Shorthand uses simplified symbols and brief forms to represent sounds and groups of letters to write more quickly. Consonants are arranged in pairs according to similarity of sound like K and G, with differences in length to distinguish them. Vowels are often omitted as they are not pronounced. Practice is needed to write the symbols fluently and correctly form letters like K, G, R and L on the baseline.

4. 1. Shorthand is written by
sound.
 Shorthand to save time.
 It is necessary to ignore
those letters that aren't
pronounced.

5. 2. The consonants are arranged
in pairs.
 According to their similarity of
sound K and G.
 Distinguished by a difference in
length.
 The
characters
for
the
consonants in this lesson are
derived from this elliptical
figure:

9.  From left to right; TH and T
and D.
 These abbreviations are
called brief forms.
 Some
of
these
signs
represent two and even
three words;
ARE, OUR,
 R represents
HOUR.

10.  Ing (a DOT AT THE END of a
word expresses - ING)
 Is expressed by a large
circle.
 Let us examine more
closely the curve letters
K, G, R, and L.

11.  You should practice then
without the slightest
hesitation .
 The strokes begins and
ends on the same plane.
 K ,G,R, L would rest on a
table. K and R same size
correctly written when
the.
 G and L same size paper
is turned upside down.

12.  The sounds represented
by lines are N, M, T, and D:
 Even though d is about
twice the length.
 It should only go up
about two thirds of the
line of writing.