1) Volumetric efficiency is a measurement of how close the actual air flow into an engine is to the theoretical maximum air flow, given the engine's displacement. It is affected by various losses within the engine.
2) To calculate a car's volumetric efficiency, one must log engine speed, mass air flow rate, and intake air temperature data using a scan tool. These values are used to find actual air flow, which is divided by theoretical air flow to yield a percentage for volumetric efficiency.
3) Theoretical air flow is calculated based on engine displacement, maximum rpm, and whether it is a 2-stroke or 4-stroke engine. Actual air flow comes from mass air flow rate multiplied by air
in this presentation , the different engine inefficiencies has been discussed including all sort of friction losses which affects the brake power of the engine. It includes volumetric efficiency, thermal efficiency, IMEP, BMEP, brake power etc.
various methods for improving the engine performance have been discussed. Most significant upon them is to reduce the obstruction in the flow of fresh mixture and burnt products. In addition to this by improving the inlet and exhaust valve timing. Increase in compression ratio and swept volume may also improve the engine parformance
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
in this presentation , the different engine inefficiencies has been discussed including all sort of friction losses which affects the brake power of the engine. It includes volumetric efficiency, thermal efficiency, IMEP, BMEP, brake power etc.
various methods for improving the engine performance have been discussed. Most significant upon them is to reduce the obstruction in the flow of fresh mixture and burnt products. In addition to this by improving the inlet and exhaust valve timing. Increase in compression ratio and swept volume may also improve the engine parformance
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
IC ENGINE TESTING
At a design and development stage an engineer would design an engine with certain aims in his mind. The aims may include the variables like indicated power, brake power,
brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust emissions, cooling of engine, maintenance free operation etc. The other task of the development engineer is to reduce the cost and
improve power output and reliability of an engine. In trying to achieve these goals he has
to try various design concepts. After the design the parts of the engine are manufactured for the dimensions and surface finish and may be with certain tolerances. In order verify the designed and developed engine one has to go for testing and performance evaluation of the engines.
Thus, in general, a development engineer will have to conduct a wide variety of engine
tests starting from simple fuel and air-flow measurements to taking of complicated
injector needle lift diagrams, swirl patterns and photographs of the burning process in
the combustion chamber. The nature and the type of the tests to be conducted depend
upon various factors, some of which are: the degree of development of the particular
design, the accuracy required, the funds available, the nature of the manufacturing
company, and its design strategy. In this chapter, only certain basic tests and
measurements will be considered.
After studying this unit, you should be able to
• understand the performance parameters in evaluation of IC engine
performance,
• calculate the speed of IC engine, fuel consumption, air consumption, etc.,
• evaluate the exhaust smoke and exhaust emission, and
• differentiate between the performance of SI engine and CI engines.
It describes testing of IC engines and various tests performed.
Also describes engine efficiency and various tests for finding efficiency.
Also gives idea about catalytic converter.
Type of pollution from automobile and its control along with Mass Emission Standards.
Please Like, Share, and Comment if any.
Thanks,
Aditya Deshpande
deshadi805@gmail.com
Engineering webinar material dealing with simple and basic Brayton Cycle and power cycle components/processes and their T - s diagrams, ideal and real operation and major performance trends when air is considered as the working fluid.
Engineering webinar material dealing with power cycles (Carnot, Brayton, Otto and Diesel), power cycle components/processes (compression, combustion and expansion) and compressible flow (nozzle, diffuser and thrust) when air is considered as the working fluid.
Effect Of Compression Ratio On The Performance Of Diesel Engine At Different ...IJERA Editor
Variable compression ratio (VCR) technology has long been recognized as a method for improving the
automobile engine performance, efficiency, fuel economy with reduced emission. The main feature of the VCR
engine is to operate at different compression ratio, by changing the combustion chamber volume, depending on
the vehicle performance needs .The need to improve the performance characteristics of the IC Engine has
necessitated the present research. Increasing the compression ratio to improve on the performance is an option.
The compression ratio is a factor that influences the performance characteristics of internal combustion engines.
This work is an experimental investigation of the influence of the compression ratio on the brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure and specific fuel consumption of the Kirloskar variable
compression ratio duel fuel engine. Compression Ratios of 14, 15, 16 and 18 and engine loads of 3kg to 12 kg,
in increments of 3kg, were utilized for Diesel.
Diesel Adaptation for the Toyota Prius Hybrid SystemV-Motech
A study about adapting a Diesel Engine into the Toyota Prius THS-IV generation in order to reduce CO2 emissions and fuel consumption and meet the upcoming emissions requirements and regulations. The study also introduces different powertrain configurations like the Plug in Hybrid powertrain and a Turbocharged Gasoline Engine to have a better comparison among the different powertrain configurations.
Thermodynamic design of a Turbojet engine for the given conditions of altitude and speed. Blade geometry was taken into consideration for this project. A Matlab program was written to calculate the best compressor ratio, temperatures and geometry to obtain maximum thrust. Inlet and Nozzle were drafted using CREO Parametric.
Internal Combustion Engine Fundamental ConceptsHassan Raza
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineering students during their Internal Combustion Course. Students belong to a very prestigious Engineering institute of Pakistan "University of Engineering and Technology Lahore"
IC ENGINE TESTING
At a design and development stage an engineer would design an engine with certain aims in his mind. The aims may include the variables like indicated power, brake power,
brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust emissions, cooling of engine, maintenance free operation etc. The other task of the development engineer is to reduce the cost and
improve power output and reliability of an engine. In trying to achieve these goals he has
to try various design concepts. After the design the parts of the engine are manufactured for the dimensions and surface finish and may be with certain tolerances. In order verify the designed and developed engine one has to go for testing and performance evaluation of the engines.
Thus, in general, a development engineer will have to conduct a wide variety of engine
tests starting from simple fuel and air-flow measurements to taking of complicated
injector needle lift diagrams, swirl patterns and photographs of the burning process in
the combustion chamber. The nature and the type of the tests to be conducted depend
upon various factors, some of which are: the degree of development of the particular
design, the accuracy required, the funds available, the nature of the manufacturing
company, and its design strategy. In this chapter, only certain basic tests and
measurements will be considered.
After studying this unit, you should be able to
• understand the performance parameters in evaluation of IC engine
performance,
• calculate the speed of IC engine, fuel consumption, air consumption, etc.,
• evaluate the exhaust smoke and exhaust emission, and
• differentiate between the performance of SI engine and CI engines.
It describes testing of IC engines and various tests performed.
Also describes engine efficiency and various tests for finding efficiency.
Also gives idea about catalytic converter.
Type of pollution from automobile and its control along with Mass Emission Standards.
Please Like, Share, and Comment if any.
Thanks,
Aditya Deshpande
deshadi805@gmail.com
Engineering webinar material dealing with simple and basic Brayton Cycle and power cycle components/processes and their T - s diagrams, ideal and real operation and major performance trends when air is considered as the working fluid.
Engineering webinar material dealing with power cycles (Carnot, Brayton, Otto and Diesel), power cycle components/processes (compression, combustion and expansion) and compressible flow (nozzle, diffuser and thrust) when air is considered as the working fluid.
Effect Of Compression Ratio On The Performance Of Diesel Engine At Different ...IJERA Editor
Variable compression ratio (VCR) technology has long been recognized as a method for improving the
automobile engine performance, efficiency, fuel economy with reduced emission. The main feature of the VCR
engine is to operate at different compression ratio, by changing the combustion chamber volume, depending on
the vehicle performance needs .The need to improve the performance characteristics of the IC Engine has
necessitated the present research. Increasing the compression ratio to improve on the performance is an option.
The compression ratio is a factor that influences the performance characteristics of internal combustion engines.
This work is an experimental investigation of the influence of the compression ratio on the brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure and specific fuel consumption of the Kirloskar variable
compression ratio duel fuel engine. Compression Ratios of 14, 15, 16 and 18 and engine loads of 3kg to 12 kg,
in increments of 3kg, were utilized for Diesel.
Diesel Adaptation for the Toyota Prius Hybrid SystemV-Motech
A study about adapting a Diesel Engine into the Toyota Prius THS-IV generation in order to reduce CO2 emissions and fuel consumption and meet the upcoming emissions requirements and regulations. The study also introduces different powertrain configurations like the Plug in Hybrid powertrain and a Turbocharged Gasoline Engine to have a better comparison among the different powertrain configurations.
Thermodynamic design of a Turbojet engine for the given conditions of altitude and speed. Blade geometry was taken into consideration for this project. A Matlab program was written to calculate the best compressor ratio, temperatures and geometry to obtain maximum thrust. Inlet and Nozzle were drafted using CREO Parametric.
Internal Combustion Engine Fundamental ConceptsHassan Raza
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineering students during their Internal Combustion Course. Students belong to a very prestigious Engineering institute of Pakistan "University of Engineering and Technology Lahore"
Sheet1ASU - CON 243NameRoss DodenhoffHomework Chapter 2Student IDP.docxbagotjesusa
Sheet1ASU - CON 243NameRoss DodenhoffHomework Chapter 2Student IDProblem StatementYour company has just been awarded a large contract that would be well suited for Caterpillar 740B Articulated Haul Trucks. A local rental yard said that they will rent you the trucks for $13,200 per month plus 7.0% sales tax not including any operating costs. What would it cost to purchase the trucks instead of renting them? The purchase price including sales tax and attachments is $575,000. The project will last 5 years and you are not sure that you will have work for the trucks after this project therefore you need to plan on selling them at the end of 5 years for 40% of the original purchase price. According to the schedules that the project managers have put together it appears that you will be able to get 1,800 hours of utilization per year on the trucks during all five years and they also anticipate 50 minute efficiency working hours. According to the Chief Financial Officer of the company your cost of money is 6% and the annual insurance amount on each truck will be 0.5%. Your tire sales person says that a set of 6 tires will cost $25,000, last 3,800 hours and the average repairs will be about 15% of the purchase price over the life of the tires. The preventative maintenance schedule that your fleet is on has PM1 oil changes completed every 250 hours with oil, lube and filter cost at $15.00 per gallon, repair and maintenance cost is $5.00 per hour and your throttle load factor for articulated trucks is 60%. Because they are trucks and will not be scraping the ground they do not have any high wear ground engaging items to wear out. Use the product specifications included with this assignment to determine the Gross Flywheel Horse Power, engine crankcase capacities and any other information that you may need. Diesel fuel is $2.50 per gallon for red dyed.Question 1(16 POINTS)What is the Average Annual Investment for this machine?Question 2(24 POINTS)What is the ownership cost per hour?Puchase Price-salvage value-cost of tires+cost of capital+overhead=Ownership expensePurchase Price= 575,000Salvage Value= 230,000Cost of Tires= 25,000Question 3(36 POINTS)What is the operating cost per hour?Question 4(8 POINTS)What is the total cost per hour to your company if you were to own this machine? Question 5(8 POINTS)What is the total cost per hour to your company if you were to rent this machine? Question 6(8 POINTS)For only this project, would it be more economical to rent or buy this machine? Explain why.Question 7(BONUS POINTS)In considering owning vs renting, what is the breakeven point in hours (i.e. how many hours would you need to utilize the equipment before it becomes more economical to own the machine)?
740B
Articulated
Truck
Engine
Weights
Engine
Model
Tier
4
Interim/EU
Stage
IIIB
Cat®
C15
ACERT™
Rated
Payload
39.5
tonnes
43.5
tons
Gross
Power
–
SAE
J1995
365
kW
489
hp
Body
Capacities
Net
Power
–
ISO
14396
361
kW
484
hp
Heaped
SAE
2:.
https://ukobd2.com/wholesale/foxwell-i70-android-diagnostic-scanner-371.html
The latest tablet scanner i70 from Foxwell is changing the way car repairs are handled in the workshop. Through hardware and software upgrades, technical staff can now approach problems with greater speed and accuracy, and produce comprehensive, professional reports.
The Performance Traction Control is an algorithm developed by Addfor to maximize the vehicle performance in every driving condition giving the vehicle the maximum available acceleration in exiting turns.
For any product details or customer specific questions our highly specialized team of Data Scientists and Engineers are available to answer you questions.
For more information visit: www.add-for.com
Twin Turbocharging Inline Six Internal Combustion EngineRobertBeneteau
Design project to twin turbocharge an inline six BMW M3 engine using mathematical computations and engine simulations to increase the power output upwards of 500 horsepower.
REMAPPING AND SIMULATION OF EFI SYSTEM FOR SI ENGINE USING PIGGYBACK ECUBarhm Mohamad
Electronic fuel injection (EFI) is a complex system comprising many parts, both mechanical and electronic, controlling an internal combustion engine. It carries out many different tasks. In motorsport, the most important thing to achieve is power optimisation. High power and engine responsiveness are often desired to gain a competitive edge. Usually, motorsport enthusiast will upgrade their stock vehicle with aftermarket components, such as higher rating turbo, longer duration camshafts, and exhaust system. These are difficult to carry out, time-consuming, and expensive tasks compared to the ECU calibration method. In Vietnam, most customers who want to change their vehicle's performance choose the Remap method on Factory ECU. By using the vehicle performance regulation method with a piggyback ECU, it is easier for the user to adjust the power than by the popular Remap method, the advantages being, for example, low cost and easy installation. Currently, there are very few documents describing and evaluating the effectiveness of a piggyback ECU installed in a vehicle. So, in this paper, an experimental reconstruction of an electronic fuel injection system with a piggyback ECU was performed, then the control algorithms of the electronic fuel injection system were simulated in LabVIEW, and the results were compared with the experiment, based on the simulation model of the control algorithm of the EFI system with many modes with different engine loads and speeds. The simulation results are used to evaluate the algorithm for the piggyback ECU.
Volumetric efficiency calculating your cars volumetric efficiency
1. September 1, 2000
Volumetric Efficiency
Calculating your cars volumetric efficiency
Ever have one of those days where you accidentally stumble onto something that is actually worth thinking about? Maybe the idea is so good
it is worth writing down and investigating. I was having one of those days while throwing a few emails back and forth with Tom Deskins. We
were discussing flow rates and the upcoming flow tests Tom was having done to a few LS1 induction parts. I will be involved in the tests
because I was able to provide a throttle body for Tom to use.
During the discussion, Tom mentioned that he could make a rough guess at what the engine's volumetric efficiency is by just using a scan tool
to get the data. I thought that was an intriguing idea. This could tell us the volumetric efficiency of the car, and we wouldn't have to use the
assumed 80% that you see tossed around so much. This "assumed" 80% does not give any sources or prove the volumetric efficiency rating
of your car. At that point, I set out to find the "true" volumetric efficiency of my car.
What is volumetric efficiency
Volumetric efficiency is the measurement of how close the actual volumetric flow rate is to the theoretical volumetric flow rate. A engine has a
set volume (displacement) that can be calculated. However, your engine will not use the full volume (100%) it has available because of
friction losses, leaks, and the fact that a mass produced engine can only be so good before the money out weighs the benefits (the point of
diminishing returns).
A grease-covered, wrench-turning monkey like yourself cannot have your car operating at less than par performance. So you "have" to go out
and buy aftermarket induction parts, a set of ported heads, bigger lift cam, and a good exhaust system. It is all in the name of automotive
science; at least that is how we explain our addictions to our better halves. All of these parts help to increase the volumetric efficiency of the
engine and bumps up the power output of the car allowing you to edge ahead of your racing buddy.
Using a scan tool to get the necessary data
We use Auto Tap, a very popular scan tool which works on your notebook computer. You receive a software program and a cable which
connects your notebook computer to your car. Three parameters must be logged before the appropriate data can be collected.
The first parameter is the engine speed, or revolutions per minute. The second parameter is the mass flow rate reported by the mass air flow
sensor and the last parameter is the intake air temperature. This parameter is recorded in the air box lid on my 1999 Z28 Camaro.
There is one catch to recording correct and accurate data. You MUST have the STOCK mass air flow housing installed on your car when taking
these readings. This means that even the screen must be installed on your housing. If you have a ported mass air flow housing or the screen
has been removed, your mass flow readings will be inaccurate. The mass air flow sensors depend on laminar flow (from the screen) and the
cross section of the mass air flow housing.
We simply went out on a stretch of straight road in the middle of nowhere and stretched the car's legs a little bit. :-) Having those three
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2. parameters entered allowed us to move on to the next step in our quest for knowledge. Here is a sample from the Auto Tap log file of the data
parameters we logged.
Engine speed - 5,993 rpm
Mass air flow rate - 34.32 lb/min
Intake air temperature - 70 °F
Air density
One of the first problems that I encountered when trying to calculate the volumetric efficiency of my engine was converting mass flow to
volumetric flow. Given a mass flow rate for air, you must have the density of the air to find the volumetric flow rate. Density is inversely
proportional to temperature and can be readily calculated at any temperature. The density of air at 32 °F and 1 atmosphere is 0.0808 lb/ft
3
.
Knowing the density of air at a given temperature, you can use a ratio (see Equation 1) to determine the density for the incoming air
temperature.
Degrees Fahrenheit (°F) will not work correctly using this method. Degrees Fahrenheit must be converted to absolute temperature, degrees
Rankine (°R). When converting Fahrenheit to Rankine, add 459.67 to the Fahrenheit measurement to get absolute temperature (°R).
The temperature of the air that you use to calculate the density is always one for debate. I used the temperature recorded by the car's intake
air temperature sensor. It is safe to assume that the air will heat up even further by the time it enters the intake manifold. That makes our
equation a tad bit conservative but close enough for our intentions. Others may use the ambient temperature (temperature of the
environment). I think it is still best to use the temperature that the car's computer (PCM) recognizes from the intake air temperature sensor.
Equation 1
Where:
t
1
= Temperature of air for a known density (32 °F @ 0.0808 lb/ft
3
)
t
2
= Temperature of the intake air measured by the intake air temperature sensor (°R)
d
1
= Density of air for a known temperature (0.0808 lb/ft
3
@ 32 °F)
d
2
= Density of the intake air (lb/ft
3
)
Solving for d
2
:
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2 of 6 26-Feb-13 6:50 PM
3. Calculating your car's volumetric flow rate
Now you are ready to calculate your car's actual volumetric flow rate. Multiply the mass flow rate (MF
K
) from the Auto Tap log file, by the
density of the intake air (d
2
) at that specific mass flow rate. This gives you the actual volumetric flow rate of your engine. This is illustrated
by Equation 2 where the actual air flow by our engine at 5,993 rpm is calculated.
Equation 2
Where:
AVF = Actual volumetric flow rate (ft
3
/minute)
MF
K
= Mass flow rate taken from Auto Tap log (lb/minute)
d
2
= Density of air for the intake air (lb/ft
3
)
Solving for d
2
:
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3 of 6 26-Feb-13 6:50 PM
4. Calculating theoretical air flow for your engine
Knowing the theoretical air flow in cubic-feet per minute (cfm) your car can take in at a given engine speed (rpm) is an absolute must in
determining volumetric efficiency. In order to figure out what the theoretical amount of air your engine will "ingest" at a certain rpm, you will
have to answer a few questions. What is the displacement of your engine? For what maximum rpm do you want to design? Do you have a
four- or two-stroke engine?
Since we own 1999 Camaro Z28, we will use the LS1 with no internal engine modifications as our design engine. Our LS1 has a displacement
rating of 346 cubic inches (in
3
). We will calculate the theoretical air flow at 5,993 rpm because we have the Auto Tap data at that rpm. Our
engine is a four stroke engine like all pushrod V-8's on the road. Having a four-stroke engine is represented by a value of two. This equation
will show how much air is needed when the engine operates at 100% efficiency at 5,993 rpm. Equation 3
2
is for electronic fuel injected cars
only
Equation 3
Where:
rpm = maximum design rpm
TAF = Theoretical air flow (ft
3
/minute)
VE = Volumetric efficiency (100% theoretical)
ED = Engine displacement (in
3
)
ES = Engine stroke (2 for a four stroke engine)
C = Conversion factor from in
3
to ft
3
Solving for TAF:
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4 of 6 26-Feb-13 6:50 PM
5. Calculating volumetric efficiency
The volumetric efficiency is simply the actual volumetric flow rate divided by the theoretical volumetric flow rate multiplied by one hundred.
Equation 4 shows the volumetric efficiency using the data from the previous two equations. This will tell us the volumetric efficiency of our
car at 5,993 rpm.
Equation 4
Where:
VE = Volumetric Efficiency (%)
AVF = Actual volumetric flow rate (ft
3
/minute)
TAF = Theoretical air flow rate (ft
3
/minute)
Solving for VE:
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