This study evaluated the effectiveness of treating shrimp with bacterins from five Vibrio species to provide protection against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Shrimp were immersed in bacterins prepared from Vibrio campbelli, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus-like, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. harveyi isolates obtained from WSSV-infected shrimp. After 35 days, the shrimp were challenged with WSSV. Shrimp treated with V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi bacterins showed relative percentage survivals of 5% and 47% respectively compared to controls. The results suggest that vaccination with V.
Presentation by Charles Tyler on 'Sustainable Aquaculture Future (SAF) Aquaculture Projects in Bangladesh: Focus on the Environment' at the One Health Approach workshop on Tuesday, 23 March 2021.
I am sure everyone involved in any fish vaccination would really rather prefer that they didn’t have to vaccinate. It is an expensive, time consuming, hazardous and stressful process. So why do we vaccinate fish?
A brief presentation on fish vaccination and its application particularly in Bangladesh. The overall process is described in a nutshell here. The types, procedure of formation, regulation, licensing and use are among them.
Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from cases of abor...Bhoj Raj Singh
Most common causes of abortion and miscarriages include genetic abnormalities in embryo, congenital malformations, immune causes, hormonal causes and infections.
Infections are the least responsible but the most important being extrinsic cause of abortions and thus treatable.
Among the causes of reproductive tract infections commonest are bacteria followed by virus and parasites.
Bacterial infections affect prospective mother right from implantation of the zygote till the postpartum period. Important bacteria are Mycoplasma, Listeria, Salmonella, Brucella and E. coli etc. To treat the bacterial infections antibiotics are the final weapons but proving futile day by day with the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria.
A total of 516 bacterial strains (91 Gram positive and 425 Gram –ve) isolated from cases of abortion (buffaloes 63, cattle 408, goats 14, mares 5, sows 5 and bitches 2) and metritis (bitches 17, buffaloes 2) in animals were tested for sensitivity to:
15 herbal antimicrobials (essential oils of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Thyme, lemon grass, sandal wood, ajowan, betel leaf, guggul, cinnamon, agar wood, holy basil, patchouli and methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, and three active compounds from herbs viz., carvacrol, cinnamledehyde and citral) and
33 antibiotics (amoxycillin, amoxycillin clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, moxalactam, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, penicillin, piperacillin, v tazobactam, polymyxin B sulphate , streptomycin, tigecycline and vancomycin) using disc diffusion assay.
To determine extended spectrum β-lactamase and mettalo β-lactamase production specific E-test and polymerase chain reaction assays were performed.
Bacteria belonging to 37 genera were identified from aborted foetal tissues or membranes (497) and bacteria of 6 genera from cases of metritis (19). The 10 most common genera of bacteria associated with abortion were Escherichia (117), Aeromonas (50), Enterobacter (46), Streptococcus (36), Brucella (32), Klebsiella (26), Staphylococcus (22), Alcaligenes (20), Moraxella (19) and Acinetobacter (17).
The bacteria associated with metritis were Staphylococcus (10), Bacillus spp., (2), Enterobacter spp. (1), Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus milleri (1) and Vibrio alginolyticus (1).
Conclusion: Some of the herbal antimicrobial is as good as antibiotics or even better, the question is how we can use these to alleviate the infections of reproductive tract. In vitro studies are just indicative and real picture may be lucid after in vivo studies for which a concerted one health study is the need of the day.
Presentation by Charles Tyler on 'Sustainable Aquaculture Future (SAF) Aquaculture Projects in Bangladesh: Focus on the Environment' at the One Health Approach workshop on Tuesday, 23 March 2021.
I am sure everyone involved in any fish vaccination would really rather prefer that they didn’t have to vaccinate. It is an expensive, time consuming, hazardous and stressful process. So why do we vaccinate fish?
A brief presentation on fish vaccination and its application particularly in Bangladesh. The overall process is described in a nutshell here. The types, procedure of formation, regulation, licensing and use are among them.
Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from cases of abor...Bhoj Raj Singh
Most common causes of abortion and miscarriages include genetic abnormalities in embryo, congenital malformations, immune causes, hormonal causes and infections.
Infections are the least responsible but the most important being extrinsic cause of abortions and thus treatable.
Among the causes of reproductive tract infections commonest are bacteria followed by virus and parasites.
Bacterial infections affect prospective mother right from implantation of the zygote till the postpartum period. Important bacteria are Mycoplasma, Listeria, Salmonella, Brucella and E. coli etc. To treat the bacterial infections antibiotics are the final weapons but proving futile day by day with the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria.
A total of 516 bacterial strains (91 Gram positive and 425 Gram –ve) isolated from cases of abortion (buffaloes 63, cattle 408, goats 14, mares 5, sows 5 and bitches 2) and metritis (bitches 17, buffaloes 2) in animals were tested for sensitivity to:
15 herbal antimicrobials (essential oils of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Thyme, lemon grass, sandal wood, ajowan, betel leaf, guggul, cinnamon, agar wood, holy basil, patchouli and methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, and three active compounds from herbs viz., carvacrol, cinnamledehyde and citral) and
33 antibiotics (amoxycillin, amoxycillin clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, moxalactam, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, penicillin, piperacillin, v tazobactam, polymyxin B sulphate , streptomycin, tigecycline and vancomycin) using disc diffusion assay.
To determine extended spectrum β-lactamase and mettalo β-lactamase production specific E-test and polymerase chain reaction assays were performed.
Bacteria belonging to 37 genera were identified from aborted foetal tissues or membranes (497) and bacteria of 6 genera from cases of metritis (19). The 10 most common genera of bacteria associated with abortion were Escherichia (117), Aeromonas (50), Enterobacter (46), Streptococcus (36), Brucella (32), Klebsiella (26), Staphylococcus (22), Alcaligenes (20), Moraxella (19) and Acinetobacter (17).
The bacteria associated with metritis were Staphylococcus (10), Bacillus spp., (2), Enterobacter spp. (1), Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus milleri (1) and Vibrio alginolyticus (1).
Conclusion: Some of the herbal antimicrobial is as good as antibiotics or even better, the question is how we can use these to alleviate the infections of reproductive tract. In vitro studies are just indicative and real picture may be lucid after in vivo studies for which a concerted one health study is the need of the day.
This Presentation is based on inventions or patent of Dr. Charles Artnzen. He is nowadays known as father of plant based edible Vaccines. Presentations introduces from Dr. Hippocratus to Dr. Edward Jenner and Dr. Charles, current status and Its golden future with reliable references cited properly. Dr. Charles who has championed the production of drugs in plants by convincing them to do so modified with our gene of interest.
Edible vaccines hold great promise as a cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socioculturally readily acceptable vaccine delivery system, especially for the poor developing countries. It involves introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Introduced as a concept about a decade ago, it has become a reality today. A variety of delivery systems have been developed. Initially thought to be useful only for preventing infectious diseases, it has also found application in prevention of autoimmune diseases, birth control, cancer therapy, etc. Edible vaccines are currently being developed for a number of human and animal diseases. There is growing acceptance of transgenic crops in both industrial and developing countries. Resistance to genetically modified foods may affect the future of edible vaccines. They have passed the major hurdles in the path of an emerging vaccine technology. Various technical obstacles, regulatory and non-scientific challenges, though all seem surmountable, need to be overcome. This review attempts to discuss the current status and future of this new preventive modality.
Presentation 8: Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a versatile pathogen that can adapt ...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
International Technical Seminar/Workshops on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
Edible vaccines derived from plants as part of a plant molecular farming activities with the aim of producing cheap vaccines has been raised from years ago. Low cost production of these vaccines have been led to attention to them, especially in developing countries . In this power point, history, production, uses , creating systemic and mucosal immune responses, advantages and disadvantages, biosafety issues and, ultimately, the future prospects of this type of vaccine will be discussed.
Edible Vaccine involves introduction of selected desired genes into plant and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the altered protein.
These types of vaccines are antigenic proteins that are genetically engineered into a consumable crop. The strategy is that the plant food product haves the protein witch is obtained from some disease causing pathogen. People eat the plant food, the food is digested
Salmonid aquaculture has suffered from a number of different ailments. Infectious Salmon Anaemia, caused by the Isavirus from the orthomixoviridae family, led to a major crisis of the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry in Chile, dramatically reducing production numbers.
Genetic selection for disease resistance (animal breeding). اصلاح دامMohammad Ghaderzadeh
Mohammad Ghaderzadeh
Ph.D candidate in Animal Breeding & Genetics, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran
انتخاب ژنتیکی برای مقاومت در دام و طیور
EPIDEMIOLOGYAntibiotic Susceptibility of Non-Cholera VibriTanaMaeskm
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Non-Cholera Vibrios
Isolated from Farmed and Wild Marine Fish
(Argyrosomus japonicus), Implications for Public Health
Justine Fri,
1
Roland Ndip Ndip,
2
Henry Akum Njom,
1
and Anna Maria Clarke
1
This study aimed to evaluate the antibiogram and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of Vibrio isolates
recovered from a marine fish (Argyrosomus japonicus) and water samples from two commercial dusky kob
aquaculture farms and the Kariega estuary, South Africa, and to evaluate these findings for their public health
implications. A total of 277 molecularly confirmed Vibrio isolates consisting of 126 Vibrio fluvialis, 45 Vibrio
vulnificus, 30 Vibrio Parahaemolyticus, and 76 vibrios belonging to species of the genus other than Vibrio
cholerae were subjected to susceptibility testing to 15 antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. Multiple
antibiotic resistance index ( MARI) was used to determine the antibiotic resistance-associated health risk,
while polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the presence of 14 ARGs for nonsusceptible strains.
Highest resistances were recorded to amoxicillin (76.2%), ampicillin (67.5%), erythromycin (38.3%), and
doxycycline (35.0%), while susceptibilities were highest to gentamicin (100%), followed by norfloxacin
(97.8%), florfenicol (90.3%), tetracycline (87.7%), and chloramphenicol (87.4%). We recorded a 58.5%
multidrug resistance (resistance to ‡2 antimicrobial classes). MARI did not vary significantly between sites
( p > 0.05); however, values of >0.2 were recorded in 40% (108/277) of all strains tested. ARG markers, ampC,
blaOXA, tetA, tetM, dfr1, sul1, sul2, ermB, nptII, strA, and SXT integrase, were detected in one or more strains
with ermB (82.5%), sul2 (53.8%), strA (44%), dfr1 (42.3%), and tetM (38.3%) being the most abundant.
Healthy marine finfish (dusky kob) and their environment can serve as reservoirs for antibiotic resistant vibrios
and ARGs, which could be disseminated to humans and other susceptible bacteria and this therefore becomes a
public health concern.
Keywords: Vibrio, marine fish, antibiotic drug resistance, antibiotic resistant genes, public health
Introduction
Antimicrobials are widely used for the preventionand treatment of bacterial diseases in food animals.1
They are among the most widely administered drugs ap-
proved for animal health and management. Global estimates
indicate higher volumes of antimicrobials used in food-
producing animals, exceeding those used in humans.
2
Most
animal feeds are supplemented with various concentrations
of antimicrobials ranging from subtherapeutic to full doses.
Moreover, almost all the classes of antibiotics used in the
treatment of human infections are also used in food animals,
including the newest classes of drugs such as third- and
fourth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, glyco-
peptides, and streptogramins.
2
In aquaculture, the control of antibiotic usage varies widely
from coun ...
This Presentation is based on inventions or patent of Dr. Charles Artnzen. He is nowadays known as father of plant based edible Vaccines. Presentations introduces from Dr. Hippocratus to Dr. Edward Jenner and Dr. Charles, current status and Its golden future with reliable references cited properly. Dr. Charles who has championed the production of drugs in plants by convincing them to do so modified with our gene of interest.
Edible vaccines hold great promise as a cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socioculturally readily acceptable vaccine delivery system, especially for the poor developing countries. It involves introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Introduced as a concept about a decade ago, it has become a reality today. A variety of delivery systems have been developed. Initially thought to be useful only for preventing infectious diseases, it has also found application in prevention of autoimmune diseases, birth control, cancer therapy, etc. Edible vaccines are currently being developed for a number of human and animal diseases. There is growing acceptance of transgenic crops in both industrial and developing countries. Resistance to genetically modified foods may affect the future of edible vaccines. They have passed the major hurdles in the path of an emerging vaccine technology. Various technical obstacles, regulatory and non-scientific challenges, though all seem surmountable, need to be overcome. This review attempts to discuss the current status and future of this new preventive modality.
Presentation 8: Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a versatile pathogen that can adapt ...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
International Technical Seminar/Workshops on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
Edible vaccines derived from plants as part of a plant molecular farming activities with the aim of producing cheap vaccines has been raised from years ago. Low cost production of these vaccines have been led to attention to them, especially in developing countries . In this power point, history, production, uses , creating systemic and mucosal immune responses, advantages and disadvantages, biosafety issues and, ultimately, the future prospects of this type of vaccine will be discussed.
Edible Vaccine involves introduction of selected desired genes into plant and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the altered protein.
These types of vaccines are antigenic proteins that are genetically engineered into a consumable crop. The strategy is that the plant food product haves the protein witch is obtained from some disease causing pathogen. People eat the plant food, the food is digested
Salmonid aquaculture has suffered from a number of different ailments. Infectious Salmon Anaemia, caused by the Isavirus from the orthomixoviridae family, led to a major crisis of the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry in Chile, dramatically reducing production numbers.
Genetic selection for disease resistance (animal breeding). اصلاح دامMohammad Ghaderzadeh
Mohammad Ghaderzadeh
Ph.D candidate in Animal Breeding & Genetics, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran
انتخاب ژنتیکی برای مقاومت در دام و طیور
EPIDEMIOLOGYAntibiotic Susceptibility of Non-Cholera VibriTanaMaeskm
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Non-Cholera Vibrios
Isolated from Farmed and Wild Marine Fish
(Argyrosomus japonicus), Implications for Public Health
Justine Fri,
1
Roland Ndip Ndip,
2
Henry Akum Njom,
1
and Anna Maria Clarke
1
This study aimed to evaluate the antibiogram and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of Vibrio isolates
recovered from a marine fish (Argyrosomus japonicus) and water samples from two commercial dusky kob
aquaculture farms and the Kariega estuary, South Africa, and to evaluate these findings for their public health
implications. A total of 277 molecularly confirmed Vibrio isolates consisting of 126 Vibrio fluvialis, 45 Vibrio
vulnificus, 30 Vibrio Parahaemolyticus, and 76 vibrios belonging to species of the genus other than Vibrio
cholerae were subjected to susceptibility testing to 15 antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. Multiple
antibiotic resistance index ( MARI) was used to determine the antibiotic resistance-associated health risk,
while polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the presence of 14 ARGs for nonsusceptible strains.
Highest resistances were recorded to amoxicillin (76.2%), ampicillin (67.5%), erythromycin (38.3%), and
doxycycline (35.0%), while susceptibilities were highest to gentamicin (100%), followed by norfloxacin
(97.8%), florfenicol (90.3%), tetracycline (87.7%), and chloramphenicol (87.4%). We recorded a 58.5%
multidrug resistance (resistance to ‡2 antimicrobial classes). MARI did not vary significantly between sites
( p > 0.05); however, values of >0.2 were recorded in 40% (108/277) of all strains tested. ARG markers, ampC,
blaOXA, tetA, tetM, dfr1, sul1, sul2, ermB, nptII, strA, and SXT integrase, were detected in one or more strains
with ermB (82.5%), sul2 (53.8%), strA (44%), dfr1 (42.3%), and tetM (38.3%) being the most abundant.
Healthy marine finfish (dusky kob) and their environment can serve as reservoirs for antibiotic resistant vibrios
and ARGs, which could be disseminated to humans and other susceptible bacteria and this therefore becomes a
public health concern.
Keywords: Vibrio, marine fish, antibiotic drug resistance, antibiotic resistant genes, public health
Introduction
Antimicrobials are widely used for the preventionand treatment of bacterial diseases in food animals.1
They are among the most widely administered drugs ap-
proved for animal health and management. Global estimates
indicate higher volumes of antimicrobials used in food-
producing animals, exceeding those used in humans.
2
Most
animal feeds are supplemented with various concentrations
of antimicrobials ranging from subtherapeutic to full doses.
Moreover, almost all the classes of antibiotics used in the
treatment of human infections are also used in food animals,
including the newest classes of drugs such as third- and
fourth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, glyco-
peptides, and streptogramins.
2
In aquaculture, the control of antibiotic usage varies widely
from coun ...
Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio species is of critical importance. This study evaluates the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio species present in farmed shrimp. Shrimp samples were obtained from an aquaculture farm. The tissues of Shrimp were examined and a total of 29 Vibrio isolates were identified. Through the biochemical test, the Vibrio isolates were identified as V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, V.parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. The Vibrio species were tested for their resistance to eighteen antibiotics that are frequently present in the aquatic environment. Out of the total isolates, 6 were selected as dominant species for antibiotic susceptibility test. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae isolated from fresh shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics, V.vulnificus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics and this was the only isolate to show maximum resistance against the selected antibiotics. V.mimicus and V.alginolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance to against seven different antibiotics. V.parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against eight antibiotics whereas V.furnissii isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against six antibiotics. In general, all samples showed an increased level of antibiotic resistance due to improper
In the present study, the protective effect of herbal-based conditioners as an immunostimulants was tested on tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) juvenile at various times of their culture period to enhance their resistance against bacterial infection. The trial comprised of a single formulation of herbal-based bioconditioners with scheduled water changes during the treatment. Three period of exposure (6 h, 12 h and 24 h) with herbal-based bioconditioners as well as a control are performed in completely randomized design of experiment followed by a challenge test using single pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio parahaemolyticus at concentration of 105 cells ml-1. Percentage survival and host-pathogen interaction were determined at the end of exposure and challenge test. Various challenge tests showed that herbal-based bioconditioners (AquaHerb) significantly increase the percentage survival (P<0.05)><0.05). In addition, tiger grouper immune system performance was found to be better than in the control group. Finally, by combining the positive impact of herbal-based Bioconditioners, this prophylactic approach can become a very effective alternatives to the use of antibiotics and other synthetic compounds.
Key Words: Herbal-based bioconditioners, V. parahaemolyticus, Tiger grouper, Percentage survival
Disinfection of Mycotic Species Isolated from Cases of Bovine Mastitis Showin...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Disinfection of Mycotic Species Isolated from Cases of Bovine Mastitis Showing Antifungal Resistance by Elaine Meade in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Rotavirus RV is a disease that is extremely spreadable in children whose age ranges between 3'5 years. Rotavirus vaccination RVV is an effective method for combating the diarrhoea disease as rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhoea worldwide. For fulfilling the aim of reducing the burden of RV caused in children under 5 years for diarrhoea mortality. World Health Organization WHO recommends introducing RVVs worldwide. Globally three RVVs are licensed for local use two monovalent vaccines Rotarix, and Rotavac and a pentavalent vaccine RotaTeq. Safety and efficacy of these vaccines have been proved, however, they require cold chain storage at or below 2oto 8oC before use. In this article, a detailed profile of Rotarix vaccine is being emphasized. Rotavirus Vaccines are in high demand for introduction by many low income countries, but limitations such as price, poor supply and insufficient cold chain capacity at distant delivery points, have restricted their introduction. A. A Bhosale | Dr. V. U Barge "Illustrative Review on Rotavirus Vaccines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29552.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29552/illustrative-review-on-rotavirus-vaccines/a-a-bhosale
Antagonism of lactic acid bacteria against pathogenic agents not related to g...IJERA Editor
Oar researchhas provedthat lactic acid bacteria possess the wide spectrum of antagonistic activity. They inhibit the
growth of not only agents of intestinal infections but also agents ofdiseases not related to gastrointestinal tract.
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.
In the edible vaccine, Transgenic plants are used as vaccine production systems.
The genes encoding antigens of bacterial and viral pathogens can be expressed in plants in a form in which they retain native immunologic properties.
Identification of causative agent for fungal infection and effect of disinfec...AbdullaAlAsif1
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the commercially important and commonly cultured fish. In the hatchery intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in C. carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in C. carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between March to May 2015 at Mafatema fish hatchery, Chanchra, Jessore sadar upazilla. In the present study three disinfectants with three different concentrations in each such as methylene blue 1, 3 and 5mg/L., malachite green 1, 3 and 5mg/L., sodium chloride 1, 2 and 3g/L were used to observe the hatching rate of fertilized eggs and survival rate of larvae. Bacterial load of culture water was examined during the induced breeding of C. carpio with mycological examination of egg samples with different disinfectants. The total bacterial count fluctuated from 3.4 x 108 CFU/ml to 32.7 x 108 CFU/ml during the period of fertilization to 4days of hatching. The fertilized eggs infected by Saprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelop. Among all the treatment 1mg/L methylene blue, 3mg/L malachite green and 1g/L sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching rate 95·33±2·08, 88.00±2.64 and 92.33±4.04% respectively. The same concentration of methylene blue, malachite green and sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) better survival rate 95·00±4.35, 75.00±3.00 and 87.00±6.24% respectively. Finally among all the treatment 1mg/L of methylene blue showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching and survival rate 95·33±2·08% and 95·00±4.35 % respectively. So 1mg/L of methylene blue is the best disinfectant for C. carpio fertilized egg treatment.
Similar to Shrimps survive white spot syndrome virus challenge following treatment with vibrio bacterin (20)
NIDM (National Institute Of Digital Marketing) Bangalore Is One Of The Leading & best Digital Marketing Institute In Bangalore, India And We Have Brand Value For The Quality Of Education Which We Provide.
www.nidmindia.com
New Explore Careers and College Majors 2024.pdfDr. Mary Askew
Explore Careers and College Majors is a new online, interactive, self-guided career, major and college planning system.
The career system works on all devices!
For more Information, go to https://bit.ly/3SW5w8W
Want to move your career forward? Looking to build your leadership skills while helping others learn, grow, and improve their skills? Seeking someone who can guide you in achieving these goals?
You can accomplish this through a mentoring partnership. Learn more about the PMISSC Mentoring Program, where you’ll discover the incredible benefits of becoming a mentor or mentee. This program is designed to foster professional growth, enhance skills, and build a strong network within the project management community. Whether you're looking to share your expertise or seeking guidance to advance your career, the PMI Mentoring Program offers valuable opportunities for personal and professional development.
Watch this to learn:
* Overview of the PMISSC Mentoring Program: Mission, vision, and objectives.
* Benefits for Volunteer Mentors: Professional development, networking, personal satisfaction, and recognition.
* Advantages for Mentees: Career advancement, skill development, networking, and confidence building.
* Program Structure and Expectations: Mentor-mentee matching process, program phases, and time commitment.
* Success Stories and Testimonials: Inspiring examples from past participants.
* How to Get Involved: Steps to participate and resources available for support throughout the program.
Learn how you can make a difference in the project management community and take the next step in your professional journey.
About Hector Del Castillo
Hector is VP of Professional Development at the PMI Silver Spring Chapter, and CEO of Bold PM. He's a mid-market growth product executive and changemaker. He works with mid-market product-driven software executives to solve their biggest growth problems. He scales product growth, optimizes ops and builds loyal customers. He has reduced customer churn 33%, and boosted sales 47% for clients. He makes a significant impact by building and launching world-changing AI-powered products. If you're looking for an engaging and inspiring speaker to spark creativity and innovation within your organization, set up an appointment to discuss your specific needs and identify a suitable topic to inspire your audience at your next corporate conference, symposium, executive summit, or planning retreat.
About PMI Silver Spring Chapter
We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For event details, visit pmissc.org.
Shrimps survive white spot syndrome virus challenge following treatment with vibrio bacterin
1. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 44, January 2006, pp. 63-67
Shrimps survive white spot syndrome virus challenge following treatment with
vibrio bacterin
M Rosalind George, A Maharajan, K Riji John & M J Prince Jeyaseelan
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu
Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thoothukkudi 628 008, T N, India.
Received 22 July 2004; revised 8 September 2005
Taking an innovative approach, a vaccination study using five bacterial strains viz. Vibrio campbelli (B60),
V. alginolyticus (B73), V. parahaemolyticus-like (B79), V. parahaemolyticus (R8) and V. harveyi (RG203) was conducted in
Penaeus monodon against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, considered as one of the serious pathogens of
shrimps. Oral challenge with shrimps infected with WSSV showed a relative percentage survival of 5 and 47 % in the
P. monodon juveniles vaccinated with V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi, respectively. Results showed that there is a
possibility of specifically immunising the shrimps against WSSV using bacterin prepared out of Vibrio harveyi isolates
taken from shrimps infected with WSSV. Also, there was a level of protection attained by the shrimps due to immunisation
with Vibrio strains.
Keywords: Bacterin, Penaeus monodon, Shrimp, Vaccination, Vibrio harveyi, White spot syndrome virus
The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has been a
serious pathogen of cultured penaeid shrimps since
1993. WSSV infection is characterised by very high
(70–100%) mortalities occurring within 2-7 days after
the onset of clinical signs in grow-out populations1-3
.
Apart from shrimps, WSSV has a wide host range
which includes crabs, crayfish, lobsters and
copepods4-7
. In India, the annual loss in fisheries due
to WSSV has been estimated to be over 600 crores8
.
Considered as an obligate pathogen in the early days
of the disease, field observations showed that WSSV
has become an opportunistic pathogen in the present
scenario. The cultured shrimps, may therefore,
become susceptible to WSSV infection when
subjected to physiological stress. An enhancement of
the immune status of shrimps can prevent the onset of
WSSV infection in the farm-reared shrimps.
Immunisation, a prophylactic measure and a
protective management tool9
is designed to aid in the
prevention of disease. Chemicals or antibiotics used
in preventing the disease in shrimp aquaculture could
lead to development of resistance in the
microorganisms and render them ineffective.
Considering the seriousness of the disease, wide host
range and nature of farming practices, immunisation,
due to its inherent advantages need to be developed as
an effective tool for the prevention of WSSV
infection in shrimps. Although invertebrates generally
lack an adaptive immune system, they use the innate
immune responses for effectively recognising and
destroying the foreign materials including
pathogens10, 11
.
Development of resistance to infection by probable
immune response like mechanism following
vaccination has been documented against bacterial
pathogens. Song and Hsieh12
demonstrated the
generation of microbiocidal substances by
haemocytes following immunostimulation of shrimp
with products of microbial origin. Itami et al.13
vaccinated shrimps with Vibrio spp. and Alabi et al.14
used formalin killed cells of bacteria for shrimp
vaccination against vibriosis with success. George15
reported a relative percentage survival (RPS) of 34%
for Penaeus monodon immunised with V.
alginolyticus bacterin.
Apart from the reports of immunisation against
vibriosis, vaccination against viral infections was also
reported in shrimps. Presence of a quasi-immune
response to WSSV has been demonstrated in Penaeus
japonicus following challenging the survivors of
natural and experimental WSSV infections16
.
Artificial infection leading to the presence of WSSV
neutralising activity of plasma was observed from 20
_____________
Phone: 0461 2340554
Fax: 0461 2340574
E-mail: rosalindmg@yahoo.com
2. INDIAN J EXP BIOL, JANUARY 200664
days up to well over two months in infected Penaeus
japonicus17
. In view of the above information and to
find out whether the bacterial antigen preparations
have any effect in controlling the WSSV, an
innovative approach of immunising Penaeus
monodon with formalin killed bacterin has been
undertaken in order to increase its immune response
against WSSV challenge. Cue for this was taken from
the observations of increased virulence of vibrio
isolates obtained from white spot infected shrimps15
and reports of the lysogenic conversion of Vibrio
cholerae and V. harveyi by phage DNA integration
into the bacterial genome causing increased
virulence18-20
. Therefore, while selecting the bacteria,
it was taken into consideration that they were
obtained from white spot infected Penaeus monodon.
Materials and Methods
Shrimp specimens⎯Post-larvae of Penaeus
monodon (Fabricius) (tiger prawn) were obtained
locally. The seeds were tested for the presence of
white spot virus with two sets of diagnostic nested
primers 21, 22
and were found to be negative. The post-
larvae were maintained in a 5000 l capacity cement
tank containing 2000 l of seawater provided with
continuous aeration. The seeds were fed ad libitum
with artificial commercial feed, twice daily. The
animals were used for the experiment following a
rearing period of one month. Average size of shrimp
seeds at the time of start of the experiment was
3.728± 0.121 cm length and 0.386± 0.036 g in weight.
Bacterial strains⎯Five different cultures, B60,
B73, B79, R8 and RG203, belonging to genus Vibrio
were used for the bacterin treatment studies. These
strains were isolated from white spot infected P.
monodon collected from farms/hatcheries of the
southern districts of Tamil Nadu (Table 1).
Bacteriological media for isolation and growth of the
bacteria were obtained from Himedia, Mumbai.
Bacterin preparation⎯The five different isolates
of vibrios were inoculated into trypticase soya broth
and overnight grown cultures were further bulked up
in Roux bottles with sterile trypticase soya agar. After
24 hr, these cultures were harvested and washed twice
in sterile saline and resuspended in 5 ml sterile saline.
The cell density in each of the preparation was
calculated by standard plating techniques (Table 2).
The cells were then killed by adding 0.5% formalin
(v/v) to the bacterial suspension for 2 hr and were
washed twice in sterile distilled water to remove
formalin13
.
Immunisation⎯The bacterins prepared by
inactivating with formalin were diluted to 1 litre in
seawater and twenty shrimp seeds each were
immunised by immersion treatment by 5 bacterins for 1
hr13
. Following treatment, ten seeds each were
transferred to 50 l capacity plastic troughs containing
20 l of filtered seawater. The control set was immersed
in sterile saline in the same manner. Duplicates were
maintained for all the five bacterin treatments and
control. Continuous aeration was provided in all the
troughs. The seeds were fed ad libitum with artificial
commercial pelleted feed. Excess feed was removed
daily and the water was exchanged 20% per day.
Shrimps were maintained for 35 days.
Challenge experiment⎯After 35 days of rearing,
the immunised and non-immunised shrimps were
subjected to challenge (per os) by feeding with
WSSV infected shrimp meat23
. The infected shrimp
meat was fed to the animals for 7 days followed by
commercial pelleted feed. The infected shrimp were
obtained from a farm in Kerala state and were tested
positive for WSSV in single step PCR21
. The
mortality of shrimps was recorded daily for a period
of 10 days and the dead ones were immediately
removed from the experimental tanks.
Statistical analysis⎯The protection against WSSV
after vaccination was calculated as the relative
percentage survival (RPS):
mortality of immunised shrimp (%)
RPS = 1 - 100
mortality of control (%)
×
Statistical tests such as mean, standard deviation
and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were
carried out as per Snedecor and Cochran24
.
Table 1⎯Details of bacterial isolates used in the present study
Isolate
No
Date of
collection
Source tissue* Species
B60 25-05-02 Muscle Vibrio campbellii
B73 25-05-02 Gills V. alginolyticus
B79 25-05-02 Hepatopancreas V. parahaemolyticus-like
R8 19-07-02 Muscle V. parahaemolyticus
RG203 14-07-03 Post larvae V. harveyi
*Tissues obtained from WSSV infected Penaeus monodon
Table 2⎯Bacterial cell concentration used for vaccination study
Culture number Cell concentration (CFU/ml)
B60 1.67 × 1011
B73 1.18 × 1011
B79 1.96 × 1011
R8 1.65 × 1010
RG203 2.07 × 1012
3. ROSALIND GEORGE et al.: BACTERIN TREATMENT FOR PROTECTION FROM WSSV 65
Results
The growth performance of the shrimps during the
post-treatment period is given in the Table 3. After 30
days, control shrimps recorded an average weight of
1.305 g whereas the immunised specimens showed
average growth of 1.270 to 1.482 g with B60-
immunised set showing the minimum and B73-
immunised set showing maximum growth.
After the per os challenge with WSSV infected
shrimp, all the animals in the control died on the 5th
day post challenge (dpc). Of the five groups of P.
monodon treated with bacterial strains, three
immunised with B79, B60 and B73 showed 100%
mortality in 5, 6 and 7 dpc. The shrimps treated with
R8 (V. parahaemolyticus) and RG203 (V. harveyi)
strains had only 95 and 59% mortality at the end of
the 10 dpc, significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of
the control and other treatments (Fig.1). RPS of the
above two strains viz. R8 and RG 203 was 5 and 47%
respectively.
Discussion
An innovative method of protecting shrimps
against white spot syndrome virus using specific
bacterial strains was attempted in the present study.
Five different strains of vibrios belonging to Vibrio
campbellii, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus –
like, V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi isolated
from white spot virus infected Penaeus monodon
were used for treating juvenile tiger prawns. Formalin
inactivated bacterins were administered by a single,
short duration immersion treatment of 1 hr. The result
indicates that the shrimps were able to evoke a
successful immune response against WSSV infection
in at least one treatment with V. harveyi even 35 days
after the singular immersion treatment carried out.
Although the RPS values of 5 and 47% obtained at
the end of 10 days post challenge for the V.
parahaemolyticus (R8) and V. harveyi (RG203) were
far from optimum, the results were highly
encouraging considering the fact that the control test
animals were completely dead within halfway of the
challenge duration. Teunissen et al.25
who vaccinated
P. monodon using formalin killed V. alginolyticus
cells found that the vaccine was effective against
vibriosis 50 days post vaccination. Similarly,
Karunasagar et al.26
reported the delayed onset of
disease and significant reduction in mortality rate in
white spot disease occurrence in farms where regular
booster doses of vibrio cells were added. Specific
immune response in shrimps has been documented by
George et al.27
, who obtained an RPS of 66.6% when
P. indicus was vaccinated and challenged with V.
alginolyticus, at the end of 8 weeks of immunisation.
Comparative analysis of the vaccination potential of
Vibrio alginolyticus strains obtained from white spot
syndrome virus infected shrimps and environmental
samples has shown that the protection offered by the
former was higher than that of the latter when
challenged with V. alginolyticus28
.
Ability of shrimp immune system to specifically
recognise the antigen was noticed by Witteveldt et
Table 3⎯Average growth performance of shrimps in the immunisation study
0 day 15th
day 30th
dayCulture Number
Total length (cm) Weight (g) Total length (cm) Weight (g) Total length (cm) Weight (g)
Control 3.933± 0.314 0.442± 0.059 5.217± 0.204 0.825± 0.081 5.800±0.443 1.305±0.231
B60 3.767± 0.378 0.413± 0.068 4.650± 0.315 0.602± 0.123 5.617± 0.453 1.270± 0.275
B73 3.667± 0.388 0.357± 0.052 5.033± 0.472 0.805± 0.179 6.012± 0.354 1.482± 0.171
B79 3.767± 0.326 0.393± 0.029 4.967± 0.383 0.727± 0.141 5.833± 0.821 1.353± 0.309
R8 3.617± 0.496 0.360± 0.062 5.033± 0.356 0.785± 0.185 5.800± 0.704 1.425± 0.332
RG203 3.617± 0.567 0.353± 0.078 4.800± 0.322 0.723± 0.129 5.717± 0.232 1.375± 0.249
Fig.1⎯Cumulative mortalities of Penaeus monodon treated with
formalin-inactivated bacterial strains and challenged with WSSV
on 36th
day post-immunisation.
4. INDIAN J EXP BIOL, JANUARY 200666
al.29
who immunised the animals with a subunit
vaccine of VP19 of WSSV and observed an RPS of
33 and 57% at 2 and 25 days after vaccination of P.
monodon. Compared to the above study, the RPS of
47% obtained in the present experiment is highly
promising due to the fact that the immunisation was
done by a single immersion treatment with a bacterin
while the former was a subunit vaccine and had a
booster dose applied after 5 days and both
administrations were carried out by injection
inoculation. A similar observation was also observed
in a WSSV vaccination study in the Penaeus
japonicus where the efficiency of formalin inactivated
WSSV vaccine was increased by the additional
injections of Vibrio penaeicida30
. Further, in the
present study, the challenge was designed to increase
the viral load drastically high in a manner similar to
the field conditions and its effect was productively
proved as all the control shrimps died halfway
through the challenge test while the RG203 treated
shrimps could successfully establish an RPS of 47 %.
This again contrasts with the study conducted by
Witteveldt et al.29
where the challenge test brought
about only 90% mortality in the unvaccinated
controls.
Despite the fact that all the five species of vibrios
used in the present study were from white spot
infected P. monodon, 3 species (Vibrio campbelli, V.
alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus-like) did not
give any RPS values as they failed to survive the
challenge period. Of the remaining two, R8 (V.
parahaemolyticus) had given only 5% RPS and only
V. harveyi (RG203) could give an RPS of 47%.
Compared to other strains used in the study, RG203
was recently isolated and underwent less than 4
passages before preparation of the bacterin while the
other strains underwent over 7 passages during the
last one year before the bacterins were prepared.
Therefore it can be concluded that Vibrio harveyi
strains that are recently isolated from WSSV infected
P. monodon and underwent minimal passages outside
the host body could function as potential
vaccine/immunisation candidate against WSSV
considering the severity of the disease and simplicity
of the technique. While it could be argued that the
protection offered by the Vibrio bacterin in the
present study is a non-specific immune enhancement,
the absence of protection in all the immunised groups
and partial protection offered by the V.
parahaemolyticus strain (R8) points to the specificity
of V. harveyi (RG203) in protecting Penaeus
monodon against WSSV. Further work is essentially
required to identify the molecular characteristics and
dosage of bacterial antigens and the stage at which the
shrimp could be better immunised using the bacterin
to effectively protect them from WSSV infection.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank Dr R Kadirvel, former Vice-
Chancellor, TANUVAS, Dr. R. Santhanam, Dean,
FCRI and Dr. V. Sundararaj former Dean, FCRI for
their keen interest in the study. Financial assistance
from World Bank assisted National Agricultural
Technology Project on Shrimp and Fish Health
Management is acknowledged.
References
1 Inouye K, Miwa S, Oseko N, Nakano H & Kimura T, Mass
mortalities of cultured Kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus in
Japan in 1993: Electron-microscope evidence of the causative
virus, Fish Pathol, 29 (1994) 149.
2 Nakano H, Koube H, Umezaea S, Momoyama K, Hiraoka M,
Inouye K & Oseko N, Mass mortalities of cultured Kuruma
shrimp, Penaeus japonicus, in Japan in 1993: Epizootiological
survey and infection trials, Fish Pathol, 29 (1994) 135.
3 Chou H Y, Huang C Y, Wang C H, Chiang H C & Lo C F,
Pathogenicity of a baculovirus infection causing White Spot
Syndrome in cultured penaeid shrimp in Taiwan, Dis Aquat
Org, 23 (1995) 165.
4 Lo C F, Ho C H, Peng S E, Chen C H, Hsu H C, Chiu Y L,
Chang C F, Liu K F, Su, M S, Wang, CH & Kou, G H, White
spot syndrome baculovirus (WSBV) detected in cultured and
captured shrimp, crabs and other arthropods, Dis Aquat Org,
27 (1996) 215.
5 Chang P S, Chen H C & Wang Y C, Detection of White Spot
associated Baculovirus (WSBV) in experimentally infected
wild shrimps, crabs and lobsters by in-situ hybridisation,
Aquaculture, 164 (1998) 233.
6 Wang Y C, Lo C F, Chang P S & Kou G H, Experimental
infection of white spot baculovirus in some cultured and wild
decapods in Taiwan, Aquaculture, 164 (1998) 221.
7 Chen L, Lo C F, ChiuY L, Chen F C & Kou G H,
Experimental infection of white spot syndrome virus WSSV in
benthic larvae of mud crab Scylla serrata, Dis, Aquat, Org, 40
(2000) 157.
8 Mohan C V, Health management strategy for a rapidly
developing shrimp industry: An Indian perspective, Health
Management in Asian Aquaculture, Proceedings of the
Regional Export Consultation on Aquaculture Health
Management in Asia and the Pacific. R.P. Subasinghe, J.R.
Arthur & M. Shariff (eds.), (FAO Fisheries Technical Paper
No. 360, Rome, FAO) 1996, 75.
9 Newman S G, Immunization of fish and crustaceans, Infofish
International, Feb,15 (1993)11.
10 Soderhall K, Invertebrate immunity, Dev Comp Immunol, 23
(1999) 263.
11 Lee S O & Soderhall K, Early events in crustacean innate
immunity, Fish Shellfish Immunol, 12 (2002) 421.
5. ROSALIND GEORGE et al.: BACTERIN TREATMENT FOR PROTECTION FROM WSSV 67
12 Song, Y L & Hsieh Y T, Immunostimulation of tiger shrimp
(Penaeus monodon) hemocytes for generation of
microbiocidal substances: analysis of reactive oxygen species,
Dev Comp Immunol,18 (1994) 201.
13 Itami T, TakahashiY & Nakamura Y, Efficacy of vaccination
against vibriosis in cultured kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus,
J Aquat Anim Health, 1 (1989) 238.
14 Alabi A O, Jones D A & Latchford J W, The efficacy of
immersion as opposed to oral vaccination of Penaeus indicus
larvae against Vibrio harveyi, Aquaculture, 178 (1999) 1.
15 George M R, Pathogenic vibrios associated with cultured
shrimps Penaeus indicus and P. monodon, Final report of the
project funded by Asian Fisheries Society, TANUVAS,
Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tuticorin, (1995) 64.
16 Venegas C A, Nonaka L, Mushiake K, Nishizawa T & Muroga
K, Quasi-immune response of Penaeus japonicus to penaeid
rod-shaped DNA virus (PRDV), Dis Aquat Org, 42 (2000) 83.
17 Wu J L, Nishioka T, Mori K, Nishizawa T & Muroga K , Time
course study on the resistance of Penaeus japonicus induced
by artificial infection with white spot syndrome virus, Fish
Shellfish Immunol, 13 (2002) 391.
18 Waldor M K & Mekalanos J J, Lysogenic conversion by a
filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin, Science, 272 (1996)
1910.
19 Dalsgaard A, Serichantalergs O, Forslund A, Lin W,
Mekalanos J, Mintz E, Shimada T & Wells J G, Clinical and
environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae serogroup O141
carry the CTX Phage and the genes encoding the toxin-
coregulated pili, J Clin Microbiol, 39 (2001) 4086.
20 Oakey H J & Owens L, A hypothetical model for VHML
bacteriophage conversion of V. harveyi, Handbook &
abstracts, 5th
Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture,
(Asian Fisheries Society, Manila) 2002, 76.
21 Takahashi Y, Itami T, Macda M, Suzuki N, Kasornchandra J,
Supamattaya K, Khongpradit R, Boonyaratpalin S, Kondo M,
Kawai K, Kusuda R, Hirono I & Aoki T, Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR) amplification of bacilliform virus (RV-PJ)
DNA in Penaeus japonicus Bate and Systemic Ectodermal and
Mesodermal Baculovirus (SEMBV) in Penaeus monodon
Fabricius, J Fish Dis, 19 (1996) 399.
22 Lo C F, Leu J H, Ho C H, Chen C H, Peng S E, Chen Y T,
Chou C M, Yeh P Y, Huang H Y, Chou H Y, Wang C H &
Kou G H, Detection of baculovirus associated with white spot
syndrome (WSBV) in penaeid shrimps using polymerase chain
reaction Dis Aquat Org, 25 (1996) 133.
23 Wang Q, White B L, Redman R M & Lightner D V, Per os
challenge of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae and
Farfantepenaeus duorarum juveniles with six geographic
isolates of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Aquaculture,
170 (1999) 179.
24 Snedecor G W & Cocharn W G, Statistical Methods (6th
edn.)
(The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa) 1967, 593.
25 Teunissen O S P, Faber R, Booms G H R, Latscha T & Boon J
H, Influence of vaccination of vibriosis resistance of the giant
black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), Aquaculture,
164 (1998) 359.
26 Karunasagar I, Otta S K & Karunasagar I, Applications of
Vibrio vaccine in shrimp culture, Fishing chimes, 16 (1996)
49.
27 George M R, John K R & Sundararaj V, Immunisation trials in
penaeid shrimps using pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus,
Abstract No, PP16, Fourth Symposium on ‘Diseases in Asian
Aquaculture’ Fish Health Section of the Asian Fisheries
Society November 22−26, 1999, Cebu City, Philippines, 1999.
28 Amaladevi J, Development of three different vaccines using
diverse strains of Vibrio alginolyticus against virulent white
spot disease associated vibrio infection in penaeid shrimp,
M.F.Sc. thesis Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University (2001) 73.
29 Witteveldt J, Vlak J M & Hulten M C W, Protection of
Penaeus monodon against white spot syndrome virus using a
WSSV subunit vaccine, Fish Shellfish Immunol, 16 (2004)
571.
30 Namikoshi A, Wu J L, Yamashita T, Nishizawa T, Nishioka,
T, Arimoto M, & Muroga K, Vaccination trials with Penaeus
japonicus to induce resistance to white spot syndrome virus,
Aquaculture, 229 (2004) 25.