the 3-congigurations: In-Line, Vee, and Radial. For that reason, the 4-
cylinder/4-stroke I.C.E. is one of the most widely used engines in the automobile industry.
The Design Project comprises a Slides Presentation & Technical Report. The PowerPoint
presentation is a 5-slides show of your work as Preliminary Design Review, PDR. We have to keep
it short & sweet, with the entire class is done in 2-seessions. Put your slides on flash drive & use
the instructor’s laptop to present them. The technical report is about 20-pages, due one week
before the Final Exam. The report is a formal engineering document written by WORD & contains
text, SolidWorks drawings, photos, formulas, and calculations describing your work.
There is no handwritten content (except may be equations). Students need to address the
following loosely-defined items:
2-Liters engine displacement.
SolidWorks CAD design configuration.
4-stroke cycle.
The crank-phase diagram.
Shaking forces & moments calculations.
Inertia forces & torques calculations.
Construct an arrangement for even firing
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3. ENGINE SPECIFICATION
The Otto four-stroke cycle is shown in Figure. It takes four full strokes of the piston to complete
one Otto cycle. A piston stroke is defined as its travel from TDC to BDC or the reverse. Thus there
are two strokes per 3600 crank revolution and it takes 7200 of crankshaft rotation to complete
one four-stroke cycle. This engine requires at least two valves per cylinder, one for intake and one
for exhaust. For discussion, we can start the cycle at any point as it repeats every two crank
revolutions. Figure shows the intake stroke which starts with the piston at TDC. A mixture of fuel
and air is drawn into the cylinder from the induction system (the fuel injectors, or the carburetor
and intake manifold in Figure) as the piston descends to BDC, increasing the volume of the cylinder
and creating a slight negative pressure.
During the compression stroke, all valves are closed and the gas is compressed as the piston
travels from BDC to TDC. Slightly before TDC, a spark is ignited to explode the compressed gas.
The pressure from this explosion builds very quickly and pushes the piston down from TDC to BDC
during the power stroke shown in Figure. The exhaust valve is opened and the piston's exhaust
stroke from BDC to TDC pushes the spent gases out of the cylinder into the exhaust manifold and
thence to the catalytic converter for cleaning before being dumped out the tailpipe. The cycle is
then ready to repeat with another intake stroke. The valves are opened and closed at the right
times in the cycle by a camshaft which is driven in synchrony with the crankshaft by gears, chain,
or toothed belt drive.
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ENGINE DETAILS
The engine that has been chosen for this analysis is the 2003 Ford Focus engine. The following
are the data specifications for this engine.
4 stroke 4 cylinder in-line engine
Bore = 3.34 inches
Stroke = 3.465 inches
Bore/Stroke = 0.9639
Inlet valve = 1.26 inches
Exhaust valve = 1.14 inches
l/r = 4
Vd = 0.7854 * B sq. * S * N
Vd = 1990 cc = 2 liters
MEP = = 4 * pi * Tmax/ Vd
MEP = 1081.09 kPa
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CAD SKETCHES
Piston
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Connecting rod
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Crankshaft
In-line/ 4 stroke/ 4 cylinder/ 0-180-180-0
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4. PERFORMANCE RESULTS
Power Calculation:
MEP = 4 * pi * Tmax/ Vd @ 5000 RPM
= 4 * 3.14 * 12 * 127.6/ 122.65
MEP = 156.80 psi @ 5000 RPM = 1081.09 kPa
Power = ω * Torque
= 2 * 3.14 * 6000/60 * torque
Power = 128.1 hP
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5.CRANK-PHASE DIAGRAM
We are using here 4cylinder in-line 4 stroke engine engine system for our study. We have four
cylinders so an arrangement of 0, 90, 180, 270 degrees seems appropriate. The delta phase angle
between them is 90 degree.
We must establish some convention for the measurement of these phase angles which will be:
1. The first (front) cylinder will be number 1 and its phase angle will always be zero. It is the
reference cylinder for all others.
2. The phase angles of all other cylinders will be measured with respect to the crank throw for
cylinder 1.
3. Phase angles are measured internal to the crankshaft that is with respect to a rotating co-
ordinate system embedded in the first crank throw.
4. Cylinders will be numbered consecutively from front to back of the engine.
The phase angles are defined in a crank phase diagram as shown in Figure for a four-cylinder, inline
engine. Figure (a) shows the crankshaft with the throws numbered clockwise around the axis. The
shaft is rotating counter clockwise. The pistons are oscillating horizontally in this diagram, along
the x axis. Cylinder 1 is shown with its piston at top dead center (TDC). Taking that position as the
starting point for the abscissas (thus time zero) in Figure (b), we plot the velocity of each piston
for two revolutions of the crank (to accommodate one complete four-stroke cycle). Piston 2
arrives at TDC 90° after piston 1 has left. Thus we say that cylinder 2 lags cylinder 1 by 90 degrees.
By convention a lagging event is defined as having a negative phase angle, shown by the clockwise
numbering of the crank throws. The velocity plots clearly show that each cylinder arrives at TDC
(zero velocity) 90° later than the one before it. Negative velocity on the plots in Figure (b) indicates
piston motion to the left (down stroke) in Figure (a); positive velocity indicates motion to the right
(up stroke).
We will assume counter clockwise rotation of all crankshafts, and all phase angles will thus be
negative. We will omit the negative signs on the listings of phase angles with the understanding
that they follow this convention.
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Figure shows the timing of events in the cycle and is a necessary and useful aid in defining our
crankshaft design. However, it is not necessary to go to the trouble of drawing the correct
sinusoidal shapes of the velocity plots to obtain the needed information.
All that is needed is a schematic indication of the relative positions within the cycle of the ups and
downs of the various cylinders. This same information is conveyed by the simplified crank phase
diagram shown in Figure. Here the piston motions are represented by rectangular blocks with a
negative block arbitrarily used to denote a piston down stroke and a positive one a piston
upstroke. It is strictly schematic. The positive and negative values of the blocks imply nothing more
than that stated. Such a schematic crank phase diagram can (and should) be drawn for any
proposed arrangement of crankshaft phase angles. To draw it, simply shift each cylinder's blocks
to the right by its phase angle with respect to the first cylinder.
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For [ 0-180-180-0 ]
We have chosen the arrangement of 0-180-180-0 for our particular engine. According to this
particular configuration the crank angle diagram that we obtain is shown in figure below.
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At 0
At -180
At -180
At 0
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 180 360 540 720
10
Exhaust
Compres
s
TDC TDC
IntakePOWER
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 180 360 540 720
2-
Exhaust Compres
s
TDC TDC
POWERIntake
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 180 360 540 720
3-
Compres Exhaust
TDC TDC
IntakePOWER
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 180 360 540 720
40
Compres Exhaust
TDC TDC
POWERIntake
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6. SHAKING FORCES AND SHAKING TORQUES IN
SINGLE CYLINDER
We want to determine the overall shaking force which results from our chosen crankshaft phase angle
arrangement. The individual cylinders will each contribute to the total shaking force. We can
superpose their effects, taking their phase shifts into account. The following equation describes this
This expression is for an unbalanced crank. In multicylinder engines each crank throw on the
crankshaft is at least counterweighted to eliminate the shaking force effects of the combined mass of
crank and conrod assumed concentrated at the crankpin. Sometimes the crank throws in a
multicylinder engine are also overbalanced, although to a lesser extent than for a one-cylinder engine.
The need for overbalancing is less if the crankshaft phase angles are arranged to cancel the effects of
the reciprocating masses at the wrist pins. This is possible except in some two-cylinder, four-stroke,
inline engines. If we provide balance masses with an mR product equal to mArA on each crank throw
as shown in Figure, the terms in equation which include mA will be eliminated, reducing it to:
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The ideal value of shaking force is zero. This expression can be zero for all values of ωt if:
Force Balance state of a four cylinder inline engine with a 0, 90, 180, 270 degrees crankshaft:
Thus, both the sine and cosine summations of any multiple of the phase angles should be zero for that
harmonic of the shaking force to be zero.
Force and moment balance state of a 4-cylinder inline engine with 0-180-180-
0 crankshaft z1 = 0, z2 = 1, z3 = 2, z4 = 3 is follows:
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We can sum moments in the plane of the cylinder about any convenient point and we can write as:
The Shaking torque is dependent on the inertia torque. This can be further understood from the below
expression.
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We see that the inertia torque has third harmonic term as well as first and second. The second
harmonic is the dominant term as it has largest coefficient because r/l is always less than 2/3.
The shaking torque is equal to inertia torque and can be represented as:
Using MATLAB software we get the following plot for the shaking forces:
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7. GAS FORCE AND GAS TORQUE
The negative sign is due to the choice of engine orientation in the coordinate system. The gas pressure
Pg in this expression is a function of crank angle rot and is defined by the thermodynamics of the
engine. A typical gas pressure curve for a four-stroke engine is shown in figure. The gas force curve
shape is identical to that of the gas pressure curve as they differ only by a constant multiplier, the
piston area Ap. Figure shows the approximation of the gas force curve used in program ENGINE for
both four- and two-stroke engines.
The approximate expression for gas torque is:
We have further calculated Gas torque using the Engine program software and plotted the graphs.
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Gas pressure graph from engine software
Gas force and Gas Torque from Engine software
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Gas Torque Plot obtained from Engine program software
Total Gas Torque obtained from Engine program software
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8. EVEN FIRING
Firing order affects the balance, noise, vibration, smoothness, and sound of the engine. Engines that
are even-firing will sound more smooth and steady, while engines that are odd, or uneven firing will
have a burble or a throaty, growling sound in the engine note, and, depending on the crankshaft
design, will often have more vibrations due to the change of power delivery.
The inertial forces, torques, and moments are only one set of criteria which need to be considered in
the design of multicylinder engines. Gas force and gas torque considerations are equally important. In
general, it is desirable to create a firing pattern among the cylinders that is evenly spaced in time. If
the cylinders fire unevenly, vibrations will be created which may be unacceptable. Smoothness of the
power pulses is desired. The power pulses depend on the stroke cycle. If the engine is a two-stroke,
there will be one power pulse per revolution in each of its n cylinders. The optimum delta phase angle
between the cylinders' crank throws for evenly spaced power pulses will then be:
For a four-stroke engine there will be one power pulse in each cylinder every two revolutions. The
optimum delta phase angle of the crank throws for evenly spaced power pulses will then be:
With help of crank phase diagram we can determine the firing order for the engine.
Some of the suggested firing orders for 4 cylinder 4 stroke inline engine are:
1-3-4-2
Ford Taunus V4 engine
1-2-4-3
Ford Kent engine
1-3-2-4
Subaru 4 cylinder engine, Yamaha R1
1-4-3-2
Volkswagen air cooled engine
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9. CONCLUSION
Thus we can come to the conclusion from this study that, for study of the engine we need to study
and verify different parameters. In this study we have studied the torque and horsepower of the
engine, crankphase angle, shaking forces and shaking torque, gas force and gas torque and suggested
different firing order.
We also understand here that with our engine configuration of 0-180-180-0 the primary shaking forces
can be eliminated but still we need to look for the secondary forces to balance the engine completely.
We have selected the 2.0 litre engine and calculated the torque and power with the help of engine
analyser software. We have then verified these results with the conventional formulas and we
conclude that they are approximately the same.
Moreover we have taken the help of theoretical formula expressions for calculating the gas force, gas
torque and we have plotted the result for the same using Engine software and we get the peak values
in permissible levels.
Similarly we used the theoretical formulas for calculating the shaking forces and shaking torque and
then we plot these with help of MATLAB program to obtain the shaking forces plot that too lies with
the permissible levels.
We finally discussed about importance of firing order and have mentioned certain firing orders that
work successfully for 4 cylinder 4 stroke inline engine and help to give maximum power and torque .
Thus we can say that all parameters are important to complete balance the engine and for the best
performance of it.
25. ME 515 – Siddhesh Sawant
24 | P a g e
10. REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/engopt.html
https://books.google.com/books
http://performancetrends.com/Engine-Analyzer-Pro.htm
Dynamics of Machinery by Norton
Engine Program Software by McGraw Hill Publication
http://what-when-how.com/automobile/firing-order-of-cylinders-automobile/
ASME Transactions Volume 11 by American Society of Mechanical Engineers