The study examined whether supplementing shrimp feeds with beta-1,3/1,6-glucan extracted from baker's yeast could improve survival of Pacific white shrimp challenged with infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). The results showed that continuous exposure to the beta-glucan supplemented diet doubled shrimp survival rates compared to the unsupplemented diet. However, the effects on shrimp growth were unclear due to high mortality rates observed.
Fish farming traditionally has many drawbacks. But it evolved after the ages to produce huge number of fishes in lesser space with Biofloc technology which has a competitive advantage over the traditional technique.
Current food needs in the world are growing due to population boom and the popularity of fish is drastically improved due to it, whereas the supply of fish becoming stagnant due to pollution, plastic and many factors, etc. To tackle this needs scientists have developed a technique to produce it commercially with less space, in lesser time with a less inorganic food requirement.
Dr. John Hawke - Exploring Lessons from Disease Management in Commercial Aqua...John Blue
Exploring Lessons from Disease Management in Commercial Aquaculture - Dr. John Hawke, Professor, Chief Diagnostician, Louisiana Aquatic Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University, from the 2016 Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. Swine Health Seminar, February 26, New Orleans, LA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-boehringer-ingelheim-aasv
Indonesia is lucky to escape the rampage of the shrimp disease EMS because of 2 factors: 1. control of its border to shrimp genetic material, and 2. very hygienic pond bottom maintenance
Effects of WSSV and bio-security on shrimp farming in BangladeshWorldFish
Effects of WSSV and bio-security on shrimp farming in Bangladesh. Presentation by Partho Pratim Debnath, Ben Belton, Manjurul Karim, Hendrik Jan Keus, Chadag Vishnumurthy Mohan.
Biofloc fish farming for sustainable aquacultureOrganicaBiotech1
Biofloc technology is an emerging, eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for sustainable fish farming. Earlier, the biofloc system was used as the means to treat wastewater and control fish production.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
The early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp has been ravaging production systems, spreading vertically in Asia and horizontally to countries as far away as Mexico since first reported in 2009.
By applying a central toilet which is flushed regularly, practiced microbial management and meticulous feed management, the EMS shrimp disease was alleviated in our shrimp farm
Global farmed crustacean production has been increasing at much faster rate than major farmed species. It is expected to reach 6.8 million metric tons (MMT) in 2015, of which, 69 percent or 4.7 MMT will be from the marine shrimps (Figures 1A, 1B). In the last 15 years, the production increased six-fold driven more by intensification rather than expansion of the area cultivated.
Evonik Brazil AQUA Meeting - Sept - 2013 (in Portuguese)Alberto Nunes
Nutrition in marine shrimp farming (in Portuguese). Talk given in Natal, Brazil in Sept 26, 2013. This workshop was sponsored by Evonik where nutritionists and feed plant formulators from Latin America were invited.
Fish farming traditionally has many drawbacks. But it evolved after the ages to produce huge number of fishes in lesser space with Biofloc technology which has a competitive advantage over the traditional technique.
Current food needs in the world are growing due to population boom and the popularity of fish is drastically improved due to it, whereas the supply of fish becoming stagnant due to pollution, plastic and many factors, etc. To tackle this needs scientists have developed a technique to produce it commercially with less space, in lesser time with a less inorganic food requirement.
Dr. John Hawke - Exploring Lessons from Disease Management in Commercial Aqua...John Blue
Exploring Lessons from Disease Management in Commercial Aquaculture - Dr. John Hawke, Professor, Chief Diagnostician, Louisiana Aquatic Diagnostic Laboratory, Louisiana State University, from the 2016 Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. Swine Health Seminar, February 26, New Orleans, LA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-boehringer-ingelheim-aasv
Indonesia is lucky to escape the rampage of the shrimp disease EMS because of 2 factors: 1. control of its border to shrimp genetic material, and 2. very hygienic pond bottom maintenance
Effects of WSSV and bio-security on shrimp farming in BangladeshWorldFish
Effects of WSSV and bio-security on shrimp farming in Bangladesh. Presentation by Partho Pratim Debnath, Ben Belton, Manjurul Karim, Hendrik Jan Keus, Chadag Vishnumurthy Mohan.
Biofloc fish farming for sustainable aquacultureOrganicaBiotech1
Biofloc technology is an emerging, eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for sustainable fish farming. Earlier, the biofloc system was used as the means to treat wastewater and control fish production.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
The early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp has been ravaging production systems, spreading vertically in Asia and horizontally to countries as far away as Mexico since first reported in 2009.
By applying a central toilet which is flushed regularly, practiced microbial management and meticulous feed management, the EMS shrimp disease was alleviated in our shrimp farm
Global farmed crustacean production has been increasing at much faster rate than major farmed species. It is expected to reach 6.8 million metric tons (MMT) in 2015, of which, 69 percent or 4.7 MMT will be from the marine shrimps (Figures 1A, 1B). In the last 15 years, the production increased six-fold driven more by intensification rather than expansion of the area cultivated.
Evonik Brazil AQUA Meeting - Sept - 2013 (in Portuguese)Alberto Nunes
Nutrition in marine shrimp farming (in Portuguese). Talk given in Natal, Brazil in Sept 26, 2013. This workshop was sponsored by Evonik where nutritionists and feed plant formulators from Latin America were invited.
Good Feed Manufacturing Practices for the Brazilian Aquaculture IndustryAlberto Nunes
Good Feed Manufacturing Practices for the Brazilian Aquaculture Industry. Talk given at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Society of Animal Science in July 26, 2013, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
The aquaculture industry has developed significantly over recent decades and is, today, one of the fastest-growing food production sectors in the world. One of the most important problems that affect aquaculture is the appearance of infectious diseases. Among bacterial diseases affecting cultured salmonid fish, Bacterial Cold-Water Disease, caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum, produces high mortality and morbidity and consequently, economical losses worldwide.
A survey made at the end of an aqua industry forum meeting in Vietnam last year has shown that for 63 percent of the participants, the most limiting challenge for developing aquaculture was health and disease management. Indeed, in recent years, we have seen numerous diseases appearing and impacting aquaculture production, such as WSSV and EMS in shrimp, or Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA) in salmonids. Working around the classic Host-Pathogen-Environment triad, new technologies and management techniques have been developed to better control diseases in aquatic animals: vaccination, which has led to the decrease of antibiotic use in salmonids; biosecurity procedures in hatcheries and in farms; biofloc technology. All of these technologies have proven successful. Their further development and expanded use will certainly improve the way aquatic animals are farmed.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Soy protein concentrate: a value- added soy product for aquafeedsCJBio3
Aquaculture is the world's fastest-growing industry in the food production sector. It is projected that aquaculture will play a major role in the global food supply by doubling and intensifying its production by 2050. Fish meal is considered as “the gold standard” ingredients for aqua feed, but its unstable price and availability might decelerate the sector expansion and hurt famer’s profits. Although plant-based ingredients can be fish meal alternatives, their high content of antinutritional factors might cause some negative effects on fish growth. However, soy protein concentrate, which provides a great source of protein with less antinutrients thanks to the aqueous alcohol extraction in its refining process, are employing widely for better cost management with stable feed quality.
The article today will provide some updates about SPC using in feed production and the benefits which it brings on fish growth performance.
Straham Quote: “The rise in childhood allergy is due to improved sanitation, compulsory vaccination, fewer siblings,
limited exposure to house dust, pollen and animal dander”
Increase in allergy is associated with affluent countries
Peanut allergy tripled and food allergy increased 18% in ten years in the USA
Increased frequency cannot be explained by changes in the genetic makeup of the countries studied
We investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on zootechnical performance and immune response of the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer Bloch. Experimental fish were fed with 3 diets: a local commercial diet (control), coated or not, with 2 and 3% FPH (w/w). Twelve thousand Asian Seabass juveniles (5.88±0.56 g) were divided into three groups and two replicates reared in nursery tanks (2000 L). The remaining fish were then used for grow-out experiment in floating net cages (1m x 1 m x 3 m). Zootechnical performances were assessed at both stages with following indicators: total weight gain (TWG), % relative weight gain (% RWG), % specific growth rate (% SGR), final weight (g) and final length (cm). At the end of each trial period, fish immune status was assessed through blood sampling and the measurement of Neutrophile (%), Monocyte (%), Lymphocyte (%), Macrophage (105 cell/mL), Leukocyte (103 cell/mL) and Phagocytes activity (%). At the end of the nursery trial, an immersion bacterial challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (105 cells mL-1) was implemented. The results showed that dietary FPH supplementation significantly influenced the growth and immune status of Asian Seabass when compared to the control group. Fish fed FPH supplemented diet yielded higher growth rates and survival rates than non supplemented group. Fish phagocytic activity and resistance to a bacterial challenge were also improved by dietary FPH supplementation. These results may be related to the significant changes observed in fish leukocyte profiles, when fed FPH supplemented diets. Altogether, these results show the positive contribution of FPH to the sustainability of Asian seabass farming.
Background: Infectious diseases cause significant production losses in aquaculture every year. Since the gut
microbiota plays an essential role in regulating the host immune system, health and physiology, altered gut
microbiota compositions are often associated with a diseased status. However, few studies have examined the
association between disease severity and degree of gut dysbiosis, especially when the gut is not the site of the
primary infection. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge on whether bath treatment with formalin, a disinfectant
commonly used in aquaculture to treat external infections, might affect the gut microbiome as a consequence of
formalin ingestion. Here we investigate, through 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, changes in the distal gut
microbiota composition of a captive-reared cohort of 80 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), in consequence of an
external bacterial skin infection due to a natural outbreak and subsequent formalin treatment.
Results: We identified Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi as the causative disease pathogen and we show that the distal
gut of diseased salmon presented a different composition from that of healthy individuals. A new, yet undescribed,
Mycoplasma genus characterized the gut of healthy salmon, while in the sick fish we observed an increase in terms
of relative abundance of Aliivibrio sp., a strain regarded as opportunistic. We also noticed a positive correlation
between fish weight and Mycoplasma sp. relative abundance, potentially indicating a beneficial effect for its host.
Moreover, we observed that the gut microbiota of fish treated with formalin was more similar to those of sick fish
than healthy ones.
Conclusions: We conclude that external Tenacibaculum infections have the potential of indirectly affecting the host
gut microbiota. As such, treatment optimization procedures should account for that. Formalin treatment is not an
optimal solution from a holistic perspective, since we observe an altered gut microbiota in the treated fish. We
suggest its coupling with a probiotic treatment aimed at re-establishing a healthy community. Lastly, we have
observed a positive correlation of Mycoplasma sp. with salmon health and weight, therefore we encourage further
investigations towards its potential utilization as a biomarker for monitoring health in salmon and potentially other
farmed fish species.
Keywords: Microbiota, Atlantic salmon, Infectious diseases, Dysbiosis, Tenacibaculosis, Aliivibrio, Mycoplasma,
Biomarkers, Fish growth
The rising global human population and the improving general human welfare standards comes with an increasing demand for animal proteins. According to an outlook report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the poultry meat production will grow over the next 10 years at around 2.3 percent annually to around 134.5 million tonnes of meat making it the largest meat sector from 2020 onwards.
Risk assessment for Listeria monocytogenes in hot-smoked fish in informal mar...ILRI
Presentation by K. Bomfeh, K. Tano-Debrah, F.K. Saalia and B. Bediako-Amoa at the 17th Faculty of Science Colloquium, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, 21 March 2012.
Alternatives to achieve the sustainability challenge in shrimp production: So...International Aquafeed
Although aquaculture is always referred to as the future solution to feed the nine billion people estimated in world population by 2050, there are still many complications to overcome.
With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tonnes produced annually. With an average annual growth rate of 7 percent, more then 60 percent of the global seafood is currently supplied from aquaculture. However, this growth is not without its problems, as demonstrated by the latest outbreak of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in the shrimp industry, sea lice in the salmon industry and an array of other diseases.
Detritivorous marine polychaete worms are farmed commercially as live bait for sport angling and most recently as an ingredient in formulated aquaculture feeds.
Similar to Beta-Glucans Improve Survival Of IMNV-Infected White Shrimp (20)
Best management practices in shrimp farming (in Portuguese)Alberto Nunes
Survey conducted in 2005 in 43 commercial shrimp farms located in the State of Ceará, NE Brazil. Based on their technical profile, material provides guidance on the implementation of best management practices on each aspect of shrimp production involved.
This presentation describes the trends in the shrimp farming industry in Latin America with focus on the contribution of pond natural food to shrimp growth
Beta-Glucans Improve Survival Of IMNV-Infected White Shrimp
1. 88 September/October 2010 global aquaculture advocate
In 2003, the infectious myonecrosis
virus (IMNV) severely disrupted the pro-
duction of farm-raised shrimp in Brazil
after five years of continuous growth that
had led to record production. The virus
was first detected in September 2002 in
farms located in the state of Piauí and
rapidly spread to neighboring states
within six months. Since then, produc-
tion has recovered mainly by shifting
from intensive to semi-intensive produc-
tion methods.
Symptoms, Treatment
Shrimp affected with IMNV typically
show a loss of transparency in the
abdominal tissue that often leads to a
reddish color and persistent daily mortal-
ity after shrimp reach 7 g in body weight.
Cumulative mortalities can approach 70%
over a typical 120-day growout cycle and
result in feed-conversion ratios well above
2 for 12- to 14-g shrimp.
To date, no single effective treatment
against shrimp viral diseases exists. As
shrimp are not able to respond to vacci-
nation, enhancement of disease resistance
has been attempted through stimulation
of their immune systems. Several com-
pounds have been reported to actively
promote immune responses and increase
survival in cultured penaeids after viral or
bacterial challenge. These include pep-
tidoglycans, glucans, lipopolysaccharides
and sulfated fucoidans.
Brazil Study
In a recent study funded by a grant
from Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos,
the authors’ goal was to determine if a
beta-1,3/1,6-glucan extracted from the
cellular wall of the bakers yeast Saccharo-
myces cerevisiae could promote increases
in the survival and growth of Pacific
white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, after
an oral challenge with IMNV.
Shrimp growth and survival of juve-
nile L. vannamei orally challenged with
IMNV were evaluated in 20 circular,
500-l polypropylene tanks stocked with
57 shrimp/tank (100 shrimp/m²). Shrimp
were fed for 70 days with lab-manufac-
tured diets either deprived or containing
a source of the beta-glucan.
The experimental design comprised
one treatment and three control diets
(Table 1): COM, a high-performance
commercial diet fed to IMNV-free
shrimp; REF, a basal diet manufactured
in the lab without the beta-glucan and
fed to IMNV-free shrimp; IREF, the
basal diet fed to shrimp orally challenged
with IMNV; and IBET, the basal diet
with an inclusion of 1,000 mg/kg of a
commercial beta-1,3/1,6-glucan.
The nearly isoenergetic and isoproteic
diets were designed to result in the same
nutritional composition except with regard
to the inclusion of a beta-glucan source.
The beta-glucan was included in the
IBET diet at the expense of bentonite
(Table 2). Over the growth cycle, shrimp
were exposed to the feed for five hours
daily. Meals were split equally between the
two morning and evening feeding times.
IMNV Challenge
Shrimp suspected of IMNV infection
were collected in the geographic area
where the first case of the disease was
reported in Brazil. Sampled shrimp were
This shrimp collected
from a growout
pond exhibits severe
signs of IMNV in
the milky abdominal
tissue.
Brazil Study: Beta-Glucans Improve
Survival Of IMNV-Infected White Shrimp
innovation
Summary:
In a recent study, the authors
examined whether beta-1,3/1,6-
glucan extracted from bakers
yeast could improve the survival
and growth of Pacific white
shrimp challenged with infec-
tious myonecrosis virus. The
results suggested that continuous
exposure to a diet supplemented
with the beta-glucan doubled
shrimp survival. However, the
effects of the beta-glucan on
shrimp growth performance were
unclear, probably due to the sig-
nificant mortalities observed in
the study.
Alberto J. P. Nunes, Ph.D.
Instituto de Ciências do Mar
Av. da Abolição, 3207 – Mereles
Fortaleza, Ceará 60165-081 Brazil
albertojpn@uol.com.br
Hassan Sabry-Neto, M.S.
Marcelo V. C. Sá, Ph.D.
Instituto de Ciências do Mar
Treatment
Oral IMNV
Challenge
Beta-1,
3/1,6-
glucan
Supple-
mentation
COM
(35.0% crude
protein)
REF
(31.4% crude
protein)
IREF
IBET
No
No*
Yes
Yes
–
No
No
1,000 mg/kg
Table 1. Experimental design
for shrimp challenged with
infectious myonecrosis virus.
* Although shrimp were not intentionally challenged
with IMNV, PCR analysis indicated they were IMNV-
positive at harvest.
2. global aquaculture advocate September/October 2010 89
12 to 14 g in body weight and exhibited
severe gross signs of IMNV infection.
Additionally, shrimp in the growout
pond surveyed had attained a low 32%
final survival at harvest.
Soon after capture, shrimp pleopods
from 50 animals were fixed in a 95% eth-
anol solution for polymerase chain reac-
tion (PCR) and real-time PCR analyses.
For assurance, the size of the pleopod
sample exceeded the amount required for
analysis. The shrimp samples were found
negative for Taura syndrome virus, white
spot syndrome virus and infectious hypo-
dermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus ,
but positive for IMNV.
In the lab, IMNV-free shrimp were
fed roughly ground IMNV-contaminated
tissue. Challenge occurred over three
consecutive days, when shrimp had
reached 4.9 to 6.9 g in body weight or 29
days after continuous exposure to the
experimental diets. Feeding rates over the
challenge period varied 4.0 to 5.2% of
estimated stocked shrimp biomass. Dur-
ing the viral challenge period, shrimp in
treatments COM and REF were fed
their regular diets.
Results
Shrimp survival started to decrease
progressively after the oral challenge
(Figure 1). Three days after exposure to
IMNV extract, shrimp mortality in the
IREF treatment was already statistically
different from all other treatments (P <
0.05). This trend prevailed until shrimp
harvest. Conversely, cumulative shrimp
mortality did not vary significantly
among the COM, REF and IBET treat-
ments (P > 0.05).
Mortality of 30% and greater was
observed three weeks after the viral chal-
lenge, regardless of the feed treatment.
However, in the IREF treatment, shrimp
mortality topped 67%.
At harvest, the highest shrimp sur-
vival rate (69.5 ± 12.7%) was observed in
the COM treatment (Figure 2), which
did not differ statistically from the REF
group. In contrast, the poorest survival
(23.20 ± 5.76%) was reported for shrimp
in the IREF treatment. Shrimp survival
for IBET (48.10 ± 8.53%) was signifi-
cantly higher than in IREF.
Shrimp grew continuously over the
rearing period. Weekly growth rates var-
ied from 0.56 g for the first 14 days of
rearing to 0.77 g two weeks prior to har-
vest. At harvest, the highest shrimp body
weight (11.20 ± 0.58 g/shrimp) corre-
sponded to the lowest survival rate
(IMNV-Ref; Figure 2).
Shrimp body weight in the IREF
treatment was significantly higher than in
the other treatments (P < 0.05). The final
weights for COM and REF shrimp were
not statistically different, while shrimp
final weight for IBET was statistically
lower than for the REF group (P < 0.05).
Observations
In the study, the IREF and IBET
animals were found very susceptible to
IMNV. In the former, average mortality
as high as 76.8% was observed at harvest,
when animals were close to 8 g in body
weight. This observation agrees with
reports from shrimp farmers. In infected
areas, clear signs of IMNV could be
found in shrimp of all sizes, but the high-
est mortality rates were most often
observed when animals were 6 to 8 g in
body weight.
The study results suggested that con-
tinuous exposure to a diet supplemented
with beta-1,3/1,6-glucan enhanced L.
vannamei survival after oral challenge
with IMNV. However, the effects of the
beta-glucan on shrimp growth perfor-
mance were unclear, probably due to the
significant mortalities observed.
Ingredients
Feed (g/kg of diet)
REF, IREF IBET COM
Wheat flour
Soybean meal
Broken rice
Fishmeal, anchovy
Fishmeal, offal and by-catch
Fish oil
Soy lecithin
Cholesterol
Attractant
Common salt
Vitamin-mineral premix
Synthetic binder
Bicalcium phosphate
Betonite
Beta-1,3/1,6-glucan
350.0
220.8
70.0
167.1
100.0
30.0
20.0
1.5
5.0
10.0
10.0
5.0
12.0
3.6
0
350.0
220.8
70.0
167.1
100.0
30.0
20.0
1.5
5.0
10.0
10.0
5.0
12.0
2.6
1.0
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Chemical Composition
Crude protein (%, dry matter)
Crude fat (%, dry matter)
Ash (%, dry matter)
Crude fiber (%, dry matter)
Gross energy (kcal/kg)
31.4
10.1
10.0
5.1
3,706
31.3
10.0
10.3
4.3
3,817
36.6
8.7
10.6
7.6
3,713
Figure 1. Cumulative
mortality of juvenile
shrimp after IMNV
challenge. The zero
week refers to three
days after the viral
challenge. Data points
that do not share the
same letter are statisti-
cally different
(P < 0.05).
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CumulativeMortality(%)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Weeks After Challenge
ComTreatment
REFTreatment
IREFTreatment
IBETTreatment
a a a
a
a
a
b b
b
bb b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
ab
Figure 2. Mean survival
and final body weight
of juvenile shrimp after
IMNV challenge.
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Survival(%)
FinalBody
Weight(gshrimp)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
COM REF IREF IBET
Treatment Treatment Treatment Treatment
a a
bc ab
b
c
c
b
Table 2. Composition and chemical proximate
values of diets used in the study.