Alexandria city in Egypt is one of important cities in the Mediterranean coast.
Alexandria suffers from many erosion problems along its coastline. The shore line of
Alexandria beach was studied using remote senescing and field data. A case study of a
submerged breakwater, which was constructed at Alexandria beach to stabilize the
eroded beach of Miami - Montaza areas in years 2000 to 2016, is presented. The data
of Alexandria beach were provided by Landsat7 satalite and proccseed by software
program ERDAS IMAGINE 2013 which gives high resolution of the studied area. Then
the shorelines were digitized by using software ARC GIS 10.1. This study introduce the
shoreline response due to the construction of the submerged breakwater using the
Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). The analysis shows shoreline accretion
along most areas of Miamy - Asafra - Mandara - Montaza beach with range from 1 to
20 meter per year. The shoreline erosion exist at eastern part of Asafra beach and
western part of Mandara beach with range from -1.5 to -10 meter per year. A beach
width varied from 30 to 55 m compared to 0.0 to 25 m before the submerged
breakwater. Shoreline change prediction model for coastal zone at Mimi to Montaza
beach in years 2020, 2030, and 2050 is estimated according to DSAS settings and
Linear regression rate. It was observed that during 2016-2050 the accretion distance
along the coastline of Miami to montaza beach was varied between (5- 60) m. Also the
predicted shoreline indicates that the erosion will take place in the Montaza beach with
distance varied between (20) m.
Flood risk mapping using GIS and remote sensingRohan Tuteja
This document presents a study on flood risk mapping in the Kalyan-Dombivli area of India using GIS techniques. It outlines the scope of the study, aim and objectives which are to identify low-lying areas and analyze flood risk factors. The methodology includes generating GIS data like land use/cover maps from remote sensing data and field surveys. Flood risk is assessed based on physical, demographic, and socioeconomic vulnerability indicators as well as hazard indicators like rainfall. The results found increased risk areas due to changes in land use/cover, improper drainage networks, and population growth. Recommendations include mainstreaming disaster risk reduction and using remote sensing for database management.
Chapter 3 - Groundwater Flow to Wells.pdfWONDIMUELIAS
Pumping tests involve extracting groundwater from a pumping well and monitoring water level changes in observation wells over time. This allows calculation of aquifer parameters like transmissivity and storativity. A pumping test was designed to:
1) Determine well yield and efficiency
2) Calculate hydraulic properties of the aquifer
3) Examine spatial impacts of pumping and water quality changes.
The test involved constant rate pumping from an extraction well and periodic water level measurements in observation wells. Data was analyzed using well equations to characterize the aquifer. Proper planning, constant rate pumping, and long duration testing were needed to obtain reliable data for aquifer analysis.
This report summarizes the findings of the dynamic groundwater resources assessment of Maharashtra conducted for the year 2008-2009 by the Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency of Maharashtra in association with the Central Ground Water Board of India. The total rechargeable groundwater resources in Maharashtra are estimated to be 35.73 billion cubic meters, with a net availability of 33.81 billion cubic meters after accounting for domestic and industrial needs. Of this, 17 billion cubic meters are currently being withdrawn for various uses like irrigation, domestic, and industrial purposes. Compared to 2004, groundwater use has increased by 1.91 billion cubic meters. While there appears to be adequate remaining groundwater resources, much of it exists in areas that are
The damaging effect of most common natural disaster flood can be minimized through the area risk assessment with the help of GIS technology and Remote Sensing techniques. With the help of Prayagraj district map and corresponding satellite images, some flood causing criteria raster layer, flood risk map can be obtained by multi-criteria evaluation approach AHP.
River bank erosion is a major natural hazard in Bangladesh that causes significant land and property loss each year. Three key points:
1) Major rivers like the Jamuna and Padma have widened over 3 km and eroded over 130,000 hectares of land in the last 30 years according to satellite image analysis.
2) Case studies show river bank erosion displacing over 4,000 people and causing over 4 crore BDT in economic losses annually in some districts. A majority of affected people face poverty due to loss of land and livelihood.
3) While structural measures like embankments are used, long-term policies addressing resettlement, land zoning, and afforestation are needed to
Definition, classification & types of landslideTarikIslam9
General Information about Bangladesh
Bangladesh is consisted of a total land area of 147570 km² with hilly areas of 17,342 km² (8.5% of total area of Bangladesh).
Chattagram Hill tracts is the wide ranging hilly area in the southeastern part of the country. Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari are three unique geographical and cultural landscape administrative districts in this region.
Landslides are a common hazard in the Chittagong Hill Districts (CHD) of Bangladesh. The communities that live on dangerous hill slopes in CHD repeatedly experience landslide hazards during the monsoon season, with casualties, economic losses and property damage.
This document provides an introduction and overview of groundwater modeling. It discusses why groundwater modeling is needed for effective groundwater management. It outlines the modeling process, including developing a conceptual model, selecting governing equations, model design, calibration, validation, and using the model for prediction. It describes different types of mathematical models, including analytical, finite difference, and finite element models. It emphasizes that a modeling protocol should establish the modeling purpose and ensure the conceptual model adequately represents the system behavior. The document stresses the importance of calibration, verification, and sensitivity analysis to evaluate a model's ability to reproduce measured conditions and the effects of uncertainty.
The document discusses key concepts related to drainage basins and stream hydrology. It begins by defining a drainage basin and explaining how the drainage basin system operates, with water flowing overland or underground to streams and rivers. It then examines factors that affect runoff and infiltration rates within a basin, such as soil type and vegetation cover. Finally, it addresses drainage basin management techniques as well as stream ordering and concepts like laminar and turbulent flow.
Flood risk mapping using GIS and remote sensingRohan Tuteja
This document presents a study on flood risk mapping in the Kalyan-Dombivli area of India using GIS techniques. It outlines the scope of the study, aim and objectives which are to identify low-lying areas and analyze flood risk factors. The methodology includes generating GIS data like land use/cover maps from remote sensing data and field surveys. Flood risk is assessed based on physical, demographic, and socioeconomic vulnerability indicators as well as hazard indicators like rainfall. The results found increased risk areas due to changes in land use/cover, improper drainage networks, and population growth. Recommendations include mainstreaming disaster risk reduction and using remote sensing for database management.
Chapter 3 - Groundwater Flow to Wells.pdfWONDIMUELIAS
Pumping tests involve extracting groundwater from a pumping well and monitoring water level changes in observation wells over time. This allows calculation of aquifer parameters like transmissivity and storativity. A pumping test was designed to:
1) Determine well yield and efficiency
2) Calculate hydraulic properties of the aquifer
3) Examine spatial impacts of pumping and water quality changes.
The test involved constant rate pumping from an extraction well and periodic water level measurements in observation wells. Data was analyzed using well equations to characterize the aquifer. Proper planning, constant rate pumping, and long duration testing were needed to obtain reliable data for aquifer analysis.
This report summarizes the findings of the dynamic groundwater resources assessment of Maharashtra conducted for the year 2008-2009 by the Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency of Maharashtra in association with the Central Ground Water Board of India. The total rechargeable groundwater resources in Maharashtra are estimated to be 35.73 billion cubic meters, with a net availability of 33.81 billion cubic meters after accounting for domestic and industrial needs. Of this, 17 billion cubic meters are currently being withdrawn for various uses like irrigation, domestic, and industrial purposes. Compared to 2004, groundwater use has increased by 1.91 billion cubic meters. While there appears to be adequate remaining groundwater resources, much of it exists in areas that are
The damaging effect of most common natural disaster flood can be minimized through the area risk assessment with the help of GIS technology and Remote Sensing techniques. With the help of Prayagraj district map and corresponding satellite images, some flood causing criteria raster layer, flood risk map can be obtained by multi-criteria evaluation approach AHP.
River bank erosion is a major natural hazard in Bangladesh that causes significant land and property loss each year. Three key points:
1) Major rivers like the Jamuna and Padma have widened over 3 km and eroded over 130,000 hectares of land in the last 30 years according to satellite image analysis.
2) Case studies show river bank erosion displacing over 4,000 people and causing over 4 crore BDT in economic losses annually in some districts. A majority of affected people face poverty due to loss of land and livelihood.
3) While structural measures like embankments are used, long-term policies addressing resettlement, land zoning, and afforestation are needed to
Definition, classification & types of landslideTarikIslam9
General Information about Bangladesh
Bangladesh is consisted of a total land area of 147570 km² with hilly areas of 17,342 km² (8.5% of total area of Bangladesh).
Chattagram Hill tracts is the wide ranging hilly area in the southeastern part of the country. Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari are three unique geographical and cultural landscape administrative districts in this region.
Landslides are a common hazard in the Chittagong Hill Districts (CHD) of Bangladesh. The communities that live on dangerous hill slopes in CHD repeatedly experience landslide hazards during the monsoon season, with casualties, economic losses and property damage.
This document provides an introduction and overview of groundwater modeling. It discusses why groundwater modeling is needed for effective groundwater management. It outlines the modeling process, including developing a conceptual model, selecting governing equations, model design, calibration, validation, and using the model for prediction. It describes different types of mathematical models, including analytical, finite difference, and finite element models. It emphasizes that a modeling protocol should establish the modeling purpose and ensure the conceptual model adequately represents the system behavior. The document stresses the importance of calibration, verification, and sensitivity analysis to evaluate a model's ability to reproduce measured conditions and the effects of uncertainty.
The document discusses key concepts related to drainage basins and stream hydrology. It begins by defining a drainage basin and explaining how the drainage basin system operates, with water flowing overland or underground to streams and rivers. It then examines factors that affect runoff and infiltration rates within a basin, such as soil type and vegetation cover. Finally, it addresses drainage basin management techniques as well as stream ordering and concepts like laminar and turbulent flow.
Drainage pattern and their significanceAvinashAvi110
The document discusses drainage patterns, their classification, and significance. It outlines different types of drainage patterns including dendritic, trellis, rectangular, parallel, and radial patterns. Drainage patterns are influenced by factors like slope, rock type, geologic structures, climate, and geomorphic history. Improper drainage can lead to flooding while well-developed drainage increases water storage and supplies, supports irrigation, and affects groundwater potential and sustainability. Different drainage patterns reveal information about the underlying geology.
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation, including its causes and mitigation strategies. It notes that geological investigation of the land, hydrology, hydrogeology, and geology are essential for planning dams and reservoirs. Several methods to control sedimentation are described, such as reducing sediment inflow, routing sediments, sediment removal, providing large storage volumes, and sediment placement. Afforestation, check dams, and operating reservoirs to discharge sediment during floods while retaining water during dry seasons can also help address the problem. Desilting of reservoirs in India needs to be prioritized, as silt deposits have reduced water storage capacity by 30-40% in major dams.
Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and the displacement of the shoreline caused by natural forces like waves, winds, and tides. It can also be exacerbated by human activities. The document outlines various natural causes of coastal erosion like wave action, winds, tides, storms, and sea level rise, as well as human causes like construction and dredging. Factors that influence erosion rates include sediment sources and sinks, changes in sea level, and coastal geomorphology. Coastal erosion shapes coastlines slowly over time but can also occur catastrophically during storms or tsunamis.
This document discusses river profiles, fluvial landforms, and river capture/stream piracy. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are processes of river transportation, river profiles (long and cross), fluvial landforms, and river abstraction/stream piracy. It then provides details on longitudinal and cross river profiles, including typical shapes and features. A number of fluvial landforms are described, such as meanders, waterfalls, levees, and deltas. The document concludes by explaining river capture/stream piracy, how watershed boundaries can shift due to unequal erosion rates on either side of a drainage divide.
Non equilibrium equation for unsteady radial flowAbhishek Gupta
This document discusses unsteady radial flow in aquifers and methods for analyzing pumping test data. It describes equations for confined, unconfined, and leaky aquifers. The Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods are presented for analyzing confined aquifer data using type curves. For unconfined aquifers, Neuman's equation and the Penman method are described. The Hantush-Jacob solution and Walton graphical method are provided for analyzing pumping tests in leaky aquifers.
A braided channel consists of a network of smaller interconnected channels separated by small, temporary islands called eyots or braid bars. Braiding occurs when a river's sediment load and slope exceeds a threshold, causing deposition that divides the channel. This often happens after heavy rainfall, when discharge levels fluctuate. Braided channels are common where coarse sediments like sand and gravel are carried, such as in the wide, shallow valleys of rivers with little slope.
This document provides an introduction to flood modeling. It discusses the different types of floods including river/fluvial floods caused by excessive rainfall, pluvial/surface floods from heavy urban rainfall, and coastal floods from extreme tidal conditions. It also describes how flood risk analysis uses modeling to support insurance schemes, simulate historical flood patterns, define risk zones and critical rainfall thresholds. The document outlines principal modeling approaches including hydrological models of water movement, hydraulic models of river/canal flow, and hydrodynamic models that simulate river flow in 2D or 3D. It discusses using decision support systems to manage data and models for planning and real-time applications like flood forecasting and early warning systems. Finally, it notes challenges like obtaining
This is a lecture on well hydraulics. The basics of flow towards the well in confined and unconfined aquifers. Well interactions. Method of images. Flow nets in case of multiple wells. Superposition theory for multiple wells.
This document provides an overview of coastal environments and processes. It defines coastal zones and features such as the littoral zone, beach, foreshore, and backshore. It describes factors that influence coastal areas like lithology, geological structures, processes, sea level changes and human impacts. Coastal processes discussed include waves, tides, storm surges, wave refraction, and marine erosion. The summary discusses key coastal landforms and how they are formed by coastal processes.
Beaches have three main components - the nearshore, foreshore, and backshore. The nearshore extends seaward of the shoreline and contains sand bars formed by sediment deposition as wave energy is lost. The foreshore is the area between low and high tide marks affected daily by swash and backwash, depositing and returning sediment. The backshore lies beyond the foreshore and contains dunes, with sediment transported there during storms. Key beach features include berms, ridges and runnels, cusps, spits, and bars, formed by processes like deposition, swash action, and longshore drift.
The document discusses different types of remote sensing scanners. It describes multispectral scanners, thematic mappers, thermal scanners, and hyperspectral scanners. Multispectral scanners collect data in multiple wavelength bands using either across-track or along-track scanning. Thematic mappers were developed to improve upon multispectral scanners. Thermal scanners sense the thermal infrared wavelength range. Hyperspectral scanners record over 100 contiguous spectral bands to generate a continuous reflectance spectrum for each pixel.
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
1) The document discusses different aspects of morphometric analysis of drainage basins.
2) It describes Strahler's 1964 system of classifying drainage basins based on their linear, aerial and relief aspects.
3) These include factors like stream order, bifurcation ratio, stream length, basin area, drainage density, basin shape, stream gradient and more.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the digital representation of the land surface elevation with respect to any reference datum. DEM is frequently used to refer to any digital representation of a topographic surface. DEM is the simplest form of digital representation of topography. GIS applications depend mainly on DEMs, today.
GIS application in Natural Resource ManagementAchal Gupta
This document discusses how GIS can be used for natural resource management. It provides examples of using GIS to assess watershed management in Uttarakhand, India. Specifically, it details how GIS was used to quantify soil loss and sediment flow under different scenarios, spatially distribute those results, delineate micro-basins and watersheds, and identify suitable areas for water harvesting. The results of this analysis can help inform development actions and priorities by providing spatial information on natural resources and how they vary across a landscape.
Soil Erosion for Vishwamitri River watershed using RS and GISvishvam Pancholi
1) This document summarizes a study of soil erosion in the Vishwamitri River watershed using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE).
2) The USLE factors of rainfall (R), soil erodibility (K), slope length and steepness (LS), crop management (C), and supporting practices (P) were calculated for four sub-watersheds using GIS and remote sensing data.
3) The results showed that two of the sub-watersheds (SW1 and SW2) have very severe soil erosion rates of over 97 and 129 tons/ha/year respectively, and should be prioritized for soil conservation measures.
A drainage basin is an area of land where surface water converges to a single point, usually the exit of the basin. There are several types of drainage systems that form depending on the terrain and geology, including dendritic, parallel, rectangular, trellis, radial, and annular systems. Stream ordering schemes classify streams in a hierarchy based on how they join together. Quantitative analysis of drainage basins uses metrics like bifurcation ratio, length ratio, and drainage density to characterize aspects of the basin.
Numerical Modelling of Waterlogging Problem in New Urbanized Communities in A...IJERA Editor
This document describes a study that uses numerical modeling to evaluate potential solutions to the waterlogging problem affecting urbanized areas in Al-Qairawan, Kuwait. The researchers first provide background on the site description, climate, geomorphology, geology, and hydrogeology of the study area. They then describe collecting field data on soil water levels and installing monitoring equipment in observation wells. The researchers used the Visual MODFLOW groundwater flow model to simulate three proposed mitigation scenarios - a wall sheet system, dewatering system, and open drainage system. The results showed the open drainage system was the most effective and economically feasible solution, lowering soil water levels the most at the lowest cost.
Drainage pattern and their significanceAvinashAvi110
The document discusses drainage patterns, their classification, and significance. It outlines different types of drainage patterns including dendritic, trellis, rectangular, parallel, and radial patterns. Drainage patterns are influenced by factors like slope, rock type, geologic structures, climate, and geomorphic history. Improper drainage can lead to flooding while well-developed drainage increases water storage and supplies, supports irrigation, and affects groundwater potential and sustainability. Different drainage patterns reveal information about the underlying geology.
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation, including its causes and mitigation strategies. It notes that geological investigation of the land, hydrology, hydrogeology, and geology are essential for planning dams and reservoirs. Several methods to control sedimentation are described, such as reducing sediment inflow, routing sediments, sediment removal, providing large storage volumes, and sediment placement. Afforestation, check dams, and operating reservoirs to discharge sediment during floods while retaining water during dry seasons can also help address the problem. Desilting of reservoirs in India needs to be prioritized, as silt deposits have reduced water storage capacity by 30-40% in major dams.
Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and the displacement of the shoreline caused by natural forces like waves, winds, and tides. It can also be exacerbated by human activities. The document outlines various natural causes of coastal erosion like wave action, winds, tides, storms, and sea level rise, as well as human causes like construction and dredging. Factors that influence erosion rates include sediment sources and sinks, changes in sea level, and coastal geomorphology. Coastal erosion shapes coastlines slowly over time but can also occur catastrophically during storms or tsunamis.
This document discusses river profiles, fluvial landforms, and river capture/stream piracy. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are processes of river transportation, river profiles (long and cross), fluvial landforms, and river abstraction/stream piracy. It then provides details on longitudinal and cross river profiles, including typical shapes and features. A number of fluvial landforms are described, such as meanders, waterfalls, levees, and deltas. The document concludes by explaining river capture/stream piracy, how watershed boundaries can shift due to unequal erosion rates on either side of a drainage divide.
Non equilibrium equation for unsteady radial flowAbhishek Gupta
This document discusses unsteady radial flow in aquifers and methods for analyzing pumping test data. It describes equations for confined, unconfined, and leaky aquifers. The Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods are presented for analyzing confined aquifer data using type curves. For unconfined aquifers, Neuman's equation and the Penman method are described. The Hantush-Jacob solution and Walton graphical method are provided for analyzing pumping tests in leaky aquifers.
A braided channel consists of a network of smaller interconnected channels separated by small, temporary islands called eyots or braid bars. Braiding occurs when a river's sediment load and slope exceeds a threshold, causing deposition that divides the channel. This often happens after heavy rainfall, when discharge levels fluctuate. Braided channels are common where coarse sediments like sand and gravel are carried, such as in the wide, shallow valleys of rivers with little slope.
This document provides an introduction to flood modeling. It discusses the different types of floods including river/fluvial floods caused by excessive rainfall, pluvial/surface floods from heavy urban rainfall, and coastal floods from extreme tidal conditions. It also describes how flood risk analysis uses modeling to support insurance schemes, simulate historical flood patterns, define risk zones and critical rainfall thresholds. The document outlines principal modeling approaches including hydrological models of water movement, hydraulic models of river/canal flow, and hydrodynamic models that simulate river flow in 2D or 3D. It discusses using decision support systems to manage data and models for planning and real-time applications like flood forecasting and early warning systems. Finally, it notes challenges like obtaining
This is a lecture on well hydraulics. The basics of flow towards the well in confined and unconfined aquifers. Well interactions. Method of images. Flow nets in case of multiple wells. Superposition theory for multiple wells.
This document provides an overview of coastal environments and processes. It defines coastal zones and features such as the littoral zone, beach, foreshore, and backshore. It describes factors that influence coastal areas like lithology, geological structures, processes, sea level changes and human impacts. Coastal processes discussed include waves, tides, storm surges, wave refraction, and marine erosion. The summary discusses key coastal landforms and how they are formed by coastal processes.
Beaches have three main components - the nearshore, foreshore, and backshore. The nearshore extends seaward of the shoreline and contains sand bars formed by sediment deposition as wave energy is lost. The foreshore is the area between low and high tide marks affected daily by swash and backwash, depositing and returning sediment. The backshore lies beyond the foreshore and contains dunes, with sediment transported there during storms. Key beach features include berms, ridges and runnels, cusps, spits, and bars, formed by processes like deposition, swash action, and longshore drift.
The document discusses different types of remote sensing scanners. It describes multispectral scanners, thematic mappers, thermal scanners, and hyperspectral scanners. Multispectral scanners collect data in multiple wavelength bands using either across-track or along-track scanning. Thematic mappers were developed to improve upon multispectral scanners. Thermal scanners sense the thermal infrared wavelength range. Hyperspectral scanners record over 100 contiguous spectral bands to generate a continuous reflectance spectrum for each pixel.
The study of physical oceanography helps in understanding all these aspects in detail. Let us see most of these factors and processes in our future modules. Mathematical models of all these processes are also developed using these phenomena and mechanisms. The individual aspects of all the elements of physical oceanography are to be studied in detail.
1) The document discusses different aspects of morphometric analysis of drainage basins.
2) It describes Strahler's 1964 system of classifying drainage basins based on their linear, aerial and relief aspects.
3) These include factors like stream order, bifurcation ratio, stream length, basin area, drainage density, basin shape, stream gradient and more.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the digital representation of the land surface elevation with respect to any reference datum. DEM is frequently used to refer to any digital representation of a topographic surface. DEM is the simplest form of digital representation of topography. GIS applications depend mainly on DEMs, today.
GIS application in Natural Resource ManagementAchal Gupta
This document discusses how GIS can be used for natural resource management. It provides examples of using GIS to assess watershed management in Uttarakhand, India. Specifically, it details how GIS was used to quantify soil loss and sediment flow under different scenarios, spatially distribute those results, delineate micro-basins and watersheds, and identify suitable areas for water harvesting. The results of this analysis can help inform development actions and priorities by providing spatial information on natural resources and how they vary across a landscape.
Soil Erosion for Vishwamitri River watershed using RS and GISvishvam Pancholi
1) This document summarizes a study of soil erosion in the Vishwamitri River watershed using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE).
2) The USLE factors of rainfall (R), soil erodibility (K), slope length and steepness (LS), crop management (C), and supporting practices (P) were calculated for four sub-watersheds using GIS and remote sensing data.
3) The results showed that two of the sub-watersheds (SW1 and SW2) have very severe soil erosion rates of over 97 and 129 tons/ha/year respectively, and should be prioritized for soil conservation measures.
A drainage basin is an area of land where surface water converges to a single point, usually the exit of the basin. There are several types of drainage systems that form depending on the terrain and geology, including dendritic, parallel, rectangular, trellis, radial, and annular systems. Stream ordering schemes classify streams in a hierarchy based on how they join together. Quantitative analysis of drainage basins uses metrics like bifurcation ratio, length ratio, and drainage density to characterize aspects of the basin.
Numerical Modelling of Waterlogging Problem in New Urbanized Communities in A...IJERA Editor
This document describes a study that uses numerical modeling to evaluate potential solutions to the waterlogging problem affecting urbanized areas in Al-Qairawan, Kuwait. The researchers first provide background on the site description, climate, geomorphology, geology, and hydrogeology of the study area. They then describe collecting field data on soil water levels and installing monitoring equipment in observation wells. The researchers used the Visual MODFLOW groundwater flow model to simulate three proposed mitigation scenarios - a wall sheet system, dewatering system, and open drainage system. The results showed the open drainage system was the most effective and economically feasible solution, lowering soil water levels the most at the lowest cost.
This document evaluates the effectiveness of detached breakwaters and groynes for reducing coastal erosion along the Alappad coast in Kerala, India. Numerical modeling is conducted using software to analyze wave parameters, currents, and sediment transport with and without protective structures. Results show that detached breakwaters are most effective at reducing wave heights, while groynes provide a better barrier against dominant northward currents. Both structures decrease sediment transport rates and can reduce coastal erosion. Transition groynes with a spacing of twice their length perform well with minimal downstream impacts.
This document summarizes research on climate change impacts along the coast of India. It finds that ocean heat content and sea levels are rising significantly due to climate change. Sea level rise poses major risks for India's coastal areas, which are densely populated and include important ecosystems. Studies show sea levels rising 1.3 mm/year along India's coasts. This could result in 13 cm of sea level rise by 2100. Coastal vulnerability assessments identify areas that are most at risk, incorporating factors like geomorphology, tides, waves and sea level trends. Multi-hazard maps combine sea level rise projections with storm surge and tsunami inundation maps to identify high risk zones. 3D modeling of coastal areas helps assess risks
This document describes a method for automatically extracting coastlines from satellite images. The method involves the following steps:
1. Pre-processing Landsat TM, ETM+, and Landsat 8 images through layer stacking, registration, and calibration.
2. Performing unsupervised classification or edge detection on infrared bands or band ratios to identify coastline edges.
3. Converting the raster coastline edges into vector layers using GIS tools.
4. Applying editing tools to enhance the extracted coastlines.
The method was tested on Landsat images of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast from different years. Band 5 and ratios of band 2 to band 4 or 5 produced the clearest coastline edges. The
Adequacy Check of Existing Crest Level of Sea Facing Coastal Polders by the E...IOSR Journals
The coastal embankment system has been gradually built during the last 40 years. The embankments
were originally designed to increase agricultural production by preventing salt water intrusion not to protect
against cyclonic storms. The alignment of the embankments did not consider the changing conditions in
bathymetry of the sea and thalweg migration of the rivers and therefore many embankments are located under
tidal water level and have severe toe and slope erosion problems during the monsoon season. The crest level
and embankment cross sections have not optimized the protection of hinterland and the embankment itself and
therefore the embankments typically only provide protection for the cyclones with 5-12 year return periods and
the designed crest level of the sea facing coastal polder equal to the sum of normal maximum recorded water
stage plus 1.50m. In this study to estimate the design crest level and side slope for sea facing embankment have
been established based on maximum storm surge level, wave run-up for cyclonic wave, freeboard allowing 5
l/m/s overtopping ,potential climate change impact and land subsidence. Statistical analysis of surge level and
wave run-up is carried out using Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) in MIKE Zero.
1) Nile Research Institute conducted a study of local scour at the El-Minia Bridge piers in Egypt. Field investigations found that the river bed had changed around the bridge piers, with a maximum local scour depth of 4.6 meters occurring between 1982 and 2002.
2) A computer model (HEC-RAS) was used to simulate local scour for a flow of 180 cubic meters per second. The model results showed the contraction and pier scour depths expected for this flow condition. Maximum local scour depths were computed for each bridge pier.
3) Studying local scour is important for evaluating scour risks and impacts to bridge foundations, and for proposing mitigation measures to
This document summarizes a research paper that examines how land use changes and road network expansion could increase flood hazards in Makkah, Saudi Arabia between 2010 and 2030 using GIS modeling. The study aims to identify current land use and roads, model flood characteristics, examine the relationship between development and flooding, and create flood risk maps. Modeling shows mean runoff depth and total flood volume will significantly increase. A large portion of roads will be at high risk of dangerous flooding, increasing from 481 km (37% of roads) in 2010 to 1,398 km (74% of roads) by 2030. Urbanization is found to have a direct relationship with increased flood hazards. Planners are recommended to consider these results
This document summarizes research on sediment transport and coastal erosion along the Gaza coast. It discusses how construction of the Aswan Dam interrupted sediment supply from the Nile River in the 1960s, causing erosion. Methods used include analyzing historical satellite images from 1972-2010 to measure shoreline change and numerical modeling of mitigation structures. Modeling indicated relocating the fishing harbor offshore or using submerged breakwaters could help accretion by 28,000-4,000 m3/km annually, while detached breakwaters and groins caused erosion. The best alternative for restoration was found to be relocating the harbor offshore.
Seawater Intrusion Vulnerability Assessment of a Coastal Aquifer: North Coast...IJERA Editor
This document assesses the vulnerability of the coastal aquifer in the north coast of Mombasa, Kenya to seawater intrusion. It uses the GALDIT index overlay method with GIS to analyze six factors that influence seawater intrusion: groundwater occurrence, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, groundwater depth above sea level, distance from shore, existing status of seawater intrusion, and aquifer thickness. Vulnerability maps were created for the pre-rainy and peak rainy seasons. The results showed an increase in low vulnerability areas and slight increase in high vulnerability areas between seasons. The study provides insights to effectively manage groundwater resources in the area.
This document discusses vetiver grass as a potential low-cost solution for river bank protection in Bangladesh. It begins with background on river bank failures in Bangladesh and traditional, expensive protection methods. It then describes an experimental study on the shear strength of soil with and without vetiver roots. Results found that vetiver-rooted soil has much higher shear strength than bare soil, indicating vetiver grass could effectively stabilize slopes. Vetiver protection may provide adequate safety at a fraction of the cost of other methods and without environmental damage. The study suggests vetiver grass planting could be a sustainable, economical option for river bank protection against natural disasters in Bangladesh.
Evolution of the coastline of Saidia - Cap Water (Northeastern Morocco)IOSR Journals
the north-eastern coast of Morocco is a fragile area and vulnerable to the coastal erosion. This is
due to a deficit of sediment load caused by the construction of the dams on the Moulouya river which ensures
fattening the beach on one side and the coastal tourist developments that destroy the coastal dune system on the
other.
The use of the geographic information systems (GIS) allows us to study the evolution of the coastline since the
late fifties. This study is carried from aerial photography in a several periods, of the topographic map of Triffa
to 1 / 50 000 and Spot satellite images.
The results show a strong retreat of the Saidia-Cap Water coastline that reaches about 10m / year at the mouth
of the Moulouya and 0.5m to 1m at Saidia. This withdrawal is a real risk to the entire coastal zone and which
must be carefully studied in order to measure its position in the future, especially in the context of the current
climate change and the likely sea level rise in the coming years.
Automated Extraction of Shoreline in Tuban Regency, East Java from Google Ear...Luhur Moekti Prayogo
The edges generated using the Cannyalgorithm are practical in interpreting shorelines and making analysis faster. In the future,there is a need for more elaboration regarding the use of Google Earth imagery in shorelineanalysis, especially in geometric corrections (Georeference). This elaboration is essentialbecause it will affect the analysis results, especially the shoreline position.
Sea level rise impact modelling on small islands: case study gili raja island...Luhur Moekti Prayogo
Coastal regions and small islands are areas that will be adversely affected by the phenomenon of sea level rise globally. In general, Sea Level Rise (SLR) will result in coastal impacts as follows: increased frequency and intensity of floods, changes in ocean currents and widespread intrusion of sea water. This research was conducted in Gili Raja Island of Sumenep Madura. Objectives of this research were to demonstrate the ability of combining remote sensing and GIS method to determine the impact of SLR on a small island and to model its scale using different scenario. GIS based run-up model were performed to estimate and predict the impact of SLR to the island’s area. Three water level scenario (0.5 m, 1.0 m and 1.5 m) were applied. The results showed that in the first scenario 8.73% of the island was flooded by sea water, furthermore in two other scenario the flooded area was increase significantly (15.88% and 22.38%).
Using Half Pipes as Permeable BreakwaterIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that investigated using half pipes as permeable breakwaters to protect coastlines in Egypt. Two types of half pipe breakwaters were tested experimentally and numerically: horizontal half pipes shaped like an H, and vertical half pipes shaped like a C. Physical models were used to identify the hydraulic performance of the barriers under different wave conditions. A numerical model was also developed using FLOW-3D software and validated against the laboratory data. The results showed that increasing the relative water depth decreases the amount of wave transmission through the barrier and increases wave reflection. Permeable breakwaters were found to effectively dissipate wave energy while avoiding issues caused by traditional solid breakwater structures.
Assessing the Impacts of Population Relocation Induced by Future Sea-Level Ri...IEREK Press
Coastal communities will be more vulnerable to floods in low-lying areas and seawater inundation as the sea level
rises. Users will have to take a detour to use alternate roads while the vulnerable roads are closed, increasing travel
time. A large amount of literature has been focused on addressing climate change and sea-level rise impacts,
vulnerability, economic evaluation, and adaptation. However, few research has been conducted to study the impacts
of population dynamics due to sea level rise within future transportation network modeling. This study aims to identify
the future transportation infrastructure in the 2035 model that is vulnerable to a two-foot sea level rise in the Tampa
Bay Region, Florida. The impacts of these changes have been considered within three different relocation scenarios
for the affected population in the inundated zones. This analysis uses the two-foot Mean Higher High-Level water
surface data and the digital elevation data provided by NOAA for 2035. The findings of this study reveal how different
sea level rise scenarios could affect the future estimates of the transportation system and could potentially inform
future transportation planning decisions. The analysis found that approximately 358 lane miles of highway links will
be inundated. Moreover, the number of trips produced, and the amount of congestion generated with each scenario
were dependent on the population and employment relocation. The key recommendation of this research is to
incorporate the potential impacts of population relocation due to sea level rise into transportation modeling. Generally,
different scenarios for relocating population and employment generate new traffic demands, which could result in
traffic congestion. Thus, transportation planners should simulate future sea level rise scenarios and evaluate their
impact on the current transportation system. Findings from this study could help transportation planners and decisionmakers identify the locations and transportation facilities that are most vulnerable to rising sea levels, allowing them
to make more informed decisions about adaptation planning.
Post Earthquack Slope Stability Analysis of Rubble Mound BreakwaterIJERA Editor
Rubble mound breakwaters are structures built mainly of quarried rock. Generally armourstone or artificial concrete armour units are used for the outer armour layer,which should protect the structure againist wave attack. Armour stones and concrete armoure unites in this outer layer are usually placed with care to obtain effective interlocking and consequently better stability
The document describes an experimental study using an EM2 Geomodel to simulate shoreline erosion under storm conditions and evaluate potential erosion control methods. Experiments were conducted to replicate the average erosion rate of Hurricane Ike of 2.5 inches every 5 minutes. Additional tests examined placing rocks, vegetation, and jetties along the shoreline to reduce erosion. A wave generator was also developed and used to further study erosion under controlled wave conditions. Results showed that planting vegetation and using jetties reduced erosion by 50%, while placing rocks alone was not as effective.
The document discusses coastal monitoring in Newfoundland and Labrador. It describes analyzing shoreline change in Point Verde using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). DSAS calculated that annual shoreline retreat ranges from 0.54 m/year to 0.15 m/year, indicating erosion of up to 12 m over the study period from 1993 to 2013. The document also outlines steps to display coastal monitoring data and shoreline change statistics on the Newfoundland and Labrador GeoScience Atlas to provide public access to the information.
- The study used the HYSPLIT model to simulate the dispersion of sea salt particles from the dried bed of Lake Urmia in Iran under various wind directions and speeds.
- The model results showed that the maximum number of affected areas would occur under a 240 degree wind direction, while the highest concentration of 6400 μg/m3 would occur under a 90 degree wind direction.
- The goal of the study was to estimate the effects of Lake Urmia's drying on local air quality and determine which areas may be impacted by windblown sea salt particles from the exposed lake bed.
Similar to SHORELINE CHANGES USING DIGITIZING OF LANDSAT IMAGES AT MIAMI TO MONTAZA BEACH, ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
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2. Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S
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KEY WORDS: ARC GIS; Shoreline; submerged breakwaters; sediment transport.
Alexandria
Cite this Article: Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S, Shoreline Changes
Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria, Egypt.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(05), 2019, pp. 75-91
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=05
1. INTRODUCTION
The total length of the Mediterranean sea coastline is about 995 km. the Egyptian northern
coast faces a serious problems such as erosion and accretion. The interaction between waves
and currents causes the main problem of erosion and accretion [Frihy,1991]. Submerged
breakwaters are suggested to control and protect this coastal zone. Miami to Montaza brach in
Alexandria city is an example for case study in this research. Change detection is the process
of identifying differences in the state of an object as a shoreline by observing it at different
periods. Remote sensing has widely been used in environmental change detection
studies.ERDAS Imagine software was used to perform image processing of satellite image. In
addition image digitizing was applied for delineating the shoreline 46 trend at the study area
using the ArcGIS V. 10.1 Software Package.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Description of Alexandria beach
Alexandria's beaches are the main summer resort of the country and are considered one of the
most notable summer resorts in the Middle East. Alexandria beaches stretch for 140 km along
the Mediterranean Sea, from Abu Qir, in the east to Al-Alamein and Sidi Abdul Rahman, in
the west as shown in Figure (1). These attributes make Alexandria a favorite tourist spot; more
than one million local summer visitors together with about 4.5 million residents enjoy the
summer season at Alexandria every year [Frihy et al. , 1996].
Figure: (1). Alexandria map
3. Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria,
Egypt
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2.2. Wave run-up over Alexandria coastline:
Soliman and Reeve 2007 studied the phenomenon of wave run-up at Alexandria numerically
using the 2-D BWNM to estimate the wave run-up due to wave attack. The section has been
chosen as shown in Figure (2). Table (1) presents the estimated horizontal displacement of
shoreline due to wave run-up using the numerical simulation. The expected beach width which
will be attacked by wave run-up ranges from 9.56 m to 13.83 m and 11.69 m on average.
Figure (2): Section in Miami beach, including water depths, beach width and road details, Soliman
and Reeve 2007
Table (1) Average estimated displacement due to wave run-up, Soliman and Reeve 2007
2.3. Miami to Montaza beach
This zone is about 3500 meters long from Miami to Montaza beach. This area has suffered
severe erosion in 2003 storm. With time, the beach width decreased and vanished in some
locations. The waves attacked the road itself after washing all the sand as can be notice from
Figure (3). Sub-aerial parallel rubble mound breakwater (4.0 meter above water level) was
effective at controlling erosion in Mandara area (from Miamy beach to Montaza palace).
However, it had a quite severe adverse impact on beach amenity and aesthetics. El-Sharnouby,
B., & Soliman, A. 2011
4. Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S
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Figure (3) :. Example of flooding at the Alexandrian coastline. [El-Sharnouby, B., & Soliman, A.
2011].
The installation of the emerged breakwater in 2005 led to a rapid deterioration in water
quality as can see from Figure (4). [El-Sharnouby, B., & Soliman, A. 2011].
Figure (4): Contamination of water at the leeside of emerged breakwater, Miamy area. [El-
Sharnouby, B., & Soliman, A. 2011]
2.4. ALEXANDRIA SUBMERGED BREAKWATER
The 2520 meters rubble mound submerged breakwater in Alexandria is considered one of the
longest,deepest, and widest submerged breakwaters all over the world (Allsop et al., 2009). A
submerged breakwater system was installed to protect the seashore of Miamy - Asafra -
Mandara -Montaza areas in Alexandria, Egypt in years 2006 to 2008. The submerged
breakwater consists of three segments with two overlaps as shown in Figure (5), [A. Soliman
et al, 2014]
5. Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria,
Egypt
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Figure (5): Plan of the submerged breakwater system for Miamy, Asafra, Mandara and Montaza area,
[A. Soliman et al, 2014].
El-Sharnouby et al. (2007) gave details of the design procedures, environmental analysis,
predicted wave and shoreline response of Alexandria submerged breakwater. The findings of
El-Sharnouby et al. (2007) can be summarized as follows:
1. The shoreline is well protected from wave attack providing a width of beach sand not
less than 30 meters.
2. Continuous submerged breakwater provides better shoreline stability with a 60%
decrease of the total eroded volume.
3. Accretion will take place within 12 months after installation. The depth of water at the
breakwater varies from 2.5 to 8.5 meters. Five cross sections at different locations are
considered for design according to the depth and wave height. Details of the submerged
breakwater cross section at water depths from 3 to 5 meters are shown in Figure (6).
Figure (6): Cross section 1-1 of submerged breakwater at depth 3 to 5 m, [El-Sharnouby et al.
(2007)].
6. Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 80 editor@iaeme.com
3. SHORELINE ANALYSIS
3.1. Shoreline digitizing
Befor constuction of the submerged breakwaters at maimi to montaza beach the shoreline was
illustterated as shown in figure (7). The figure shows the photos of digitized shoreline for years
from 2000 to 2006 before constuction of the submerged breakwaters. Thos photos taked by
Landsat7 satalite and proccseed by software program ERDAS IMAGINE 2013 which gives
high resolution of the studied area. Then the shorelines were digitized by using software ARC
GIS 10.1. Change in shoreline position were determined by establishing 65 transects along
coastline that are oriented perpendicular to the baseline at 50 m spacing alongshore by using
DSAS model. The rates of erosion and accretion along the study area are calculated from three
statistical approaches of DSAS (End point rate, Linear regression rate, Least median of square).
7. Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria,
Egypt
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Figure (7): the digitized shoreline for years from 2000 to 2006.
After constuction of the submerged breakwaters by using proccessing of landsat images as
illusteruted before. The shorelines from year 2010 to year 2016 for Miami to Montaza beach
were digitizied as shown in figures (8).
8. Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S
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Figure (8): the digitized shoreline for years from 2010 to 2016.
3.2. Analysis of shoreline changes
Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) softwar used to calulate the rate of changes in
shoreline using 3 models: a- LRR Model; b- EPR Model ; c- LMS Model. The DSAS
application is setup in ARC GIS software backages. The base line and transectes lines are draw
to can calculate the rate of changes in shoreline as shown in figure (9) and figure (10). The
distances between transects is 50 meter and it cover all distances of shorline and it pripindcular
to the base line.
9. Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria,
Egypt
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a- Linear Regression Rate (LRR):
A linear regression rate-of-change statistic can be determined by fitting a least-squares
regression line to all shoreline points for a particular transect (figure 11).
b- End Point Rate (EPR) :
The end point rate is calculated by dividing the distance of shoreline movement by the time
elapsed between the oldest and the most recent shoreline.
c- Least Median of Squares (LMS) :
In ordinary and weighted least-squares regression, the best-fit line is placed through the
points in such a way as to minimize the sum of the squared residuals. In the least median of
squares method the median value of the squared residuals is used instead of the mean to
determine the best-fit equation for the line (figure 11); Rousseeuw and Leroy (1987).
Figure (9): digitizing of shorelines from year 2000 to year 2006 fo Maimi to Montaza beach
10. Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S
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Figure (10): digitizing of shorelines from year 2010 to year 2016 fo Maimi to Montaza beach
11. Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria,
Egypt
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Figure (11): comparison between the least median of squares rate and the linear regression rate
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Shoreline change along Miami to Montaza beach
The rate of changes of the shoreline before construction of the breakwater (from year 2000 to
year 2006) is shown in figures (12). The figure shows that the accretion in Miami zone was up
to 20 m/year from the base line and about 15 m/year in Mandara area. But in Montaza area the
erosin was about 10 m/year.
Figure (12) the rate of changes of shoreline form year 2000 to 2006.
12. Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S
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After construction of the submerged breakwater, the shoreline changed from year 2010 to
year 2016 is shown in figures (13). Also the table 2 describes the rate of changes of the
shorelines from year 2010 to 2016. The positive sign means accretion and the negative sign
means erosion. The figure shows that the accretion in Miami zone was up to 10 m/year from
the base line and about 20 m/year in Asafra to Mandara zone. But in Montaza area the erosin
was about 40 meter/year.
Figure (13) the rate of changes of shoreline form year 2010 to 2016.
4.2. Comparison between current study and other studies:
Figure (14) and table (3) presents a comparison between the present study and A.Soliman et al.
,(2014), for the same study area. The figure shows a reasonable agreement between the present
study and A.Soliman et al ,(2014) results. Additionally, the figure shows that the present
introduced higher values of value of accretion particularly in Mandara zone than other author
for the same studied case.
13. Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria,
Egypt
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Table 2: the rate of changes of shoreline form year 2010 to 2016.
Figure (14): Comparison between current study and A.Soliman et al. ,(2014)
14. Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S
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Table 3: Comparison between current study and A.Soliman et al. ,(2014)
4.3. Prediction Model for Miami to Montaza Beach:
The prediction accuracy of shoreline position depends on the pervious data (assumed to be
captured by Landsat imagery data). In coastline analysis research, extrapolation of a constant
rate of change is the most commonly used method to predict the shoreline. Several methods
have been used for prediction of shoreline position as a function of time, rate of erosion and
deposition. The most simple and useful ones are the End Point Rate (EPR) and the Linear
Regression Rate (LRR) models. In the present study, the LRR model has been adopted to
predict the future shoreline. The model is based on the assumption that the observed periodical
rate of change of shoreline position is the best estimate for prediction of the future shoreline.
The position of the future shoreline for a given data is estimated using the rate of shoreline
movement (slope), time interval between observed and predicted shoreline. In that method the
regression equation is used to get a relation between the time and distance from the baseline.
The regression equation is given by the formula (y = mx + b) where (y) is the distance from
the baseline in meters, (x) is the shoreline date, (m) is the rate of change given from DSAS for
15. Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria,
Egypt
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each transect, (b) is y-intercept (the value of y when x=0) is calculated by the equation [y-
intercept (b) = (mean of y) - (mean of x) * m]. Examples of the estimate of the future scenarios
that are obtained using the prediction model for all transects lines with continuous accretion
and erosion are shown in Table (4) . Also, the estimated position of years 2030and 2050
shorelines presented in figure (15). It was observed that during 2016-2050 the accretion
distance along the coastline of Miami to montaza beach was varied between (5- 10) m. Also
the predicted shoreline indicates that the erosion will take place in the Asafra beach with very
small distance varied between (5) m.
Figure (15): Predicted shorelines 2020, 2030, and 2050
16. Elbagory, I. A, Heikal, E. M and Koraim, A. S
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Table (4): Examples on the future estimates for shoreline retreat.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Alexandria beach is one of the most important beaches along the Mediterranean coast, Egypt,
Mimi to Montaza beach is a part of Alexandria beach and it faces many erosion and accretion
17. Shoreline Changes Using Digitizing of Landsat Images at Miami to Montaza Beach, Alexandria,
Egypt
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problems. Alexandria submerged breakwater was installed to protect the sea shore of Miamy -
Asafra -Mandara - Montaza areas in Alexandria, Egypt in years 2006 to 2008. Digitizing of
landsat Images for shoreline from year 2000 to year 2016 were processed by the layer stacking
function using ERDAS Imagine, 2013 and Geographic Information System (GIS) model.
Change in shoreline position were determined by establishing 65 transects along coastline that
are oriented perpendicular to the baseline at 50 m spacing alongshore by using DSAS model.
The rates of erosion and accretion along the study area are calculated from three statistical
approaches of DSAS (End point rate, Linear regression rate, Least median of square). Results
showed that that the accretion in Miami zone was up to 10 m/year from the base line and about
5 m/year in Asafra to Mandara zone. But in Montaza area the erosin was about 40 meter/year
for period. . Also the predicted shoreline indicates that the erosion will take place in the
Montaza beach with distance varied between (10 -20) m/year.
ABBREVIATIONS
GIS: Geographic Information System
DSAS: Digital Shoreline Analysis System
LRR: Linear regression rate
EPR :End point rate
LMS: Least median of square
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