Coastal communities will be more vulnerable to floods in low-lying areas and seawater inundation as the sea level
rises. Users will have to take a detour to use alternate roads while the vulnerable roads are closed, increasing travel
time. A large amount of literature has been focused on addressing climate change and sea-level rise impacts,
vulnerability, economic evaluation, and adaptation. However, few research has been conducted to study the impacts
of population dynamics due to sea level rise within future transportation network modeling. This study aims to identify
the future transportation infrastructure in the 2035 model that is vulnerable to a two-foot sea level rise in the Tampa
Bay Region, Florida. The impacts of these changes have been considered within three different relocation scenarios
for the affected population in the inundated zones. This analysis uses the two-foot Mean Higher High-Level water
surface data and the digital elevation data provided by NOAA for 2035. The findings of this study reveal how different
sea level rise scenarios could affect the future estimates of the transportation system and could potentially inform
future transportation planning decisions. The analysis found that approximately 358 lane miles of highway links will
be inundated. Moreover, the number of trips produced, and the amount of congestion generated with each scenario
were dependent on the population and employment relocation. The key recommendation of this research is to
incorporate the potential impacts of population relocation due to sea level rise into transportation modeling. Generally,
different scenarios for relocating population and employment generate new traffic demands, which could result in
traffic congestion. Thus, transportation planners should simulate future sea level rise scenarios and evaluate their
impact on the current transportation system. Findings from this study could help transportation planners and decisionmakers identify the locations and transportation facilities that are most vulnerable to rising sea levels, allowing them
to make more informed decisions about adaptation planning.
Fuzzy Logic Modeling Approach for Risk Area Assessment for Hazardous Material...drboon
The assessment of area in risk of HazMat transportation is very beneficial for the planning of the management of such area. We prioritized the affected area using HazMat-Risk Area Index (HazMatRAI) developed on the basis of Fuzzy Logic. The purpose of such development is to reduce limits of the criteria used for the assessment which we found exist when displaying data related to Hazmat represented by iceberg. In this regard, we categorized type of Membership Function according to Fuzzy set method in order to match the existing criteria, both solid and abstract ones. The conditions of Fuzzy Number and Characteristic are used respectively so that all risk levels are covered. However, the displaying of HazMat-Risk Area Index needs weighing of each criterion that is used for the assessment which significance of each level varies. We used Saaty’s Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to establish weighing value obtained from such assessment. Therefore it is beneficial for the preparation of area with HazMatRAI value is high, hence proper preparation for the management in case of critical situation.
Impacts of Flooding on Road Transport Infrastructure In Enugu Metropolitan Ci...IJERA Editor
An assessment of the impact of flooding on the road transport infrastructure in Enugu Metropolis was carried out using survey research method. Thirty impact indicators were rated by the respondents against six impact dimensions of population, vulnerability of activities, frequency, intensity, extent and risk. Three null hypotheses were postulated and tested. One sample t-test was used for testing hypothesis one which stated that damages to the road transport infrastructure resulting from flooding are not significant to warrant mitigation.Since the p-value =0.000(p<0.05),>< 0.05), indicating high impact of flooding on the socio-economic activities in Enugu urban.Furthermore a statistically significant impact was equally recorded in hypothesis three since thecalculated p–value (0.000)was less than 0.05, (p < 0.05). The implication was that damages to road transport infrastructure due to flooding have significant impact on the environmental sustainability of the study area. The model generated hadGoodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.974; Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) = 0.951; Comparative Fit Index (CFI)= 0.949 and Incremental Fit Index (IFI) = 0.950; while the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.059. The paper therefore recommendedproper infrastructural design and planning, good governance, population control and appropriate weather monitoring as some measures that could be adopted to mitigate the impact of flooding on the road transport infrastructure in Enugu Urban.
A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basinsijtsrd
River sedimentation is a global concern evidenced by a number of studies conducted. Now, that climate change is being experienced the rapid changes on the river landscape is manifestly observed. As unveiled, natural evolution of landscape and human activities are the two main factors affecting this phenomenon. Different methods of determination of the volume of sediments transported some are employed. Some studies used classic methods utilizing sophisticated apparatus while others artificial intelligence mode of sediment transport prediction. Celeste A. De Asis "A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basins" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37968.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/37968/a-review-on-the-sedimentation-problem-in-river-basins/celeste-a-de-asis
Fuzzy Logic Modeling Approach for Risk Area Assessment for Hazardous Material...drboon
The assessment of area in risk of HazMat transportation is very beneficial for the planning of the management of such area. We prioritized the affected area using HazMat-Risk Area Index (HazMatRAI) developed on the basis of Fuzzy Logic. The purpose of such development is to reduce limits of the criteria used for the assessment which we found exist when displaying data related to Hazmat represented by iceberg. In this regard, we categorized type of Membership Function according to Fuzzy set method in order to match the existing criteria, both solid and abstract ones. The conditions of Fuzzy Number and Characteristic are used respectively so that all risk levels are covered. However, the displaying of HazMat-Risk Area Index needs weighing of each criterion that is used for the assessment which significance of each level varies. We used Saaty’s Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to establish weighing value obtained from such assessment. Therefore it is beneficial for the preparation of area with HazMatRAI value is high, hence proper preparation for the management in case of critical situation.
Impacts of Flooding on Road Transport Infrastructure In Enugu Metropolitan Ci...IJERA Editor
An assessment of the impact of flooding on the road transport infrastructure in Enugu Metropolis was carried out using survey research method. Thirty impact indicators were rated by the respondents against six impact dimensions of population, vulnerability of activities, frequency, intensity, extent and risk. Three null hypotheses were postulated and tested. One sample t-test was used for testing hypothesis one which stated that damages to the road transport infrastructure resulting from flooding are not significant to warrant mitigation.Since the p-value =0.000(p<0.05),>< 0.05), indicating high impact of flooding on the socio-economic activities in Enugu urban.Furthermore a statistically significant impact was equally recorded in hypothesis three since thecalculated p–value (0.000)was less than 0.05, (p < 0.05). The implication was that damages to road transport infrastructure due to flooding have significant impact on the environmental sustainability of the study area. The model generated hadGoodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.974; Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) = 0.951; Comparative Fit Index (CFI)= 0.949 and Incremental Fit Index (IFI) = 0.950; while the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.059. The paper therefore recommendedproper infrastructural design and planning, good governance, population control and appropriate weather monitoring as some measures that could be adopted to mitigate the impact of flooding on the road transport infrastructure in Enugu Urban.
A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basinsijtsrd
River sedimentation is a global concern evidenced by a number of studies conducted. Now, that climate change is being experienced the rapid changes on the river landscape is manifestly observed. As unveiled, natural evolution of landscape and human activities are the two main factors affecting this phenomenon. Different methods of determination of the volume of sediments transported some are employed. Some studies used classic methods utilizing sophisticated apparatus while others artificial intelligence mode of sediment transport prediction. Celeste A. De Asis "A Review on the Sedimentation Problem in River Basins" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37968.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/37968/a-review-on-the-sedimentation-problem-in-river-basins/celeste-a-de-asis
The vast resources of the world’s oceans need
to be fully utilized to benefit human activities
in a sustainable manner. The maritime
industry has made use of the ocean in a very
responsible way, but inland water resources
have been much more underutilized and under-
maintained, especially for transportation.
In an age so dire to find ways to mitigate the
challenge of climate change and its associated
impacts, recent research has indicated
that inland water transportation represents
the cleanest mode of transportation. This
indicates the potential for an increase in usage
of inland waterways for transportation.
The use of inland water transportation is
forecast to rise because of the potential for
short sea shipping, expanding deep-sea operations,
and alternative mitigation options for
climate change. Coastal water transportation
is associated with low probability, high
consequence accidents, which makes reliability
requirements for the design and operation
for safety and environmental protection very
necessary. Collision represents the largest
percentage of accident risk scenarios among
water transportation risk factors. This paper
discusses recent work in risk and reliabilitybased
design, and safe and efficient vessel
operation in coastal waters. This includes
systems based approach that covers proactive
risk as well as holistic, multiple-criteria
assessment of waterways variables required
to develop mitigation options and decision
support for preventive, protective and control
measures for various collision accident
scenarios within inland waterways.
Keywords: Inland transportation, accidents, risk assessment,
vessel safety, collisions, climate change,
marine pollution, navigation
Towards a Comprehensive Climate Adaptation Framework for India’s Port Infrast...IEREK Press
The ever-growing impacts of climate change such as extreme heat, more frequent heavy precipitation events, intensifying tropical revolving storms, and sea level rise continue to pose major threats to India’s critical maritime infrastructure. As the country moves towards its ambition of becoming a leading Blue Economy of the world, a wide range of initiatives have been taken by the central and state governments to expand the maritime sector with a specific focus on the transport sector. However, there is little emphasis being paid on protecting the existing and planned seaport infrastructure against the deleterious impacts of climate change. None of the major ports in India have a dedicated climate action strategy and climate adaptation finds no mention in the policy documents pertaining to the maritime transport sector. In this context, this paper aims to highlight the need for a comprehensive, holistic and dynamic climate change adaptation strategy for India’s port infrastructure including support infrastructure and supply chains. The adaptation strategy, at the individual ports’ level and the national level, must be preceded by rigorous risk assessment studies toidentify and prioritise the major challenges arising from climate change at the local level. The paper draws upon international best practices in climate risk assessments and adaptation measures to provide a way forward for Indian ports.
Experimental evaluation of two-layer air bubble curtains to prevent seawater ...EhsanKahrizi3
The seawater intrusion (SWI) into rivers can lead to many negative consequences, especially on agricultural activities and live ecosystems in upstream areas of rivers. One solution to prevent SWI is using air bubble curtains (ABCs). The objective of this study is to investigate the optimal location of ABCs and airflows. To this end, several tests with different flow and salinity rates were performed and effect of ABC location on SWI investigated. The results show that, when the ratio of seawater to freshwater densities increased from 1.006 to 1.010, the ratio of saline wedge tip velocity to seawater velocity, airflow to seawater discharge ratio for first and second ABCs are raised 60, 58, and 70%, respectively. Also, when the Froude number (Fr) > 0.031, seawater density changes do not significantly affect the process of SWI. Besides, results of the study show that the closer the ABC is to the river downstream, the higher the airflow rates required. In addition, the optimal value of air bubbles for controlling SWI depends on the density of seawater, where more airflow is required to control denser flows. Finally, the regression equations to predict the SWI parameters based on flow properties were derived.
Applied Geography 90 (2018) 229–238
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Applied Geography
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apgeog
TBuilding beyond land: An overview of coastal land reclamation in 16 global
megacities
Dhritiraj Senguptaa, Ruishan Chena,∗ , Michael E. Meadowsb,a
a Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, and School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 500,
Dongchuan Road, 200241, China
b Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Coastal megacities
Land reclamation
Artificial land
Geo-engineering coastlines
A B S T R A C T
The increase in global population has been accompanied by rising consumption of natural resources such as
clean air, water and land. Demand for land has increased significantly over the past 30 years or so, both inland
and at the coast. In coastal regions, reclaiming land from the sea has often been the preferred solution towards
meeting the need for more land for urban development. Seaward land reclamation entails the formation of
artificial land surfaces which are constructed in such a way as to extend outwards over the sea using advanced
geo-engineering techniques. The process is driven by numerous underlying factors and has manifold impacts.
Although this pattern of urban development is not new, the nature, scale and magnitude of land extension has
changed dramatically for a range of underlying reasons involving both ‘natural’ geophysical, and anthropogenic
factors. The overall aim of this paper is to evaluate the changing spatial extent of seaward land expansion in 16
selected coastal megacities. Remote sensing data, spanning the time period mid-1980's to present, were obtained
and used to determine the extent of spatial change due to new land construction in each of the cities. Landsat TM
satellite imagery was used to calculate the percentage increase and area reclaimed since the mid-1980s. In
addition, a systematic classification is proposed, based on the different geomorphic patterns that have been
observed to characterize the process. Among 16 cities analyzed in this study, major land reclamation projects
have been especially marked in China, most prominently in Shanghai, which has expanded its coastal area by
more than 580 km2 in the recent past.
1. Introduction
Widespread, rapid urbanization is arguably the most significant
geographical manifestation of global population growth, as reflected in
the rising number of megacities. Mounting population numbers and
increasing levels of associated urban expansion, especially in coastal
cities, have placed extreme pressure on land through construction and
development (Li et al., 2016; Tan, Li, Xie, & Lu, 2005). This has resulted
in major geo-engineering projects that have reclaimed or extended land
by altering the surface morphology in many cities,.
Floodplain Modelling Materials and MethodologyIDES Editor
A floodplain is the normally dry land area adjoining
river or stream that is inundated during flood events. The
most common reason for flooding could be overtopping of river
or stream due to heavy downfall. The floodplain carries flow
in excess of the river or stream capacity. Flood frequency and
flood water-surface elevations are the crucial components for
the evaluation of flood hazard. This paper presents the
methodology that incorporates advanced technologies for
hydrologic and hydraulic analyses that are needed to be carried
out to predict the flood water-surface elevations for any
ungaged watershed.
The Effect of Climatic Changes on the Coastal Sandy Strip Extending from Gama...ijtsrd
The northeastern coastal sandy strip of the Nile Delta extending between Gamasa in the west and Ras El Bar in the east consists of sandy plains, interspersed with scattered, incoherent sand dunes, with a limited extension, between which there are low interlocking and branching gaps, the level of which ranges from zero to 5 meters and a maximum of 25.0 meters southwest of the port of Damietta below sea level, with the exception of the area east of Damietta Port, where the chain of southern dunes extends northward to surround the Port from the east and southwest, as well as the area bordering the new city of Damietta from the east.This coastal strip, which is about 27.5 km long and ranges from 3 km to 4.8 km in width, is subject to the threat of partial sea water intrusion, or partial submersion of subsurface water in the event of a one meter rise in sea level because about 25 of the total area of this strip does not exceed one meter above sea level. This strip is characterized by a wide human, demographic, tourism and industrial activity. The new city of Damietta, the port of Damietta, and the city of Rasal Bar are located on it. In view of its tourism importance and its different topography, in this research we explain the different coastal areas of this strip to know which are more threatened than others and the nature of the threat as a result of the increase in sea level as a direct impact of the climate changes that the world is witnessing during this century. Khaled Abdel-Kader Ouda "The Effect of Climatic Changes on the Coastal Sandy Strip Extending from Gamasa in the West to Ras El Bar in the East, Northeastern Nile Delta, Egypt" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52698.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/geology/52698/the-effect-of-climatic-changes-on-the-coastal-sandy-strip-extending-from-gamasa-in-the-west-to-ras-el-bar-in-the-east-northeastern-nile-delta-egypt/khaled-abdelkader-ouda
To From Almutairi, SaudDate 21 January 2014Subject A.docxedwardmarivel
To:
From: Almutairi, Saud
Date: 21 January 2014
Subject: Abstracts for In-class Assignment
APA Format:
Marshall, A. (2013, November). Thinking Differently About Transportation: How Ideas Drive What we Build. Future Structure, 10-19.
MLA Format:
Marshall, Alex. “Thinking Differently About Transportation: How Ideas Drive What we Build.” Future Structure Nov. 2013: 10-19. Print.
Informative Abstract:
The white paper cites several examples to illustrate how infrastructure development does not necessarily require large investments or sophisticated technology, but can instead be brought about by thinking differently. For example the Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) utilizes buses and dedicated lanes to deliver a fast surface transportation system similar to underground subways. Another example is bicycle sharing and public plazas, being adopted by major cities across the world. A different approach to tackle the twin problems of car congestion and falling revenues from gas taxes was adopted by Ohio planners when they introduced a pilot project to charge motorists according to miles driven, and not according to fuel consumed. Also notable is the revival of intercity bus travel by the “Chinatown” bus system in Boston. Ethnic Chinese in the city started an extremely low priced transit system by picking up people off the streets instead of from designated bus stations. Through these examples the author tries to show that often complex infrastructure problems can be solved by taking account peoples’ lifestyles and habits, and by evaluating the objectives of a project, rather than by simply spending money to create more infrastructures.
Descriptive Abstract:
Infrastructure and transport problems are faced by every major city in the world, but many cities often solve their problems by approaching the problems differently than by investing large amounts. Some of the solutions adopted by cities require neither high technology nor huge government spending – instead they try to meet their objectives in a different way. City planners and transport officials need to identify the lifestyles of city dwellers in order to understand why a problem has occurred, and then need to evaluate their objectives. This often leads to a more optimal solution, often at a much lower cost but with greater participation from users.
1
From:
To:
Date: 2014/17/04
Subject: Proposal to write a report on the negative impact of construction engineering to the environment.
Introduction
Construction engineering is credited for the growth of infrastructure worldwide. Each day, there are more railroads, buildings, bridges, dams, highways and airports, coming up. The drive of this paper is to offer insight into the unwanted effects that come with growth in infrastructure. It will also encompass research findings into the problem and propose possible solutions.
Background of the problem
While growth and development is welcome, it is paramount to look into the downside of modi ...
NAP Training Viet Nam - Vulnerability and Adapting to Climate ChangeUNDP Climate
This two-day workshop supported the Government of Viet Nam in building the necessary capacity to advance its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. The workshop closely focused on building National Adaptation Plans in the agricultural sector through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and increased knowledge and capacity on a number of topics including: prioritization of adaptation options, cost-benefit analysis, overview of the broad-based nature of climate change adaption impacts, analysis of challenges, and creation of an open discussion with key stakeholders on defining a road-map for the NAP process. The workshop was delivered using discussions and case studies to enhance interactive learning for participants, with supporting presentations by GiZ and SNV.
Brownfield Sites as Catalysts for Sustainable Urban Regenerationand the Deman...IEREK Press
Almost two decades today, the topic of brownfields has extensively been researched in urban sociology, urban planning, and human geography, and numerous Western-Centric studies have linked the redevelopment of the abandoned, contaminated, vacant or derelict sites to sustainable urban regeneration and achieving smart cities and sustainability goals in general. Yet, until this day, the concept has received little academic and practical attention in Middle Eastern contexts. Western contexts on the other hand including Europe, UK and USA continue to offer unique perspectives on approaching brownfields in ways that reduce the alarming spatial cluttering and address socio-spatial disparities and spatial segregation in addition to achieving economic and environmental goals, and similar to the global scene, brownfield sites make a large portion of the post-industrial city of Amman, the capital of Jordan. However, with the lack of a systematic definition for the urban phenomenon objectives, methods to identifying potential brownfield sites and evaluating the prioritisation of their redevelopment that takes into consideration context particularities, and with the absence of participative approaches that include the local community in the decision-making regarding these spaces, city planners fail to include the increasingly growing number of brownfield site that proliferate their cities in the urban planning practice. Through the examination of literature discussions on objectives, approaches, classification systems, methodologies, assessment and evaluation tools for the support of design and prioritising decisions for brownfield regeneration indifferent contexts, and through looking at the numerous potential alternatives for brownfield sites regeneration these contexts highlight, this paper bids to emphasise the importance of developing context specific, localised tools tailored for the Middle Eastern case. Building on the above, this paper identifies five potential brownfield typologies in the context of Amman; (1)residual planning outcomes; (2) discontinued mines and quarries; (3) unfinished mega-projects; (4) contaminated and hazardous sites, and; (5) miscellaneous abandoned sites and buildings, and ends on the note that looking at the increasing demand to meeting smart growth and sustainability needs, these urban landscapes may function as catalysts for achieving comprehensive sustainable urban regeneration.
Natural Urban Heritage and Preservation Policies: the Case of Kyoto’s Waterways.IEREK Press
The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto’s waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19thcentury find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto ́s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.
More Related Content
Similar to Assessing the Impacts of Population Relocation Induced by Future Sea-Level Rise Scenarios on Transportation Systems in Coastal Communities
The vast resources of the world’s oceans need
to be fully utilized to benefit human activities
in a sustainable manner. The maritime
industry has made use of the ocean in a very
responsible way, but inland water resources
have been much more underutilized and under-
maintained, especially for transportation.
In an age so dire to find ways to mitigate the
challenge of climate change and its associated
impacts, recent research has indicated
that inland water transportation represents
the cleanest mode of transportation. This
indicates the potential for an increase in usage
of inland waterways for transportation.
The use of inland water transportation is
forecast to rise because of the potential for
short sea shipping, expanding deep-sea operations,
and alternative mitigation options for
climate change. Coastal water transportation
is associated with low probability, high
consequence accidents, which makes reliability
requirements for the design and operation
for safety and environmental protection very
necessary. Collision represents the largest
percentage of accident risk scenarios among
water transportation risk factors. This paper
discusses recent work in risk and reliabilitybased
design, and safe and efficient vessel
operation in coastal waters. This includes
systems based approach that covers proactive
risk as well as holistic, multiple-criteria
assessment of waterways variables required
to develop mitigation options and decision
support for preventive, protective and control
measures for various collision accident
scenarios within inland waterways.
Keywords: Inland transportation, accidents, risk assessment,
vessel safety, collisions, climate change,
marine pollution, navigation
Towards a Comprehensive Climate Adaptation Framework for India’s Port Infrast...IEREK Press
The ever-growing impacts of climate change such as extreme heat, more frequent heavy precipitation events, intensifying tropical revolving storms, and sea level rise continue to pose major threats to India’s critical maritime infrastructure. As the country moves towards its ambition of becoming a leading Blue Economy of the world, a wide range of initiatives have been taken by the central and state governments to expand the maritime sector with a specific focus on the transport sector. However, there is little emphasis being paid on protecting the existing and planned seaport infrastructure against the deleterious impacts of climate change. None of the major ports in India have a dedicated climate action strategy and climate adaptation finds no mention in the policy documents pertaining to the maritime transport sector. In this context, this paper aims to highlight the need for a comprehensive, holistic and dynamic climate change adaptation strategy for India’s port infrastructure including support infrastructure and supply chains. The adaptation strategy, at the individual ports’ level and the national level, must be preceded by rigorous risk assessment studies toidentify and prioritise the major challenges arising from climate change at the local level. The paper draws upon international best practices in climate risk assessments and adaptation measures to provide a way forward for Indian ports.
Experimental evaluation of two-layer air bubble curtains to prevent seawater ...EhsanKahrizi3
The seawater intrusion (SWI) into rivers can lead to many negative consequences, especially on agricultural activities and live ecosystems in upstream areas of rivers. One solution to prevent SWI is using air bubble curtains (ABCs). The objective of this study is to investigate the optimal location of ABCs and airflows. To this end, several tests with different flow and salinity rates were performed and effect of ABC location on SWI investigated. The results show that, when the ratio of seawater to freshwater densities increased from 1.006 to 1.010, the ratio of saline wedge tip velocity to seawater velocity, airflow to seawater discharge ratio for first and second ABCs are raised 60, 58, and 70%, respectively. Also, when the Froude number (Fr) > 0.031, seawater density changes do not significantly affect the process of SWI. Besides, results of the study show that the closer the ABC is to the river downstream, the higher the airflow rates required. In addition, the optimal value of air bubbles for controlling SWI depends on the density of seawater, where more airflow is required to control denser flows. Finally, the regression equations to predict the SWI parameters based on flow properties were derived.
Applied Geography 90 (2018) 229–238
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Applied Geography
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apgeog
TBuilding beyond land: An overview of coastal land reclamation in 16 global
megacities
Dhritiraj Senguptaa, Ruishan Chena,∗ , Michael E. Meadowsb,a
a Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, and School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 500,
Dongchuan Road, 200241, China
b Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Coastal megacities
Land reclamation
Artificial land
Geo-engineering coastlines
A B S T R A C T
The increase in global population has been accompanied by rising consumption of natural resources such as
clean air, water and land. Demand for land has increased significantly over the past 30 years or so, both inland
and at the coast. In coastal regions, reclaiming land from the sea has often been the preferred solution towards
meeting the need for more land for urban development. Seaward land reclamation entails the formation of
artificial land surfaces which are constructed in such a way as to extend outwards over the sea using advanced
geo-engineering techniques. The process is driven by numerous underlying factors and has manifold impacts.
Although this pattern of urban development is not new, the nature, scale and magnitude of land extension has
changed dramatically for a range of underlying reasons involving both ‘natural’ geophysical, and anthropogenic
factors. The overall aim of this paper is to evaluate the changing spatial extent of seaward land expansion in 16
selected coastal megacities. Remote sensing data, spanning the time period mid-1980's to present, were obtained
and used to determine the extent of spatial change due to new land construction in each of the cities. Landsat TM
satellite imagery was used to calculate the percentage increase and area reclaimed since the mid-1980s. In
addition, a systematic classification is proposed, based on the different geomorphic patterns that have been
observed to characterize the process. Among 16 cities analyzed in this study, major land reclamation projects
have been especially marked in China, most prominently in Shanghai, which has expanded its coastal area by
more than 580 km2 in the recent past.
1. Introduction
Widespread, rapid urbanization is arguably the most significant
geographical manifestation of global population growth, as reflected in
the rising number of megacities. Mounting population numbers and
increasing levels of associated urban expansion, especially in coastal
cities, have placed extreme pressure on land through construction and
development (Li et al., 2016; Tan, Li, Xie, & Lu, 2005). This has resulted
in major geo-engineering projects that have reclaimed or extended land
by altering the surface morphology in many cities,.
Floodplain Modelling Materials and MethodologyIDES Editor
A floodplain is the normally dry land area adjoining
river or stream that is inundated during flood events. The
most common reason for flooding could be overtopping of river
or stream due to heavy downfall. The floodplain carries flow
in excess of the river or stream capacity. Flood frequency and
flood water-surface elevations are the crucial components for
the evaluation of flood hazard. This paper presents the
methodology that incorporates advanced technologies for
hydrologic and hydraulic analyses that are needed to be carried
out to predict the flood water-surface elevations for any
ungaged watershed.
The Effect of Climatic Changes on the Coastal Sandy Strip Extending from Gama...ijtsrd
The northeastern coastal sandy strip of the Nile Delta extending between Gamasa in the west and Ras El Bar in the east consists of sandy plains, interspersed with scattered, incoherent sand dunes, with a limited extension, between which there are low interlocking and branching gaps, the level of which ranges from zero to 5 meters and a maximum of 25.0 meters southwest of the port of Damietta below sea level, with the exception of the area east of Damietta Port, where the chain of southern dunes extends northward to surround the Port from the east and southwest, as well as the area bordering the new city of Damietta from the east.This coastal strip, which is about 27.5 km long and ranges from 3 km to 4.8 km in width, is subject to the threat of partial sea water intrusion, or partial submersion of subsurface water in the event of a one meter rise in sea level because about 25 of the total area of this strip does not exceed one meter above sea level. This strip is characterized by a wide human, demographic, tourism and industrial activity. The new city of Damietta, the port of Damietta, and the city of Rasal Bar are located on it. In view of its tourism importance and its different topography, in this research we explain the different coastal areas of this strip to know which are more threatened than others and the nature of the threat as a result of the increase in sea level as a direct impact of the climate changes that the world is witnessing during this century. Khaled Abdel-Kader Ouda "The Effect of Climatic Changes on the Coastal Sandy Strip Extending from Gamasa in the West to Ras El Bar in the East, Northeastern Nile Delta, Egypt" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52698.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/geology/52698/the-effect-of-climatic-changes-on-the-coastal-sandy-strip-extending-from-gamasa-in-the-west-to-ras-el-bar-in-the-east-northeastern-nile-delta-egypt/khaled-abdelkader-ouda
To From Almutairi, SaudDate 21 January 2014Subject A.docxedwardmarivel
To:
From: Almutairi, Saud
Date: 21 January 2014
Subject: Abstracts for In-class Assignment
APA Format:
Marshall, A. (2013, November). Thinking Differently About Transportation: How Ideas Drive What we Build. Future Structure, 10-19.
MLA Format:
Marshall, Alex. “Thinking Differently About Transportation: How Ideas Drive What we Build.” Future Structure Nov. 2013: 10-19. Print.
Informative Abstract:
The white paper cites several examples to illustrate how infrastructure development does not necessarily require large investments or sophisticated technology, but can instead be brought about by thinking differently. For example the Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) utilizes buses and dedicated lanes to deliver a fast surface transportation system similar to underground subways. Another example is bicycle sharing and public plazas, being adopted by major cities across the world. A different approach to tackle the twin problems of car congestion and falling revenues from gas taxes was adopted by Ohio planners when they introduced a pilot project to charge motorists according to miles driven, and not according to fuel consumed. Also notable is the revival of intercity bus travel by the “Chinatown” bus system in Boston. Ethnic Chinese in the city started an extremely low priced transit system by picking up people off the streets instead of from designated bus stations. Through these examples the author tries to show that often complex infrastructure problems can be solved by taking account peoples’ lifestyles and habits, and by evaluating the objectives of a project, rather than by simply spending money to create more infrastructures.
Descriptive Abstract:
Infrastructure and transport problems are faced by every major city in the world, but many cities often solve their problems by approaching the problems differently than by investing large amounts. Some of the solutions adopted by cities require neither high technology nor huge government spending – instead they try to meet their objectives in a different way. City planners and transport officials need to identify the lifestyles of city dwellers in order to understand why a problem has occurred, and then need to evaluate their objectives. This often leads to a more optimal solution, often at a much lower cost but with greater participation from users.
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From:
To:
Date: 2014/17/04
Subject: Proposal to write a report on the negative impact of construction engineering to the environment.
Introduction
Construction engineering is credited for the growth of infrastructure worldwide. Each day, there are more railroads, buildings, bridges, dams, highways and airports, coming up. The drive of this paper is to offer insight into the unwanted effects that come with growth in infrastructure. It will also encompass research findings into the problem and propose possible solutions.
Background of the problem
While growth and development is welcome, it is paramount to look into the downside of modi ...
NAP Training Viet Nam - Vulnerability and Adapting to Climate ChangeUNDP Climate
This two-day workshop supported the Government of Viet Nam in building the necessary capacity to advance its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. The workshop closely focused on building National Adaptation Plans in the agricultural sector through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and increased knowledge and capacity on a number of topics including: prioritization of adaptation options, cost-benefit analysis, overview of the broad-based nature of climate change adaption impacts, analysis of challenges, and creation of an open discussion with key stakeholders on defining a road-map for the NAP process. The workshop was delivered using discussions and case studies to enhance interactive learning for participants, with supporting presentations by GiZ and SNV.
Environmental management for human communities around wetlands adjacent urban region by ecological risk approach
Similar to Assessing the Impacts of Population Relocation Induced by Future Sea-Level Rise Scenarios on Transportation Systems in Coastal Communities (20)
Brownfield Sites as Catalysts for Sustainable Urban Regenerationand the Deman...IEREK Press
Almost two decades today, the topic of brownfields has extensively been researched in urban sociology, urban planning, and human geography, and numerous Western-Centric studies have linked the redevelopment of the abandoned, contaminated, vacant or derelict sites to sustainable urban regeneration and achieving smart cities and sustainability goals in general. Yet, until this day, the concept has received little academic and practical attention in Middle Eastern contexts. Western contexts on the other hand including Europe, UK and USA continue to offer unique perspectives on approaching brownfields in ways that reduce the alarming spatial cluttering and address socio-spatial disparities and spatial segregation in addition to achieving economic and environmental goals, and similar to the global scene, brownfield sites make a large portion of the post-industrial city of Amman, the capital of Jordan. However, with the lack of a systematic definition for the urban phenomenon objectives, methods to identifying potential brownfield sites and evaluating the prioritisation of their redevelopment that takes into consideration context particularities, and with the absence of participative approaches that include the local community in the decision-making regarding these spaces, city planners fail to include the increasingly growing number of brownfield site that proliferate their cities in the urban planning practice. Through the examination of literature discussions on objectives, approaches, classification systems, methodologies, assessment and evaluation tools for the support of design and prioritising decisions for brownfield regeneration indifferent contexts, and through looking at the numerous potential alternatives for brownfield sites regeneration these contexts highlight, this paper bids to emphasise the importance of developing context specific, localised tools tailored for the Middle Eastern case. Building on the above, this paper identifies five potential brownfield typologies in the context of Amman; (1)residual planning outcomes; (2) discontinued mines and quarries; (3) unfinished mega-projects; (4) contaminated and hazardous sites, and; (5) miscellaneous abandoned sites and buildings, and ends on the note that looking at the increasing demand to meeting smart growth and sustainability needs, these urban landscapes may function as catalysts for achieving comprehensive sustainable urban regeneration.
Natural Urban Heritage and Preservation Policies: the Case of Kyoto’s Waterways.IEREK Press
The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto’s waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19thcentury find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto ́s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
Revitalization Strategy for Historic Core of AhmedabadIEREK Press
In India, dense historic urban settlements were developed with the intention of provision of spaces for adequate engagement of the people. Public squares and streets became important places of interaction. ‘Historic core,’ especially had public spaces meant for various socioeconomic groups. Ahmedabad city is a blend of a harmonious past and a vivacious present. Number of historical and architecturally important buildings were built during Muslim and Moghul rules. One of the first built structures within the walled city is the Bhadra fort, a citadel founded by sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 with a huge public square in front, developed for purpose of procession and gathering. This Bhadra precinct went through various layers of transformation in different eras and now have become vulnerable due to congestion and encroachment. Though, a need for intervention was felt to bring back the lost vitality of the Bhadra precinct, it was realized that a comprehensive approach would be the necessity. Conservation and sensitive development approach was taken to tackle this problem through pedestrianization of the Bhadra precinct, rerouting of traffic and restoration of Bhadra fort. Larger level traffic and parking issues were also considered be-yond the site. Alternative use of Bhadra fort as tourist information center was considered. Urban design guidelines were proposed for harmonious development in the surrounding area. This proposal was considered for funding under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JnNURM)and was implemented. Many issues were faced during implementation of Bhadra project due to contextualization of informal commercial, religious and other cultural activities. Political, social and administrative factors also played immense role in implementation of proposal. Now since Ahmedabad has achieved the status of World Heritage City through UNESCO certification further implementation of this project will be relatively easy due to envisaged strong political and administrative support.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing theQuality of Urb...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
The Sinkhole Occurrence Risk Mitigation in Urban Areas for the Historic Salt ...IEREK Press
The present research focuses on the definition of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow salt mines. The research were carried out on the area above the Wieliczka salt mine, a World Heritage site. The study of vertical stresses on the basis of a theoretical state of rock mass deformation in the area of test chambers was performed. Furthermore, the risk of chamber collapse due to ventricular stress exceeding the limit specified in the zone were calculated based on the arch pressure theory. The final stage of the research consists of spatial analysis that leading to the identification of chambers potentially influenced by other risk factors. The research shown in the article strongly suggests that combined spatial analysis with geotechnical analysis may lead to reliable sinkhole risk assessment methodology.
In Search of a Tool to Support Planning Inside Large Cities: the SustaIn-LED ...IEREK Press
The aim of the present study is to investigate the linkages between local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability inside urban areas. Can innovation affect the improvement of the quality of life inside urban areas? This research question comes from the consideration that usually innovation and growth in general are considered sources of conflict in affecting the livability of large cities. The objective of the paper is to design a model — the “SustaIn-Led” - to connect levels of environmental sustainability, quality of life, and economic development inside metropolitan areas, taking into account also innovation processes, activated by the innovation policies and by the knowledge economy. The study takes in consideration the 53 largest United States metropolitan areas with a population over 1 million, with a time series from the years 2000 through 2015.This has been done because of a two-fold reason: (1) the US among high-income countries is the one with the highest number of universities, patents, and citations; (2) several studies have shown that innovation occurs in large cities. The first part of the present study has carried out the identification of the variables to represent and significantly explain the phenomena – local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability – linked to the design of the SustaIn-LED model. Environmental sustainability in urban areas in this paper is represented by means of the Air Quality Index (AQI),while the number of workers synthetically quantifies local economic development. Correlation and multiple regression analyses are conducted in order to examine the relationship between the three main indicators. The multiple regressions for the year 2015 produced a low p-value, indicating that the predictors are significant in the regression analysis. Similar results of p-value are shown in all the years from 2000 to 2013. For 2015, the results showed that part of the variance in the measure of total workers of the metropolitan areas could be predicted by measures of innovation and air quality. Higher R2values have been registered for the years from 2000 through2013.The development of the SustaIn-LED model could be utilized in urban regeneration processes to help in the design of new urban planning policies inside large cities by means of a better comprehension of environmental and economic implications caused by the implementation of innovation policies.
Estimation of Coating Materials Contribution to the TVOCsEmissions of Wood Fl...IEREK Press
Based on the increasing concern about the exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor finishing materials, industrial companies are called to meet the growing demand for more sustainable products. Recently, most designers and consumers have more environmental considerations while selecting the finishing materials. These considerations are related to the VOCs content of the finishing material itself regardless of its coating layers. Nowadays, interior wood coatings are commonly applied to large surfaces (ceilings, walls, floors) and many types of furnishing, leading to a high loading factor (surface-to-volume ratio). These coatings might contribute significantly to the VOCs emissions due to repeatedly and periodically use during maintenance, remodeling, and renovation of interior spaces. The aim of this study is to estimate the wood coating materials contribution to the TVOCs emissions of wood product in the indoor environment to shed light on the importance of comprehensive analysis of wood material with all treatment coatings. So, a small interior space with controlled temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange rate was simulated using IA-Quest program to investigate the influence of three wood coating materials; stain, wax, and varnish which were applied to an area of natural hardwood Oak floor. The TVOCs emission data resulted from the different coated wood floor was compared with VOCs emissions caused by the natural wood floor to find out the coating material contribution in TVOCs emissions of a wood flooring material
Sustainable Park Landscaping as an Approach for theDevelopment of the Built E...IEREK Press
Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.
Load Shifting Assessment of Residential Heat Pump System in JapanIEREK Press
With the economic growth and increasing requirement of indoor thermal comfort, the load of building sector presents a greater variability. This paper aims at analyzing the energy consumption characteristics and influencing factors of the residential heat pump system. Firstly, we selected residential households as investigated objective in Kitakyushu, Japan, and compared the energy saving performances of heat supply systems between heat pump and natural gas boiler. The results were based on real measured residential load during winter period, and calculated the cost saving performance of residential heat pump system compared with traditional natural gas boiler. We also did a survey of residential occupation behavior for the 12 selected residential customers. The result indicated that there was low relationship between power consumption and occupation hours, and the number of family members had a significant impact on the power consumption. The results indicate that residential heat pump system presented promising energy saving and cost reduction potential
A Model Proposed for the Prediction of Future Sustainable Residence Specifica...IEREK Press
In Egypt, people are unable to determine the qualities of appropriate residence that achieves quality and occupant satisfaction, and contributes to sustainability of residential conglomerations. In general, developing countries lack housing information which can be used to enhance quality of residence. Also, the methods of assessing and identifying the appropriate criteria for future residence quality remain traditional ones that cannot address the multiple, conflicting, overlapping aspects to reach a good decision. This calls for using the Analytical Network Process (ANP), an effective tool for specifying the relative importance of all factors impacting a specific issue for making an appropriate residential decision. In addition, this method provides results for the decision element impacts network within the decision structure; thus contributing to more understanding of the mechanisms and requirements of residence selection. The proposed decision structure comprises a two-level network: main clusters, main elements, and sub-elements included in the demographic characteristics group, the residence criteria group, the demand parameters group, the supply parameters group, the residence specifications group, and the alternatives group which representing, in total, the decision and specifying the percentage needed for each housing level. Results of the model showed complete capacity in smoothly addressing complexities and overlapping in the decision structure. The decision structure showed that 52% chose luxury residence, 28% chose middle-class residence, and 19.5% chose the economic residence. Mechanisms of decision making were analyzed; particularly in terms of relationship to demographic characteristics and residence specifications. Also, the importance and impact of demand / supply parameters in reaching decision were analyzed
Development of an Open-Source Water Consumption Meter for HousingIEREK Press
This article reports on the project "Design and development of water and gas P.L. measurement devices in the housing: an approach to sustainable consumption in Mexico", prepared at the Metropolitan Autonomous University in the Department of the Environment, whose objective was to develop a device to measure water consumption in the housing, which allows users to know their spending and can make decisions in favor of efficiency through the reduction of water use in household activities. The meter is made up of open source, programmable or reconfigurable software, which receives the signal from a water flow sensor and a casing designed to contain the hardware and facilitate the user's installation. Both the hardware and the casing can be purchased, downloaded, manufactured and assembled at home (Do It Yourself). As specific results were obtained: hardware programming and housing design and as a final result: the assembly of the functional prototype with which measurements of water consumption were made in a housing in Mexico. With this work we conclude that through the development of new accessible and common measurement technologies for the users of a house, it will be possible to promote efficiency in the use of natural resources in cities, increasing availability and promoting a more sustainable urban development.
Multi-Scale Assessment of Urban Gardens as Constructed Habitats for Biodivers...IEREK Press
Biodiversity in arid urban environments depends upon habitat formation that balances both bioclimatic and biophysical environment needs. There is the potential for urban gardens to establish symbiotic ecosystem services from microhabitat formation that collectively form an assemblage of ecological patches to connect a diverse range of flora and fauna, and establish community driven nursery and seed collection initiatives. This study of urban garden habitats situated within a new urban district of Jeddah Saudi. The analysis concentrates on the ability of garden spatial formations to construct a heterogeneous spatial morphology of sub-patch within the larger urban landscape patch. Patch and subpatch formations are examined based on the criteria of (I) assemblage of the spatial habitat (characterized by shape and spatial organization); (II) integration of spatial, functional and vegetation plantation patterns; (III) connectivity. Findings reveal that garden layout is structured by the integration and layering of plant types to generate cool understory habitat with seedling establishment, and water conservation. Designed layout of the garden as a spatial pattern is augmented with a range of microclimate mediators to dim solar exposure within the plantation habitat. A strong heterogeneity in plant formations and combinations is seen to dominant the garden formations.
Architectural Education for Sustainable Urban RegenerationIEREK Press
Urban regeneration is one of the important agendas of Turkey as a developing country. Rapid urbanization problems have been causing vital social and economic problems together with physical and spatial ones especially in big cities of Turkey. Thus, national and local governments handled urban regeneration as a practical method for solution of these problems. However, they unfortunately don’t implement urban regeneration according to its real requirements. Instead, this multi-dimensional and complex process is seen as a pull down and built up operation. Considering this situation and being in awareness of the responsibilities of architects throughout urban regeneration process, the authors think that urban regeneration should be discussed in the scope of architectural education. This paper presents the purpose, the process and the products of an undergraduate architectural design studio that was undertaken at Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Architecture. The architectural and urban design projects of the students of which aim was to offer a livable and sustainable mixed used living environments are discussed together with their conceptual backgrounds. Putting stress on the differences between theory and practice, the conclusion introduces a critical evaluation of urban regeneration and sustainable housing concepts in Turkey.
Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, IranIEREK Press
The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies in terms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential short comings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
Lessons Learned from the First Passivhaus Building in QatarIEREK Press
Energy efficient models have become the path to reduce energy consumption and Greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment in many developed countries. According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), new buildings constructed within the European Union (EU) countries are expected to be nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs) by 2020, while new public buildings are expected to adhere to this target by 2018. The Passivhaus approach has been identified by several researchers as a possible roadmap to achieve nZEBs. The meticulous engineering and high standards of the Passivhaus building fabric, in addition to the high comfort levels, are the main reasons behind the success and widespread of the standard. Recently, in 2013 the Passivhaus principles have been applied to an experimental residential project in the hot and arid climate of Qatar. The project is composed of two identical buildings, one built according to the Passivhaus standard and the other according to normal practices in the country. The thermal performance and comfort levels of both buildings were assessed through dynamic simulation and on-site measurements. Results indicated that at least 50% reduction in annual operational energy, water consumption, and CO2 emissions were achieved in the Passivhaus model in comparison to the standard model. This paper aims to highlight the lessons learned through the Passivhaus project; first by exhibiting the Passivhaus criteria that have been met, second by showcasing the outcomes of the project, and third by displaying the barriers and difficulties that have been associated with building according to the standard in Qatar. Finally, recommendations and general guidelines are suggested towards a possible adoption of the Passivhaus standard in Qatar and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries
Optimal Sizing and Design of Isolated Micro-Grid systemsIEREK Press
Micro-grid and standalone schemes are emerging as a viable mixed source of electricity due to interconnected costly central power plants and associated faults as well as brownouts and blackouts in additions to costly fuels. Micro-Grid (MG) is gaining very importance to avoid or decrease these problems. The objective of this paper is to design an optimal sizing and energy management scheme of an isolated MG. The MG is suggested to supply load located in El-shorouk Academy, Egypt between 30.119 latitudes and 31.605 longitudes. The components of the MG are selected and designed for achieving minimum Total Investment Cost (TIC) with CO2 emissions limitations. This is accomplished by a search and optimization MATLAB code used with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques. The use of Diesel Generators (DGs) is minimized by limiting the gaseous CO2 emissions as per targeted allowable amount. A comparison is accomplished for investigating the CO2 emissions constraints effects on the TIC in $/year and annual cost of energy in $/kWh. The obtained results verified and demonstrated that the designed MG configuration scheme is able to feed the energy entailed by the suggested load cost effectively and environmental friendly.
Regenerative Mobility: Disruption and Urban EvolutionIEREK Press
Mobility plays an important role in the cities by enabling people to carry out the most varied activities across the territory, as well as to ensure the city fully function. In addition, analogies to the human organism can be made by this urban dynamic, looking for solutions to specific issues. Moreover, this paper has been based by the premise that phenomena and urban elements could be conceptualized, explained and transformed from contemporary and innovative approaches applied in the medical field. For this reason, this paper aims to develop and present a new concept associated with urban mobility, based on the principles of regenerative medicine: the Regenerative Mobility, a concept with disruptive and evolutionary purposes. Furthermore, the structure of this paper is summarized by the introduction which contextualizes the theme, presents and characterizes the techniques used in the research. Additionally, the following chapters explore essential aspects of the city, explaining why it needs a mobility change and new concepts. Therefore, the concept of Regenerative Mobility is presented as a potential of mobility and cities improvement, followed by pragmatic cases, capable of illustrating some of its principles.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing the Quality of Ur...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Mohamed Mansouromaa / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
The effects of increasing sea levels will have enormous implications across a variety of industries, including those
relating to housing, employment, and infrastructure (Cooper et al., 2013; Ding et al., 2013; MacDonald et al., 2012).
Transportation infrastructure has been increasingly considered one of the most vulnerable sectors to sea level rise
(Asariotis, 2020; Meguro & Ogi, 2018; Tewari & Palmer, 2018). Because of the high population density near the
coasts, there is a significant risk that the transportation infrastructure will be flooded. For example, along the Gulf of
Mexico, an estimated 2,400 miles of major roadways and 246 miles of freight rail lines are at risk of permanent
flooding (Burkett, 2002). This risk is posed by the fact that the sea level is expected to rise in the range of 5 feet over
the next 50 to 100 years. As sea levels continue to rise, coastal roads and other types of transportation infrastructure
will become more vulnerable to inundation by seawater, as well as low-lying areas that are already prone to flooding
(Chinowsky et al., 2013). When the roads that are vulnerable to damage are closed, users will be forced to use
alternative routes, which will increase the amount of time it takes to travel. Increased use of the surrounding open
roads may produce even more severe traffic congestion, which will be felt by those already using the highways.
Numerous studies have been conducted in the last two decades that have addressed climate change and sea level rise
impacts, vulnerability, economic evaluation, and adaptation (Azevedo de Almeida & Mostafavi, 2016; Dawson et al.,
2016; MacDonald et al., 2012; Pörtner et al., 2022; Titus, 2002; Vantaggiato & Lubell, 2020). Much of the existing
literature focuses particular attention on evaluating the social, political, economic, and infrastructure implications of
climate change and sea level rise on coastal areas (e.g., impacts on housing, employment, transportation infrastructure,
ecosystems, etc.)(Bayard & Elphick, 2011; Cooper et al., 2013; Dawson et al., 2016; Ding et al., 2013; Gomaa &
Peng, 2015; Milliman & Haq, 1996; Papakonstantinou et al., 2020; Titus, 2002). Few studies, to the best of our
knowledge, have attempted to provide a more comprehensive study of the implications on population relocation
dynamics and transportation networks, to the best of our knowledge.
Research about climate change and sea level rise impacts on transportation systems has emerged very recently
(Asadabadi & Miller-Hooks, 2017; Asariotis, 2020; Chen & Region, 2019; Fishman, 2018; Jones, 2017;
Kwiatkowski, 2017; Lykou et al., 2017; Meguro & Ogi, 2018; Papakonstantinou et al., 2020; Shen & Kim, 2020;
Tewari & Palmer, 2018; Tonn et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2019). Several attempts have been made to
quantify climate risks, adaptation, and transportation planning (Bloetscher et al., 2012; Burkett, 2002; Freckleton et
al., 2012; Lambert et al., 2013; Steyn, 2014; Tang et al., 2013; Webster et al., 2013). Nevertheless, it is necessary to
address the restrictions of their work. As an illustration, the majority of these studies only concentrated on addressing
the direct impacts of sea level rise on transportation systems (Asariotis, 2020; Burkett, 2002; Lykou et al., 2017;
Titus, 2002). Some of them attempted to identify the physical transportation infrastructure at risk and to assess the
vulnerability of transportation systems due to future scenarios of sea level rise (Bloetscher et al., 2012; Chen &
Region, 2019; Fishman, 2018; Shen & Kim, 2020; Tang et al., 2013; Webster et al., 2013). Moreover, previous studies
have reported the assessment and evaluation of different adaptation strategies and design measures to increase the
resiliency and adaptability of transportation infrastructure (Asariotis, 2020; Kwiatkowski, 2017; Meguro & Ogi,
2018; Wang et al., 2020).
The other limitation of existing literature is that these efforts have mostly focused on the direct implications of
transportation infrastructure and system performance rather than the economic evaluation of climate change's effects
on road traffic (Asariotis, 2020; Burkett, 2002; Dawson et al., 2016; Lykou et al., 2017; Titus, 2002). Recently,
investigators have examined the effects of insurance, incentives, and public assistance on achieving transportation
infrastructure resilience (Tonn et al., 2021). Surveys that have been conducted by Chinowsky et al. (2013) showed
that the assessment of climate change adaptation costs for the US road network has been underestimated.
Numerous studies have been conducted to estimate the effects that rising sea levels will have on the economy
(Chinowsky et al., 2013; Gomaa & Peng, 2015; Yevdokimov, 2017). The findings of this research indicated the
effects of rising sea levels on coastal elevation, ocean coasts, the sustainability of coastal wetland ecosystems,
vulnerable species, population, land use, and infrastructure. Inundation, erosion of the coast, and regular flooding are
just examples of the direct impacts that these factors have on human communities. Some have indirect consequences
that could potentially cause problems in the long run, such as the disruption of ecosystems or the extinction of certain
3. Mohamed Mansouromaa / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
species. Loss of economic activity and assets will be the result of the effects of continued sea level rise, which will
cause these consequences.
A large and growing body of literature has investigated the impacts of sea-level rise on transportation and population,
vulnerability analysis, and adaptation strategies (Bloetscher et al., 2012; Chen & Region, 2019; Dawson et al., 2016;
Meguro & Ogi, 2018; Papakonstantinou et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2013; Tewari & Palmer, 2018; Titus, 2002;
Vantaggiato & Lubell, 2020). Most of the currently available research focuses only on the direct effects that rising
sea levels will have on transportation infrastructure. The flooding of transportation systems, properties, and
infrastructure is the primary source of direct damage (Burkett, 2002). However, few research endeavors have been
conducted to study the impacts of sea level rise within a future transportation network model based on different
scenarios for population relocation (Steyn, 2014). There are a considerable number of indirect effects, such as the
loss of employment opportunities and the relocation of affected populations; effects on the housing market in
vulnerable and surrounding areas; potential labor loss because some vulnerable property owners may choose to
relocate; and the loss of service infrastructures such as roads, utilities, and medical services (MacDonald et al., 2012;
Pörtner et al., 2022). These indirect impacts caused by sea level rise can result in significantly higher economic costs
than the direct losses. If these indirect influences are ignored, the potential economic benefits of any adaptation
strategy may be greatly underestimated, which could result in the selection of a less effective adaptation strategy
(Lindsey, 2019; Shen & Kim, 2020; Wang et al., 2020).
This study, therefore, aims to identify and assess the impacts of sea level rise on population relocation dynamics and
future transportation systems, utilizing data from the transportation model for the year 2035 in the Tampa Bay region,
Florida. This research, in contrast to prior efforts for assessing the vulnerability analysis of the effects of sea level
rise, takes into consideration not only the direct implications of sea level rise but also the indirect implications on the
transportation system, which were considered within three different relocation scenarios for the affected population
in the inundated areas.
The analysis of this research utilizes the NOAA-provided digital elevation data, as well as the two-foot, Mean Higher
High-Level sea surface data to represent a worst-case scenario for the year 2035. The study estimated the total
population and employment will be affected assuming a homogenous distribution within each transportation analysis
zone (TAZ), as well as the transportation networks that will be affected based on segment direction capacity reduction
rates. Then, the impact of each scenario has been studied on the transportation system through a series of indicators
for vehicular congestion and travel time.
This research aims to determine how different population relocation scenarios induced by sea level rise will cause
transportation capacity changes. This research identifies these results by developing different relocation scenarios for
the affected populations and studying the impacts of each scenario on the transportation model. The key objectives
of this research are; 1) to estimate the affected population and transportation infrastructure under the two-foot SLR
scenario in 2035; 2) to develop different scenarios for the relocation of the affected population, and 3) to study the
impact of each scenario on the transportation system.
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Case Study Area
The low-lying and densely populated coastal communities that surround Tampa Bay, Florida, are especially
vulnerable to the effects of increasing sea levels because of their terrain and population density (Council, 2006; Shen,
2014). Since it has 700 miles of coastline and a 3.2 million population, many of whom live near Tampa Bay or the
Gulf of Mexico, the area around Tampa Bay is especially vulnerable to the rising sea level (Council, 2006).
The Gulf of Mexico region is more vulnerable to the rise in sea levels than other locations due to the local subsidence
that has occurred there as well as its extensive exposure to the ocean (Burkett, 2002). At the rate of 0.25 inches per
year (10 mm/year), the ground surface of the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain is sinking. As the sea level rises by up
to 1 meter, even the most stable bay in the eastern Gulf of Mexico will be at risk of being flooded (Burkett, 2002).
This is because of the effects of climate change. In light of this, it is particularly essential, when it comes to the process
4. Mohamed Mansouromaa / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
of long-range planning, to have an understanding of how coastal communities in the Gulf of Mexico region would be
impacted by the changing sea levels. This has been done to minimize the negative effects of sea level rise. The
following is a synopsis of the study region that encompasses the Tampa Bay region: (Pinellas, Hillsborough, and
Pasco counties)(Figures 1 and 2).
Pinellas County: With a land area totaling only 280 square miles, is the county with the smallest land area. It
also has the highest population density in the state of Florida, with more than 1,600 people living in every
square mile in the year 2020. Pinellas County is home to twenty-four different municipalities, with the largest
being St. Petersburg, which ranks as the fourth largest city in the state. The county’s population in 2021 was
estimated to be 956,615 people (Council, 2006).
Hillsborough County: The population density in Hillsborough County is the fourth highest in the state of
Florida, despite the county's relatively small geographical size of 1,053 square miles. The City of Tampa serves
as the county seat, and it is also the main metropolitan center in the region. In terms of total land area, Tampa
ranks third in the state, behind only Jacksonville and Miami. The population of the county was estimated to
reach 1,512,070 in 2021, representing a yearly growth rate of 1.34 percent (Council, 2006; Shen, 2014).
Pasco County: With a land area of 745 square miles, this region contains the greatest proportion of land that has
not been developed. Its largest urban centers are located in New Port Richey, Dade City, and Zephyrhills
respectively. In 2021, the county was estimated to have a total population of 539,885 residents (Council, 2006).
Figure 1 The case study area for the Tampa Bay Region Figure 2 The two feet SLR inundation map, FL under 2035 Sea
Level Rise Scenario (NOAA)
2.2. Sea-Level Rise Analysis Scenario
Investigating the various possible outcomes of sea level rise projections for the future is not within the scope of this
study. As a result, the sea level rise projection used in this study is fully based on the scientific research regarding
climate change that was published by other studies. The projection of the rise in sea level is dependent not only on
historical recordings of sea level but also on mathematical models that simulate local estimates for the rise in sea level
(James et al., 2021). According to IPCC (IPCC, 2013), throughout the last century, the level of the ocean around the
world has risen at a rate that has been on average between 1.7 and 3.1 millimeters per year. Between 1901 and 2018,
there was a 15–25 centimeter (about 6–10 inch) rise in the average worldwide sea level. Satellite radar readings have
shown a steady increase of 7.5 centimeters in height since 1993 (IPCC, 2013; Lindsey, 2019; Zhongming et al., 2022).
The global average rate of sea level rise is 3.6 mm per year (0.14 inches per year), and the rate of sea level increase
in the Tampa Bay region is 2.3 mm to 2.4 mm per year, according to long-term tide gauge measurements and recent
satellite data (James et al., 2021). The average annual rate of sea level rise along the coast of the United States is
greater than 2.5 mm (Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council, 2006). According to the Tampa Bay Climate Science
5. Mohamed Mansouromaa / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
Advisory Panel (CSAP), sea level rise might occur in the Tampa Bay region between 11 inches and 2.5 feet in the
year 2050, and between 1.9 and 8.5 feet in the year 2100, depending on the historical data.
Because different sea level rise projection models primarily rely on various sets of assumptions, it is necessary to use
a case-by-case approach when attempting to forecast the rise in sea level (Lindsey, 2019). However, due to the uneven
distribution of the factors that cause sea levels to rise across the globe, even the same model will predict different sea
levels (IPCC, 2013; Lindsey, 2019; Pörtner et al., 2022). This is because of the feedback loops that are created when
one factor affects another (Milliman & Haq, 1996; Spada et al., 2013). As a result, the identification of suitable sea
level rise scenarios was adapted specifically for the area covered by the case study. The Tampa Bay Climate Science
Advisory Panel published the most recent projection for the area's sea level. The CSAP has developed a regional
collection of SLR projection scenarios up until the year 2100 by making use of the most up-to-date and accurate
scientific data that is currently available. St. Petersburg, Florida's relative sea level change (RSLC) scenarios, as
determined by calculations made with the regionally corrected NOAA 2017 data (USACE, 2019). The structure of
the model incorporates three potential outcomes: a scenario with a low, an intermediate, and a high sea level rise
(Figure 3).
In this research, the high scenarios were chosen to represent the sea level rise analysis scenarios. The high scenario
was chosen rather than the low scenario because it better accounts for the potential effects of indirect flooding caused
by rising sea levels. Studies revealed that the effects of rising sea levels are significantly more substantial than the
rise in sea levels itself. To capture the higher projection of global mean sea level rise, the analysis scenario of this
study has been selected to be the worst-case scenario, which projects two feet of sea level rise by 2035.
Figure 3 Projected scenarios of relative sea-level change for St. Petersburg, Florida (USACE 2019)
2.3. Research Design and Datasets
The research design of this study involved various procedures, including vulnerability analysis, transportation models
of different scenarios, and a relevant comparison between three population relocation scenarios. As shown in Figure
4, this research has been designed through the following steps: 1) estimating the inundated area, population, and
transportation infrastructure that will be affected under the 2ft SLR scenario for 2035; 2) developing different
relocation scenarios of the affected population and employment; 3) studying the impact of each scenario on the
transportation system performance; 4) removing major links between completely flooded areas; 5) proportionally
reducing capacity between areas partially flooded.
This study utilized the following data sources: A) The transportation model for Tampa Bay Region; B) NOAA coastal
services center coastal change analysis program which allows researchers to use GIS data to determine the inundated
areas; C) the number of affected populations in each TAZ, and D) The number of affected employments in each sector
for each TAZ. For the roadway data, as shown in Figure 5, the study utilizes the Navteq Streets data, which is one of
the most comprehensive roadway datasets in the study region.
6. pg. 6
Figure 4 the main elements of the research design of the study
In this study, CUBE Voyager, a transportation and land-use modeling tool, has been used as the analysis tool because
it is specified by the Florida Standard Urban Transportation Model Structure (FSUTMS). The framework of CUBE
Voyager is script-based and modular, which makes it possible to incorporate any model methodology. This includes
all from activity-based methods to discrete choice models to typical four-step models. CUBE Voyager features a
highly adaptable network in addition to matrix calculators that may be used to determine trip demand and provide in-
depth comparisons of several possible outcomes.
Figure 5 Navteq road data for the study region
2.4. Population Relocation Scenarios
The most extreme local SLR projection for 2035 is 49 centimeters, which is equal to 1 foot and 7 inches. As a result,
a sea level rise scenario with a height of 2 feet was utilized as the basis for this model during the analysis of this study.
This allowed for the impacts on transportation and land use to be evaluated based on the SLR worst-case scenario.
To assess the effects of the various land use options, we developed three relocation scenarios within the context of
the two-foot SLR scenario. The following assumptions are used regarding population distribution:
7. pg. 7
Scenario I: Populations and jobs are relocated inside the same TAZs despite the flooding: This assumes that
there will be no change in the total number of trips created or the number of attractions that were forecast using
the 2035 model. On the other hand, it assumes that both the population and the jobs will be shifted within their
existing TAZs, acting as though they migrated inland a relatively short distance.
In the second scenario, population and employment will leave the region because of the flooding: In this
hypothetical situation, it is assumed that anyone who could be affected by flooding will immediately evacuate
the area. That means that the model will not take into account any of the people living in or holding jobs in the
TAZs that have been flooded.
Scenario III: The flooded population and employment shift in proportion to the growth rate of the TAZ: The
population and jobs that are currently located in regions that will be flooded will be spread out across the study
region by the zoning that is already in place as well as the most recent estimate for the growth rate in each TAZ
(Figure 6). In this hypothetical situation, construction is assumed to go forward as scheduled, but flooded homes
and businesses are left abandoned.
Figure 6 The base growth rate for transportation analysis zones from 2006 to 2035
2.5. Estimates of the capacity of the highway network
To evaluate the extent to which SLR will impact the capacity of the highway network. Using Navteq Streets data, this
analysis identified the actual highway network that would be inundated. To ensure that the model appropriately
represents the inundated roadway capacity, it was calculated based on lane miles. The model's network consists of
the majority of minor arterials and all major highways. However, the network's capacity in a certain direction through
a TAZ also includes minor and parallel facilities.
8. Mohamed Mansouromaa / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
Roads have been classified into three categories: 1) two-lane facilities with one lane in each direction, 2) four or six-
lane facilities with two or three lanes in each direction; and 3) eight or more-lane facilities with four or more lanes in
each direction. Category two roads were given five lane miles for every highway mile because the study region has
many important four- and six-lane facilities. Five lanes were seen as a fair compromise because better data does not
exist for all roads, and within the built-up area of the study region, both cross-sections are common. Category three
roads were given eight lane miles for each highway mile because there are very few facilities in the region with more
than four lanes in each direction.
Many of the inundated roads travel parallel to shorelines, and in some places, roads running perpendicular to the
shoreline do not become inundated. This could result in TAZs where highway capacity is constrained in one direction
but not necessarily in the other. As a result, we calculated the percentage of lane miles inundated in each TAZ for
roads traveling generally north-south (45 degrees from the north) and east-west (45 degrees from the east). The total
number of lane miles within each TAZ was compared to those touching the two-foot inundation to create a separate
capacity reduction index for north-south and east-west roads within each TAZ. The 2035 highway network was then
given the capacity reduction factors to represent the overall changes in highway capacity within each TAZ for each
direction.
3. Results
3.1. Impacts on population and employment
The results reveal significant impacts on population and employment by the direct inundation due to the two-foot sea-
level rise scenario (Figure 7). According to the model estimate for the year 2035, the total population of the study
region will be a total of 4.13 million residents. As summarized in Table 1, assuming an even distribution of housing
and employment within each TAZ, a total of 96,688 people will be directly inundated, while 78,493 jobs will be lost
or relocated due to the inundation of the business zones. This research attempted to determine a range of possible
population and employment relocation outcomes by developing three possible scenarios. The first scenario will not
consider population or employment relocation as the key assumption of this scenario is that the relocation process
will be within the same TAZ. The second scenario assumes that the affected population and employment will move
out of the study region. This means that the number of people and jobs lost due to flooding will be subtracted from
the total population and employment in each TAZ. Lastly, the third scenario assumes that the inundated population
and employment will remain in the study region but will be proportionately relocated to other TAZs based on the
TAZ growth rate.
Figure 7 Inundation Map under 2ft Sea Level Rise Scenario generated using HAZUS-MH developed by FEMA
9. pg. 9
Author name / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
Table 1 Summary of the model results for the affected population and employment under the relocation scenarios
2035 Scenario No change
Reduced Capacity Network
Relocation
Scenario I
Relocation
Scenario II
Relocation
Scenario III
Total Population 4,130,166 4,130,166 4,033,478 4,130,166
Population Reallocated - - - 96,688
Total Industry Employment 419,656 419,656 341,163 419,656
Industry Employment Reallocated - - - 78,493
3.2. Impacts on Total Loss of Lane Miles
According to the findings, the direct two-foot inundation scenario will have an impact on a variety of transportation
system components. According to Navteq data, a total of 357.84 miles will be directly inundated as a total loss of real
lane miles. However, the model's findings indicate that a total of 84.09 lane miles will be inundated. Figure 8 shows
that the total lane miles of East-West roads that will be inundated will be 200.83 miles, while the North-South road
networks will lose a total of 157.01 lane miles (Table 2).
Figure 8 Calculate Share of Lane Miles Inundated at TAZs (N-S and E-W)
Table 2 Summary of the model results for the total loss of lane miles under relocation scenarios
2035 Scenario No change
Reduced Capacity Network
Relocation
Scenario I
Relocation
Scenario II
Relocation
Scenario III
Total Real Lane Miles 43,500 43,142.16 43,142.16 43,142.16
Total Loss Real Lane Miles - 357.84 357.84 357.84
10. pg. 10
Author name / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
Total In Model Lane Miles 10,150.08 10,065.99 10,065.99 10,065.99
Total Loss In Model Lane Miles - 84.09 84.09 84.09
EW - 200.83 200.83 200.83
NS - 157.01 157.01 157.01
3.3. Impacts on Total Trips Produced
The findings indicate that the direct two-foot flooding scenario will have an impact on a variety of types of produced
trips. In particular, as shown in Table 3, the total number of trips produced by the model before the inundation,
including single occupancy vehicles, 2 and +3 persons carpooling, and highway trips, were 10,604,763; 3,252,306;
726,733 and 14,640,202 respectively. When evaluating the total trips for the proposed relocation scenarios, the results
reveal the extent to which the inundated zones may affect the estimations. In the first scenario, there will be no major
change in the total number of different types of trips. The decrease in total trips was negligible relative to the size of
the model.
Table 3 Summary of the model results for the total trips produced
2035 Scenario No change
Reduced Capacity Network
Relocation
Scenario I
Relocation
Scenario II
Relocation Scenario
III
Total SOV Trips 10,604,763 10,604,740 10,567,130 10,611,030
Decrease/Increase - 23 - 37,633 + 6,267
Total 2-Person Carpool Trips 3,252,306 3,252,294 3,241,866 3,254,397
Decrease/Increase - 12 - 10,440 + 2,091
Total +3 Person Carpool Trips 726,733 726,729 724,436 727,196
Decrease/Increase - 4 - 2,297 + 463
Total Highway Trips 14,640,202 14,640,163 14,589,832 14,649,023
Decrease/Increase - 39 - 50,370 + 8,821
The potential effects of the other two scenarios on the model outputs have been greater. In the second scenario, where
the population leaves the region, the total number of trips produced decreased significantly. There will be a drop of
37,633 total SOV trips, 12,737 carpooling trips, and 50,370 highway trips (Table 3). In the third scenario, where
population and employment relocate proportionally based on the TAZ’s growth rate, there will be an increase in the
total trips produced. The total increase in trips produced by SOV, carpooling, and highways will be 6267, 2554, and
8821, respectively.
3.4. Impacts on Total Volume-to-Capacity (V/C) Ratio
The volume to capacity (V/C) ratio compares the number of trips assigned to a link with the total capacity of that link.
Links with V/C ratios greater than one are operating over their capacity and are consequently congested. To compare
the performance of various scenarios, it is important to identify the length of the highway network operating above
11. Mohamed Mansouromaa / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
capacity. The scenario with the highest percentage of the network operating with a V/C ratio greater than one was
scenario II, where inundated population and employment leave the region with 16.5% of the network operating over
capacity (Table 4). The percentages for the baseline scenario, the reallocate within the TAZ scenario, and the
proportional relocation scenario were 16.4%, 16.3%, and 16.4%, respectively (Figure 9). This was unexpected, as it
was believed that the last scenario would be the least congested. Upon further consideration, however, because large
employment centers are not as low-lying as residential neighborhoods, this scenario may have required all employers
from a wider distance to fill all the positions.
Figure 9 Model results for the total volume-to-capacity ratio for all relocation scenarios; (a) 2035 base scenario; (b) Scenario I: relocate
within TAZ scenario; (c) Scenario II: leave region scenario; (d) Scenario III: proportional relocation scenario.
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
12. Mohamed Mansouromaa / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
The intuition about the V/C ratio is potentially validated by the average V/C ratio for links operating above capacity.
The average V/C ratio within the second scenario is lower than the V/C ratio within the reallocated TAZ scenario.
Therefore, although more miles are congested in the former scenario, there is a higher level of congestion in each link
in the latter scenario. It is also interesting to note that the proportional relocation scenario has fewer miles of
congestion and lower average V/C ratios than the 2035 base scenario. This is probably because coastal transportation
links are already at capacity and may have longer commutes, so reallocating them to places with excess capacity
might relieve some of the congested corridors not affected by SLR.
Table 4 Summary of the model results for the total volume-to-capacity ratio
2035 Scenario No change
Reduced Capacity Network
Relocation
Scenario I
Relocation
Scenario II
Relocation
Scenario III
Total Miles V/C Ratio Greater Than 1 2,155.48 2,147.53 2,170.96 2,148.60
Percentage of V/C Ratio Greater Than 1 16.4% 16.3% 16.5% 16.4%
Average V/C Ratio for V/C Ratio
Greater Than 1 Weighted by Distance
2.43 2.50 2.43 2.42
3.5. Impacts on Total Congestion
The results demonstrate that the direct 2 ft inundation scenario will have an impact on total congestion. Specifically,
there will be a total of 6,318.93 minutes of total congestion before the inundation (Table 5), while the model predicts
that there will be a difference in overall congestion due to direct inundation. Table 5 indicates that the overall
congestion time will increase by 15.24, 19.30, and 78.13 minutes in the three proposed scenarios. However, these
times are rather modest in comparison to the model's total congestion time.
Table 5. Summary of the model results for the total congestion
2035 Scenario No change
Reduced Capacity Network
Relocation
Scenario I
Relocation
Scenario II
Relocation Scenario
III
Total congestion (minutes) 6,318.93 6,334.17 6,338.230 6,397.06
Scenario congestion minus the
base
- 15.24 19.299 78.13
4. Discussions
The rise in sea level will have both direct and indirect effects on population and employment, in addition to
influencing transportation networks. As a result of increasing sea levels, low-lying areas are inundated in water, beach,
and wetland ecosystems are destroyed, and the severity of storm surges and flooding caused by rainfall is exacerbated.
All of these consequences could potentially have an impact on the modes of transportation. According to the findings
of this study, the total population and employment that will be impacted (under the assumption of a homogenous
distribution within each TAZ), as well as the transportation networks that will be impacted (based on segment
direction capacity reduction rates), have been estimated. After that, we investigated the effects of each scenario on
the transportation system by analyzing several indicators for the amount of time spent in traffic and the distance
traveled.
13. Mohamed Mansouromaa / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
The findings of this study provide insights into the potential methods in which future estimations of transportation
network analyses could be affected by future scenarios of sea level rise. This study proposed three possible relocation
scenarios for the affected population and employment and then evaluated how those varied scenarios impacted the
transportation model. The scenarios involved the relocation of the affected population and employment.
One of the most important findings from this research is that the immediate inundation that would be caused by a rise
of two feet in sea level would have a significant impact on both employment and population. This was one of the
most significant findings that emerged from this investigation. According to the model estimate for the year 2035 for
the Tampa Bay area, assuming an even distribution of housing and employment within each TAZ, a total of 96,688
people will be directly impacted by the inundation, and approximately 78,493 jobs will either be eliminated or
relocated because of the inundation of the business zones. In addition, the scenario in which there is direct flooding
of two feet will influence a variety of components of the transportation system. According to the findings of this
study, a total of more than 357.84 kilometers will be lost due to direct inundation in the study region.
The second major finding shows that diverse types of trips in the transportation analysis will be affected by the direct
two-foot sea-level rise inundation scenario. The evaluation of the total trips for the proposed relocation scenarios
reveals the extent to which the inundated zones may impact the model estimations. When comparing different
relocation scenarios, the change in total trips was significant. The potential effects on the model outputs have been
greater. In one of the scenarios where the population will move out of the region, the total number of trips produced
decreased significantly. There was a drop of 37,633 total SOV trips, 12,737 carpooling trips, and 50,370 highway
trips. While in the other scenario where the inundated population relocate proportionately based on the growth rate,
the increase in total trips produced was greater. The total increase in trips produced by SOV, carpooling, and highways
were 6267, 2554, and 8821, respectively.
Furthermore, the results indicate that direct flooding will affect both the volume-to-capacity ratio and total congestion
estimations. The findings of the volume-to-capacity ratio estimations reveal that the majority of the relocation
scenarios exceed network capacity by between 16.3 and 16.5 percent. While in terms of total congestion, there will
be a total of 6,318.93 minutes of total congestion before the inundation. Additionally, the overall congestion time will
increase by 15.24, 19.30, and 78.13 minutes in the three proposed scenarios.
The interpretation of the results of this study is not without certain limitations. Firstly, the only roadways that have
been determined to be impacted by increasing sea levels are those that are located within the flood zones. If storm
surges and coastline erosion were also taken into consideration, the impact that rising sea levels have on the
transportation network will be substantially more severe. Second, because the transportation model has limits on the
networks that it uses, this analysis does not take into account all of the transportation networks. Inside the TAZ, local
routes that could potentially be exploited as detours have been replaced with centroid links so that traffic can move
more efficiently.
Furthermore, other limitations of this study are related to the proposed distribution scenarios of the projected
population and employment. Other distribution scenarios should be considered to build more reliable and reasonable
relocation models. In addition to the assumptions made in the population relocation methodology, this methodology
could not recognize whether an entire portion of the network is cut off by SLR or if just parts of the capacity are
reduced. A comprehensive survey of the inundated links along coastal routes would need to be performed to identify
places where the directional network proportional capacity reduction methodology is inappropriately indicating that
capacity is still present within a corridor.
Numerous concerns could be the focus of future research. First, increasing the number of different relocation scenarios
that could occur could lead to a more varied set of results. Additionally, in scenario III, population and employment
were distributed in a manner that corresponded to the growth rate of each TAZ. Utilizing several other distribution
methods for this investigation would affect the results. In addition, within each scenario, critical links may be
identified for preservation, and the model may be approximated to examine the effects of retaining individual links.
For instance, it may be more vital to retain a road that connects two large areas that are not at risk of flooding than it
would be to preserve a route that serves only low-lying communities because the former road travels through a low-
lying area. This model and the GIS analysis that preceded it would be a valuable starting point for the development
pg. 13
14. Mohamed Mansouromaa / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
of a methodology that would allow for the consistent ranking and prioritization of corridors that should be preserved
as part of a regional SLR adaptation strategy.
5. Conclusions
Sea-level rise will have considerable direct and indirect impacts on population and employment, as well as on
transportation systems and infrastructure. The primary goal of this research is to incorporate the potential effects of
population relocation due to sea level rise into transportation modeling. In general, different scenarios for relocating
population and employment generate new traffic demands, which could result in traffic congestion. Thus,
transportation planners should simulate future sea level rise scenarios and evaluate their impact on the current
transportation system. Then the new transportation planning should take into consideration these possible adverse
impacts produced by the relocation development.
The results of this investigation show that more than 357.84 miles will be directly inundated in the study region under
a two-foot sea-level rise. More than 78,493 jobs will be lost or relocated due to the inundation of the business zones.
On the other hand, the evaluation of the total trips for the proposed relocation scenarios reveals the extent to which
the inundated zones may impact the model estimations. In one of the scenarios where the population would move out
of the region, the total number of trips produced decreased significantly. While in the other scenario, where the
inundated population relocates proportionately based on the growth rate, the increase in total trips produced was
greater. Finally, between 16.3 and 16.5 percent of the relocation scenarios exceed network capacity. In terms of total
congestion, there will be a total of 6,318.93 minutes before the inundation. Additionally, the overall congestion time
will increase by 15.24, 19.30, and 78.13 minutes in the three proposed scenarios.
The results of this study have several significant implications for future practice. These findings can assist local
transportation planners, engineers, and decision-makers in identifying the most vulnerable areas and transportation
facilities to rising sea levels. As a result, these individuals will be able to make more informed decisions regarding
adaptation planning and resiliency.
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