SMAW is one of the basic and most common of all welding processes. this presentation is geared towards helping the general public in understanding the fundamentals of SMAW process. Look out for my next series of publications...
Welding equipment's is the tools used in the welding
The following equipment's used in the welding
1. Power Source (AC or DC)
2. Electrode Holder
3. Welding Cables
4. Ground Clamp
5. Welding Electrodes
6. Welding Helmets & Hand Shield
7. Protective Cloths
8. Finishing tools – Wire brush, Chipping Hammers.
Welding equipment's is the tools used in the welding
The following equipment's used in the welding
1. Power Source (AC or DC)
2. Electrode Holder
3. Welding Cables
4. Ground Clamp
5. Welding Electrodes
6. Welding Helmets & Hand Shield
7. Protective Cloths
8. Finishing tools – Wire brush, Chipping Hammers.
This slide was made for a first-semester course named Professional Development Seminar (IPE 152). A very basic slide about different types of hand tools used in workshops.
Welding Processes
Two Categories of Welding Processes
Arc Welding
Resistance Welding
Oxy-fuel Gas Welding
Other Fusion Welding Processes
Solid State Welding
Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Gas Metal Arc Welding
Flux‑Cored Arc Welding
Electro gas Welding
Submerged Arc Welding
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) or TIG
Resistant Welding
Brazing and Soldering
In the modern world of industrialization the wear is eating metal assets worth millions of dollars per year. The wear is in the form of corrosion, erosion, abrasion etc. which occur in the process industries like oil & gas, refineries, cement plants, steel plants, shipping and offshore working structures. The equipments like pressure vessels, heat exchangers, hydro processing reactors which very often work at elevated temperatures face corrosion in the internal diameter.Hastelloy C-276weld overlay on ferrous material is developed for outstanding resistance to wide variety of chemical process environments such as ferric and cupric chlorides, hot contaminated mineral acids, solvents, chlorine and chlorine contained media, both inorganic and organic, dry chlorine, formic and acetic acids, acetic anhydride, sea water and brine solutions.Selection of SMAW is for development of hastalloy C-276 material with SMAW process to use as a weld overlay process at non accessible area & where position is constraint which is not feasible by other processes like ESSC, FCAW, and SAW etc.
This slide was made for a first-semester course named Professional Development Seminar (IPE 152). A very basic slide about different types of hand tools used in workshops.
Welding Processes
Two Categories of Welding Processes
Arc Welding
Resistance Welding
Oxy-fuel Gas Welding
Other Fusion Welding Processes
Solid State Welding
Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Gas Metal Arc Welding
Flux‑Cored Arc Welding
Electro gas Welding
Submerged Arc Welding
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) or TIG
Resistant Welding
Brazing and Soldering
In the modern world of industrialization the wear is eating metal assets worth millions of dollars per year. The wear is in the form of corrosion, erosion, abrasion etc. which occur in the process industries like oil & gas, refineries, cement plants, steel plants, shipping and offshore working structures. The equipments like pressure vessels, heat exchangers, hydro processing reactors which very often work at elevated temperatures face corrosion in the internal diameter.Hastelloy C-276weld overlay on ferrous material is developed for outstanding resistance to wide variety of chemical process environments such as ferric and cupric chlorides, hot contaminated mineral acids, solvents, chlorine and chlorine contained media, both inorganic and organic, dry chlorine, formic and acetic acids, acetic anhydride, sea water and brine solutions.Selection of SMAW is for development of hastalloy C-276 material with SMAW process to use as a weld overlay process at non accessible area & where position is constraint which is not feasible by other processes like ESSC, FCAW, and SAW etc.
Time Temperature Transformation (TTT) curveIsaac Ayuba M.
In material science, this topic is very essential to understanding the principle of heat treatment of metals. So in studying heat treatment along side this TTT curve will simplify the complexity of heat treatment of metals.
Basic knowledge of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) for freshers in the field. This is one of the welding process that produces one of the highest quality of weld for high integrity structures...
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Introduction
This is one the arc welding processes that is commonly
used in construction/fabrication processes. It is also known
with several names such as; MMA or MMAW, flux shielded
arc welding or informally known as stick welding.
The electrode used in his process is consumable (a rod
covered with flux).
The flux burns to form the protective layer/cover for the
weld.
The current type used in this process can either be AC or
DC depending on the design of the weld which will be
stated in the WPS.
3. Because of the versatility and simplicity of this process,
it is most generally and widely used across the world, it
is mostly used for repair and maintenance in the heavy
steel industry.
4. Working principle
Current flows in through the cables (ground cable and
the hot cable) from the power source (AC/DC) which
the circuit is completed when the electrode tip comes
in contact with the surface of the work piece as will be
seen in the diagram that will be displayed in later slide.
The heat is simply generated at the meeting point
between the electrode an d the work pieces (arc).
The heat input can however be calculated using the
formula H=[(60EI)/(1000S)] Kj/in
5. Working principle cont’d
Shielded metal-arc welding with the transformer
welding machine depends upon this fundamental fact:
that when one side of the welding circuit is attached to
a piece of steel, a welding electrode connected to the
other side and the two brought into contact, an arc will
be established.
If the arc is properly controlled, the metal from the
electrode will pass through the arc and be deposited
on the steel. When the electrode is moved along the
steel at the correct speed, the metal will deposit in a
uniform layer called a bead.
6. Working principle cont’d
The arc is started by bringing the tip of the electrode into
contact with the base metal (work piece) by a very light
touch, hence this arc is maintained by keeping the
electrode at a relatively close distance from the base metal.
This arc length is usually 3mm - 4mm.
Melting of the base metal and the core wire of the electrode
take place to form the weld pool. However, in some cases
an external filler rod could be where large weld deposit is
required.
7. Working principle cont’d
The flux/coating of the electrode melts away to form
the shielding layer (slag) that protects the weld pool
from atmospheric contaminations as it solidifies. This
slag are later chipped off to reveal the actual weld.
The penetration depth of the weld could either be a
full penetration or partial penetration (also referred to
as incomplete penetration).
Incomplete penetration in most cases are considered
as defect but could be a requirement as stated in the
WPS base on the service condition of the welded joint.
8. Below is a detail diagram that describes the operation
of SMAW process.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding
9. SOME FACTS ABOUT SMAW
SMAW is considered as one of the least efficient
welding process because the operator’s factor of
chipping away slag and changing of worn-out
electrodes during the process.
Actual welding technique utilized depends n the
electrode, composition of the work piece, and the
position of the joint to be welded.
The choice of electrode and welding position also
determines the speed of the weld.
10. WELDING TECHNIQUES
For the purpose of this presentation; we shall only
highlight the level of difficulties in carry out this
welding process in different positions;
For plates
1F 2F 3F 4F 5F
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
For Pipes
Increasing order of difficulty....
NOTE: there are other varying welding positions in
addition to the above mentioned.
11. Here is a
detail diagram
describing the
various
welding
positions both
on plate, fillet
and pipe.
12. Defects associated with SMAW
Below are some of the common defects that are
associated with the SMAW process;
A. Spatters
B. Porosity
C. Incomplete penetration
D. Cracks
E. Under cuts
F. Poor fusion
G. Poor weld profile, and so on...
13. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR SMAW
Some key equipments used when carrying out SMAW
process may include the following;
I. Power source or power supply (AC or DC)
II. Cables (ground cable and ht cable)
III. Electrode holder also known as welding tong
IV. Welding table (for workshop)
V. Clamps
VI. Electrodes
14. Below is a schematic diagram illustrating the setup of
the SMAW equipments.
15. Other accessories in SMAW
Leather gloves
Face shield
Chipping hammer
Wire brush
Cover all
Safety boots/shoes
Nose mask in the absence of fume extractor, and so on.
However, all the above mentioned can simply be
referred to as personal protective equipment (PPE).
16. Process variation in SMAW
Though SMAW is almost exclusively a manual arc
welding process, one notable process variation exists,
known as gravity welding or gravity arc welding. It
serves as an automated version of the traditional
shielded metal arc welding process, employing an
electrode holder attached to an inclined bar along the
length of the weld. Once started, the process continues
until the electrode is spent, allowing the operator to
manage multiple gravity welding systems.
17. Process variation in SMAW cont’d
The electrodes employed (often E6027 or E7024) are
coated heavily in flux, and are typically 71 cm (28 in) in
length and about 6.35 mm (0.25 in) thick. As in
manual SMAW, a constant current welding power
supply is used, with either negative polarity direct
current or alternating current. Due to a rise in the use
of semiautomatic welding processes such as flux-cored
arc welding, the popularity of gravity welding has
fallen as its economic advantage over such methods is
often minimal.
18. Process variation in SMAW cont’d
Other SMAW-related methods that are even less
frequently used include firecracker welding, an
automatic method for making butt and fillet welds,
and massive electrode welding, a process for welding
large components or structures that can deposit up to
27 kg (60 lb) of weld metal per hour.
19. Electrode
The choice of electrode for SMAW depends on a
number of factors, including the weld material,
welding position and the desired weld properties. The
electrode is coated in a metal mixture called flux,
which gives off gases as it decomposes to prevent weld
contamination, introduces deoxidizers to purify the
weld, causes weld-protecting slag to form, improves
the arc stability, and provides alloying elements to
improve the weld quality.
20. Electrodes can be divided into three groups—those
designed to melt quickly are called "fast-fill"
electrodes, those designed to solidify quickly are called
"fast-freeze" electrodes, and intermediate electrodes
go by the name "fill-freeze" or "fast-follow" electrodes.
Fast-fill electrodes are designed to melt quickly so that
the welding speed can be maximized, while fast-freeze
electrodes supply filler metal that solidifies quickly,
making welding in a variety of positions possible by
preventing the weld pool from shifting significantly
before solidifying.
22. Common electrodes include the E6010, a fast-freeze,
all-position electrode with a minimum tensile strength
of 60 ksi (410 MPa) which is operated using DCEP.
E6011 is similar except its flux coating allows it to be
used with alternating current in addition to DCEP.
E7024 is a fast-fill electrode, used primarily to make
flat or horizontal welds using AC, DCEN, or DCEP.
Examples of fill-freeze electrodes are the E6012, E6013,
and E7014, all of which provide a compromise between
fast welding speeds and all-position welding.
23. Safety measures to be adhered to when
carrying out SMAW may include
To prevent injury to personnel, extreme caution
should be exercised when using any types of welding
equipment. Injury can result from fire, explosions,
electric shock, or harmful agents. Both the general and
specific safety precautions listed below must be strictly
observed by workers who weld or cut metals.
Do not permit unauthorized persons to use welding or
cutting equipment.
24. Safety measures to be adhered to when
carrying out SMAW may include cont’d
Before welding or cutting, warm those in close
proximity who are not protected to wear proper
clothing or goggles.
Remove any assembled parts from the component
being welded that may become warped or otherwise
damaged by the welding process.
Do not leave hot rejected electrode stubs, steel scrap,
or tools on the floor or around the welding equipment.
Accidents and/or fires may occur.
Keep a suitable fire extinguisher nearby at all times.
Ensure the fire extinguisher is in operable condition.
25. Safety measures to be adhered to when
carrying out SMAW may include cont’d
Remove all flammable material, such as cotton, oil,
gasoline, etc., from the vicinity of welding. Do not
weld in a building with wooden floors, unless the
floors are protected from hot metal by means of fire
resistant fabric, sand, or other fireproof material. Be
sure that hot sparks or hot metal will not fall on the
operator or on any welding equipment components.
Mark all hot metal after welding operations are
completed. Soapstone is commonly used for this
purpose.