Environmental programs - Sustainable Electronics 2010Roger L. Franz
The document discusses challenges and opportunities in improving sustainability in the consumer products sector. It covers three key topics: 1) ongoing work to eliminate substances of concern, 2) advances in end-of-life recycling though challenges remain developing renewable feedstocks, and 3) reducing energy usage through improvements in standby power, more efficient devices and networks, and green energy sourcing. The document evaluates progress in each area and identifies ongoing work still needed to further improve sustainability.
This document discusses energy conservation and provides information about it in different countries. Energy conservation refers to reducing energy usage by using less of an energy service, as opposed to energy efficiency which is using less energy for the same service. Examples of energy conservation include driving less and examples of energy efficiency include driving the same amount with a more fuel efficient vehicle. Many countries promote energy conservation through policies, programs, and organizations aimed at reducing energy usage in various sectors such as buildings, transportation, and consumer products.
This document summarizes a study that uses life cycle assessment to compare the environmental impacts and resource requirements of different low greenhouse gas electricity generation technologies on a global scale. The study models scenarios where these technologies are implemented to levels expected by 2030 and 2050 based on International Energy Agency forecasts. It finds that most renewable energy technologies provide substantial emissions reductions compared to fossil fuels. Additionally, manufacturing renewable energy technologies requires additional materials ranging from 0.1 to 3 times annual global production in 2010, with concentrating solar and wind having the highest demand for materials like steel and cement. Renewable technologies also generally have higher land use requirements than fossil fuels due to their lower energy density.
39
مبادرة
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة التاسعة والثلاثون من المبادرة مع
الأستاذ الدكتور/ هاني أحمد منيب
أستاذ الهندسة الميكانيكية بهندسة المطرية جامعة حلوان
بعنوان
"إدارة المخلفات الاليكترونية
ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT"
التاسعة مساء بتوقيت مكة المكرمة الأربعاء
05 أغسطس2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووممن خلال الرابط
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZwtc-GtqzItHdTaBG4OpAaXJwc6aohwit8i
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على وقناة يوتيوب
https://www.youtube.com/user/EEAchannal
للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة تيليجرام
الرابط
https://t.me/EEAKSA
رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية
www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
رابط التسجيل العام للمحاضرات
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9
MATERIAL-ECONOMICS-EU-BIOMASS-USE-IN-A-NET-ZERO-ECONOMY-ONLINE-VERSION.pdfgulzar ahmad
- Current climate scenarios envision a 70-150% increase in EU biomass use for energy and materials by 2050 compared to present levels, totaling 17-25 EJ.
- However, available sustainable biomass supply for the EU is estimated to be only 11-13 EJ, leaving a gap of 40-100% between demand and supply projections.
- Relying on projections for biomass use that exceed likely sustainable supply risks major trade-offs with key environmental objectives like biodiversity and climate change. A course correction is needed to prioritize biomass uses.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Energy and Environment (TECNALIA Research & Innovation)Jokin Hidalgo
TECNALIA Research & Innovation is the first privately funded applied research centre in Spain and one of the leading such centres in Europe. A combination of technology, tenacity, efficiency, courage and imagination.
We identify and develop business opportunities through applied research. Inspiring Business is a different, unique vision: we visualise ideas that generate value and provide creative technological solutions to produce real results.
The document discusses sustainable development efforts in Kitakyushu, Japan. It summarizes Kitakyushu's transition from a heavily polluted industrial area to a modern, green city through partnerships among local stakeholders and a focus on cleaner production, pollution control, education, and environmental governance. It provides examples of how Kitakyushu promoted sustainable development through policies like its Eco-Premium program, economic growth while improving the environment, and international cooperation initiatives to share its experiences.
Environmental programs - Sustainable Electronics 2010Roger L. Franz
The document discusses challenges and opportunities in improving sustainability in the consumer products sector. It covers three key topics: 1) ongoing work to eliminate substances of concern, 2) advances in end-of-life recycling though challenges remain developing renewable feedstocks, and 3) reducing energy usage through improvements in standby power, more efficient devices and networks, and green energy sourcing. The document evaluates progress in each area and identifies ongoing work still needed to further improve sustainability.
This document discusses energy conservation and provides information about it in different countries. Energy conservation refers to reducing energy usage by using less of an energy service, as opposed to energy efficiency which is using less energy for the same service. Examples of energy conservation include driving less and examples of energy efficiency include driving the same amount with a more fuel efficient vehicle. Many countries promote energy conservation through policies, programs, and organizations aimed at reducing energy usage in various sectors such as buildings, transportation, and consumer products.
This document summarizes a study that uses life cycle assessment to compare the environmental impacts and resource requirements of different low greenhouse gas electricity generation technologies on a global scale. The study models scenarios where these technologies are implemented to levels expected by 2030 and 2050 based on International Energy Agency forecasts. It finds that most renewable energy technologies provide substantial emissions reductions compared to fossil fuels. Additionally, manufacturing renewable energy technologies requires additional materials ranging from 0.1 to 3 times annual global production in 2010, with concentrating solar and wind having the highest demand for materials like steel and cement. Renewable technologies also generally have higher land use requirements than fossil fuels due to their lower energy density.
39
مبادرة
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة التاسعة والثلاثون من المبادرة مع
الأستاذ الدكتور/ هاني أحمد منيب
أستاذ الهندسة الميكانيكية بهندسة المطرية جامعة حلوان
بعنوان
"إدارة المخلفات الاليكترونية
ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT"
التاسعة مساء بتوقيت مكة المكرمة الأربعاء
05 أغسطس2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووممن خلال الرابط
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZwtc-GtqzItHdTaBG4OpAaXJwc6aohwit8i
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على وقناة يوتيوب
https://www.youtube.com/user/EEAchannal
للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة تيليجرام
الرابط
https://t.me/EEAKSA
رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية
www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
رابط التسجيل العام للمحاضرات
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9
MATERIAL-ECONOMICS-EU-BIOMASS-USE-IN-A-NET-ZERO-ECONOMY-ONLINE-VERSION.pdfgulzar ahmad
- Current climate scenarios envision a 70-150% increase in EU biomass use for energy and materials by 2050 compared to present levels, totaling 17-25 EJ.
- However, available sustainable biomass supply for the EU is estimated to be only 11-13 EJ, leaving a gap of 40-100% between demand and supply projections.
- Relying on projections for biomass use that exceed likely sustainable supply risks major trade-offs with key environmental objectives like biodiversity and climate change. A course correction is needed to prioritize biomass uses.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Energy and Environment (TECNALIA Research & Innovation)Jokin Hidalgo
TECNALIA Research & Innovation is the first privately funded applied research centre in Spain and one of the leading such centres in Europe. A combination of technology, tenacity, efficiency, courage and imagination.
We identify and develop business opportunities through applied research. Inspiring Business is a different, unique vision: we visualise ideas that generate value and provide creative technological solutions to produce real results.
The document discusses sustainable development efforts in Kitakyushu, Japan. It summarizes Kitakyushu's transition from a heavily polluted industrial area to a modern, green city through partnerships among local stakeholders and a focus on cleaner production, pollution control, education, and environmental governance. It provides examples of how Kitakyushu promoted sustainable development through policies like its Eco-Premium program, economic growth while improving the environment, and international cooperation initiatives to share its experiences.
FOSTERING ENERGY EFFICIENCY DYNAMICS THROUGH EX-ANTE STRATEGIC NICHE MANAGEME...Dr Renuka Thakore
Investigating potential of energy efficiency initiatives such as the “Green Deal” to contribute towards multi-dimensional sustainability in the English housing development pathways. It is indentifed that the role of stakeholders is crucial in making this a reality. First order learning is generally visible, however, second order learning is not apparent. Full stakeholders engagement - experts and non-experts, academics and non-academics, policy-makers and decision-makers, developers, regulators and end-users - can delve into greater granularity of interrelationships, forces and pressures, barriers and opportunities to direct successful sustainable transformations.
This document analyzes carbon-negative materials and their potential role in addressing climate change. It defines carbon-negative materials as those that result in net CO2 sequestration from the atmosphere over their lifecycle. The main categories studied are carbon-negative cement, plastics, and nanofibers/nanotubes. While these materials currently rely on fossil fuel-derived CO2, they could potentially source CO2 from biogenic or atmospheric sources in the future. More research is still needed to make these materials cost-effective and mass-producible at scale. However, with a market size of over $1.36 trillion collectively, carbon-negative materials may play an important role in decarbonizing industries if
Jochem 2002 Steps towards a 2000 Watt-Society Ex Summmorosini1952
Jochem E. et al (2002) Steps towards a 2000 Watt-Society. Developing a White Paper on Research & Development of Energy-Efficient Technologies - Executive Summary - 19 p.
Executive summary
In the coming decades, the threat and consequences of
climate change and of the re-concentration of crude oil
production in the Near East will compel industrialised nations
to make much more efficient use of energy. R&D that helps
realise energy efficiency potentials is likely to be regarded as
important in scientific, entrepreneurial, and political realms.
Demand for highly energy-efficient technologies will rise
steeply, and firms that can provide them will prosper. The
identification of energy-efficient technologies and related
energy conservation potentials undertaken in this pre-study is
a first step toward designing a R&D strategy that is consistent
with the need to evolve towards a 2000 Watt per capita society.
Reaching this level by 2050 implies reducing primary energy
use from 1200 to 460 PJ per year, despite a projected 65%
economic expansion.
Jochem, Eberhard; Favrat, Daniel; Hungerbühler, Konrad; Spreng, Daniel; von Rohr, Philippe-Rudolf; Wokaun, Alexander; Zimmermann, Mark
1) Since 2008, local and regional green growth policies have been a pillar of Korea's national development strategy to promote low carbon green growth.
2) Each of Korea's 16 provinces and metropolitan cities have established 5-year local action plans for green growth aligned with the national strategy.
3) This study summarizes and discusses the key policies and initiatives from the 2010 annual plans of Korea's 16 provinces to pursue local and regional green growth.
The document discusses global trends in the use of solar energy. It notes that while the share of renewables in energy consumption is still small, many countries have ambitious plans to rapidly increase solar power. It highlights innovative solar technologies like concentrated solar power and new hybrid PV-thermal solar collectors that can increase efficiency. These technologies open opportunities for solar power generation, desalination, enhanced oil recovery, and other applications. The document concludes renewable energy is key to the global transition to low-carbon energy systems.
Finding a scientific method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from urban are...Alexander Decker
This document discusses finding a scientific method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from urban areas, specifically in Baghdad, Iraq. It begins by outlining different analytical methodologies (models) for carbon reduction and categorizing them. It then focuses on the MARKAL model, explaining that it is a bottom-up, linear programming model used in over 50 countries to determine optimal carbon mitigation strategies based on differences in energy demands between urban areas. The document suggests the MARKAL model is most suitable for Baghdad due to available data and literature on its use, and its ability to analyze energy systems and emissions over long time periods while accounting for technology changes.
NRDC - Enhancing U.S.-China Climate and Energy Cooperationewinds
This document summarizes a presentation given by Michael Davidson of the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) on opportunities for enhanced US-China cooperation on energy and the environment. Key points include: China has committed to reducing its energy intensity by 20% by 2010 and carbon intensity by 40-45% by 2020; the US and China are collaborating on projects to improve building efficiency and promote renewable energy; sub-national partnerships between places like California and Jiangsu are models for low-carbon development; and NRDC is working with Chinese organizations to strengthen environmental governance and transparency. Overall the presentation highlights the vast potential for further US-China cooperation across levels of government and sectors to advance climate and clean energy goals.
COP 26 @ Japan Pavilion - Zero Energy Building Development in Malaysiaa (public)Steve Lojuntin
An update of Zero Energy Building (ZEB) in Malaysia in 2021 by SEDA Malaysia. The event is organised by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) Japan.
ZEB Development in Malaysia started in 2018 after SEDA Malaysia signed a MOU with Japanese Business Alliance Smart Energy Worldwide (JASE-W), supported by METI Japan.
Several zero energy building slides by Steve Lojuntin is at
https://www.slideshare.net/asetip/zero-energy-building-in-malaysia-by-seda-malaysia
#zeb #lowcarbonbuilding #zeroenergybuilding #asetip #meti #japanpavilion #cop26
This document provides summaries of 12 books related to renewable energy technologies. The books cover topics such as fuel cells, wind energy generation, solar cell technology, biodiesel production, and thin film solar cells. They discuss scientific principles, modeling, applications, economics, fabrication techniques, and characterization methods. The books aim to provide overviews and introduce readers to emerging areas in alternative energy.
Sesti project: Global Sustainable Energy optionsVictor Van Rij
This presentation gives the result of the emerging issues analysis of the SESTI project on the energy domain in 2010. It provides the questions around 5 of the less well known future sustainable options/risks that were discussed in the project. The topics that were addressed are still worth while to review today.
These topics were :
1. Enhancement of the photosynthetic cycle on global scale to provide all food, energy and maintain biodiversity (briefly biomimics)
2. Use of desert areas for gaining solar energy (the DESERTEC scheme)
3. Hybrid nuclear fission-fusion to speed up nuclear fusion
4. The unknown risks of going deeper and further for energy mining
5. The unknown risks of and hydrogen leaking economy
The role of bioenergy in the uk's decarbonisation strategyDecarboN8
1) The document discusses the role of bioenergy in the UK's decarbonization strategy, with a focus on biofuels for transport.
2) It provides an overview of bioenergy, including types of biomass feedstocks and bioenergy pathways.
3) The UK has significant potential to increase domestic biomass production through agricultural and forestry residues as well as energy crops, but modeling shows biomass demands could exceed domestic supply.
84
مبادرة
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة الرابعة والثمانون من المبادرة مع
الاستاذ الدكتور / عادل شريف
استاذ هندسة المياه والطاقة المتجددة
بجامعة سري البريطانية
بعنوان
" Overcoming the Global Challenges - Securing the World’s Food, Energy and Water "
التغلب على التحديات العالمية - تأمين الغذاء والطاقة والمياه في العالم
الثامنة والنصف مساء توقيت مكة المكرمة
السابعة والنصف توقيت القاهرة
الأربعاء 18 نوفمبر 2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووم
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZUtd-GspzsjH9Vu8it5Du4vWaXwt1YB4qQK
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على القنوات الخاصة بجمعية المهندسين المصريين
ونأمل أن نوفق في تقديم ما ينفع المهندس ومهمة الهندسة في عالمنا العربي
والله الموفق
للتواصل مع إدارة المبادرة عبر قناة التليجرام
https://t.me/EEAKSA
ومتابعة المبادرة والبث المباشر عبر نوافذنا المختلفة
رابط اللينكدان والمكتبة الالكترونية
https://www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
رابط قناة التويتر
https://twitter.com/eeaksa
رابط قناة الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/EEAKSA
رابط قناة اليوتيوب
https://forms.gle/vVmw7L187tiATRPw9
Thesis on building energy by abdelwehab yehya Bsc. in architectureabdelwehab yehya
This document summarizes a student thesis on enhancing energy efficiency in high-rise buildings in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The student analyzes the energy consumption and waste of existing high-rise buildings in the city. High-rise construction is increasing rapidly in Addis Ababa. These buildings consume large amounts of energy for lighting, appliances, heating, cooling and ventilation. However, none generate their own energy. The student proposes architectural design and policy recommendations to improve energy efficiency and reduce waste.
1) CEPEL is Brazil's largest electric energy research center, founded in 1974 to support Brazil's electric sector.
2) CEPEL's director presented on sustainable hydropower development in Latin America, emphasizing the importance of balancing environmental, social, and economic impacts.
3) Brazil has significant untapped hydropower potential while already utilizing hydropower for over 30% of its energy with very low greenhouse gas emissions from its energy sector.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon Univer...Amanda Finkenbinder, MPM
The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon University is focused on developing and demonstrating the technologies, systems and policies needed to accelerate the transition to a sustainable energy future.
Techno-economic Analysis of Solar-powered Lighting of Bali above Seawater Tol...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this studywas to obtain atechnical and economic analysis of solar-powered
lighting (SPL) implementation at Bali above Seawater Toll-Road. The SPL was designed to operate
12Hours/day with average illumination ≥15-lux. Those requirements can be met byan SPL unit that
consists of 2-pieces 87-W LED lights mounted on 10-m double arms pole with 2.37-m arm length and 15º
tilt angle. Each LED light was powered by a 260-Wp solar panel, 24V-180AH battery and 10-A solar
charge controller. Every SPL unit should be installed on the toll-road median with 22.5-m pole-spacing and
required 361-units to illuminate throughout 8,122.5-m toll-road length. Benefits of SPL implementation
wereelectricity saving 256.15MWh/yr and carbon emission reduction 217.98TonesCO2/yr. However, the
SPL electrical-based costwas 3.9 times more expensive than conventionalstreet lighting. And based onthe
investment feasibility analysis using NPI and PI techniques showed that the SPL implementation was not
feasible.
This document discusses direction of IT for sustainability. It covers green IT concepts and challenges, including conflict between materials and product longevity. It discusses how data centers are large energy consumers but also how IT reduces CO2 emissions through telecommuting. It outlines several industry initiatives for green computing like the Climate Savers Computing Initiative, The Green Grid, and EPEAT. It provides examples of green initiatives by Facebook, green clouds, and Wipro's sustainability certification. The document concludes by noting end users need to conserve energy usage.
An investigation into the cause of loss of containment from the supply of min...Turlough Guerin GAICD FGIA
The document summarizes an investigation into an oil spill that occurred during the handling of an Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC) at an environmentally sensitive construction site in Australia. The root cause was determined to be an inadequate inspection process, as the inspection failed to identify a deformity in the metal base plate of the IBC that subsequently caught on the telehandler tynes during lifting and punctured the container. Contributing factors included the IBC design not anticipating such conditions, and the lack of a spotter to identify the deformity. Engineering and process controls were implemented to prevent future spills from similar piercings during lifting.
This document provides an executive summary of a technical report analyzing environmental, technical, and market trends concerning eco-design of television devices. It discusses dominant and emerging display technologies, environmental impacts of TVs including energy use and hazardous materials, key performance indicators, and potential design improvements. It recommends benchmarking methods including using performance factors to set fleet-based benchmarks for manufacturers or combining minimum efficiency standards with mandatory comparison labels.
The 1.7 kilogram_microchip_energy_and_ma (1)Soumitra Pal
This document summarizes the materials and energy used in the production of semiconductor devices. It finds that producing a single 32MB DRAM chip requires 1600g of secondary fossil fuels and chemicals, 32,000g of water, and 700g of elemental gases like nitrogen. Producing the silicon wafers from quartz requires 160 times as much energy as producing typical silicon, showing purification to semiconductor grade is energy intensive. Due to its highly organized low-entropy structure, a microchip's materials intensity is orders of magnitude higher than traditional goods. The analysis aims to characterize the environmental impacts of the semiconductor industry by analyzing material and energy flows through the production process.
FOSTERING ENERGY EFFICIENCY DYNAMICS THROUGH EX-ANTE STRATEGIC NICHE MANAGEME...Dr Renuka Thakore
Investigating potential of energy efficiency initiatives such as the “Green Deal” to contribute towards multi-dimensional sustainability in the English housing development pathways. It is indentifed that the role of stakeholders is crucial in making this a reality. First order learning is generally visible, however, second order learning is not apparent. Full stakeholders engagement - experts and non-experts, academics and non-academics, policy-makers and decision-makers, developers, regulators and end-users - can delve into greater granularity of interrelationships, forces and pressures, barriers and opportunities to direct successful sustainable transformations.
This document analyzes carbon-negative materials and their potential role in addressing climate change. It defines carbon-negative materials as those that result in net CO2 sequestration from the atmosphere over their lifecycle. The main categories studied are carbon-negative cement, plastics, and nanofibers/nanotubes. While these materials currently rely on fossil fuel-derived CO2, they could potentially source CO2 from biogenic or atmospheric sources in the future. More research is still needed to make these materials cost-effective and mass-producible at scale. However, with a market size of over $1.36 trillion collectively, carbon-negative materials may play an important role in decarbonizing industries if
Jochem 2002 Steps towards a 2000 Watt-Society Ex Summmorosini1952
Jochem E. et al (2002) Steps towards a 2000 Watt-Society. Developing a White Paper on Research & Development of Energy-Efficient Technologies - Executive Summary - 19 p.
Executive summary
In the coming decades, the threat and consequences of
climate change and of the re-concentration of crude oil
production in the Near East will compel industrialised nations
to make much more efficient use of energy. R&D that helps
realise energy efficiency potentials is likely to be regarded as
important in scientific, entrepreneurial, and political realms.
Demand for highly energy-efficient technologies will rise
steeply, and firms that can provide them will prosper. The
identification of energy-efficient technologies and related
energy conservation potentials undertaken in this pre-study is
a first step toward designing a R&D strategy that is consistent
with the need to evolve towards a 2000 Watt per capita society.
Reaching this level by 2050 implies reducing primary energy
use from 1200 to 460 PJ per year, despite a projected 65%
economic expansion.
Jochem, Eberhard; Favrat, Daniel; Hungerbühler, Konrad; Spreng, Daniel; von Rohr, Philippe-Rudolf; Wokaun, Alexander; Zimmermann, Mark
1) Since 2008, local and regional green growth policies have been a pillar of Korea's national development strategy to promote low carbon green growth.
2) Each of Korea's 16 provinces and metropolitan cities have established 5-year local action plans for green growth aligned with the national strategy.
3) This study summarizes and discusses the key policies and initiatives from the 2010 annual plans of Korea's 16 provinces to pursue local and regional green growth.
The document discusses global trends in the use of solar energy. It notes that while the share of renewables in energy consumption is still small, many countries have ambitious plans to rapidly increase solar power. It highlights innovative solar technologies like concentrated solar power and new hybrid PV-thermal solar collectors that can increase efficiency. These technologies open opportunities for solar power generation, desalination, enhanced oil recovery, and other applications. The document concludes renewable energy is key to the global transition to low-carbon energy systems.
Finding a scientific method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from urban are...Alexander Decker
This document discusses finding a scientific method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from urban areas, specifically in Baghdad, Iraq. It begins by outlining different analytical methodologies (models) for carbon reduction and categorizing them. It then focuses on the MARKAL model, explaining that it is a bottom-up, linear programming model used in over 50 countries to determine optimal carbon mitigation strategies based on differences in energy demands between urban areas. The document suggests the MARKAL model is most suitable for Baghdad due to available data and literature on its use, and its ability to analyze energy systems and emissions over long time periods while accounting for technology changes.
NRDC - Enhancing U.S.-China Climate and Energy Cooperationewinds
This document summarizes a presentation given by Michael Davidson of the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) on opportunities for enhanced US-China cooperation on energy and the environment. Key points include: China has committed to reducing its energy intensity by 20% by 2010 and carbon intensity by 40-45% by 2020; the US and China are collaborating on projects to improve building efficiency and promote renewable energy; sub-national partnerships between places like California and Jiangsu are models for low-carbon development; and NRDC is working with Chinese organizations to strengthen environmental governance and transparency. Overall the presentation highlights the vast potential for further US-China cooperation across levels of government and sectors to advance climate and clean energy goals.
COP 26 @ Japan Pavilion - Zero Energy Building Development in Malaysiaa (public)Steve Lojuntin
An update of Zero Energy Building (ZEB) in Malaysia in 2021 by SEDA Malaysia. The event is organised by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) Japan.
ZEB Development in Malaysia started in 2018 after SEDA Malaysia signed a MOU with Japanese Business Alliance Smart Energy Worldwide (JASE-W), supported by METI Japan.
Several zero energy building slides by Steve Lojuntin is at
https://www.slideshare.net/asetip/zero-energy-building-in-malaysia-by-seda-malaysia
#zeb #lowcarbonbuilding #zeroenergybuilding #asetip #meti #japanpavilion #cop26
This document provides summaries of 12 books related to renewable energy technologies. The books cover topics such as fuel cells, wind energy generation, solar cell technology, biodiesel production, and thin film solar cells. They discuss scientific principles, modeling, applications, economics, fabrication techniques, and characterization methods. The books aim to provide overviews and introduce readers to emerging areas in alternative energy.
Sesti project: Global Sustainable Energy optionsVictor Van Rij
This presentation gives the result of the emerging issues analysis of the SESTI project on the energy domain in 2010. It provides the questions around 5 of the less well known future sustainable options/risks that were discussed in the project. The topics that were addressed are still worth while to review today.
These topics were :
1. Enhancement of the photosynthetic cycle on global scale to provide all food, energy and maintain biodiversity (briefly biomimics)
2. Use of desert areas for gaining solar energy (the DESERTEC scheme)
3. Hybrid nuclear fission-fusion to speed up nuclear fusion
4. The unknown risks of going deeper and further for energy mining
5. The unknown risks of and hydrogen leaking economy
The role of bioenergy in the uk's decarbonisation strategyDecarboN8
1) The document discusses the role of bioenergy in the UK's decarbonization strategy, with a focus on biofuels for transport.
2) It provides an overview of bioenergy, including types of biomass feedstocks and bioenergy pathways.
3) The UK has significant potential to increase domestic biomass production through agricultural and forestry residues as well as energy crops, but modeling shows biomass demands could exceed domestic supply.
84
مبادرة
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة الرابعة والثمانون من المبادرة مع
الاستاذ الدكتور / عادل شريف
استاذ هندسة المياه والطاقة المتجددة
بجامعة سري البريطانية
بعنوان
" Overcoming the Global Challenges - Securing the World’s Food, Energy and Water "
التغلب على التحديات العالمية - تأمين الغذاء والطاقة والمياه في العالم
الثامنة والنصف مساء توقيت مكة المكرمة
السابعة والنصف توقيت القاهرة
الأربعاء 18 نوفمبر 2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووم
https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZUtd-GspzsjH9Vu8it5Du4vWaXwt1YB4qQK
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على القنوات الخاصة بجمعية المهندسين المصريين
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Thesis on building energy by abdelwehab yehya Bsc. in architectureabdelwehab yehya
This document summarizes a student thesis on enhancing energy efficiency in high-rise buildings in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The student analyzes the energy consumption and waste of existing high-rise buildings in the city. High-rise construction is increasing rapidly in Addis Ababa. These buildings consume large amounts of energy for lighting, appliances, heating, cooling and ventilation. However, none generate their own energy. The student proposes architectural design and policy recommendations to improve energy efficiency and reduce waste.
1) CEPEL is Brazil's largest electric energy research center, founded in 1974 to support Brazil's electric sector.
2) CEPEL's director presented on sustainable hydropower development in Latin America, emphasizing the importance of balancing environmental, social, and economic impacts.
3) Brazil has significant untapped hydropower potential while already utilizing hydropower for over 30% of its energy with very low greenhouse gas emissions from its energy sector.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon Univer...Amanda Finkenbinder, MPM
The Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation at Carnegie Mellon University is focused on developing and demonstrating the technologies, systems and policies needed to accelerate the transition to a sustainable energy future.
Techno-economic Analysis of Solar-powered Lighting of Bali above Seawater Tol...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this studywas to obtain atechnical and economic analysis of solar-powered
lighting (SPL) implementation at Bali above Seawater Toll-Road. The SPL was designed to operate
12Hours/day with average illumination ≥15-lux. Those requirements can be met byan SPL unit that
consists of 2-pieces 87-W LED lights mounted on 10-m double arms pole with 2.37-m arm length and 15º
tilt angle. Each LED light was powered by a 260-Wp solar panel, 24V-180AH battery and 10-A solar
charge controller. Every SPL unit should be installed on the toll-road median with 22.5-m pole-spacing and
required 361-units to illuminate throughout 8,122.5-m toll-road length. Benefits of SPL implementation
wereelectricity saving 256.15MWh/yr and carbon emission reduction 217.98TonesCO2/yr. However, the
SPL electrical-based costwas 3.9 times more expensive than conventionalstreet lighting. And based onthe
investment feasibility analysis using NPI and PI techniques showed that the SPL implementation was not
feasible.
This document discusses direction of IT for sustainability. It covers green IT concepts and challenges, including conflict between materials and product longevity. It discusses how data centers are large energy consumers but also how IT reduces CO2 emissions through telecommuting. It outlines several industry initiatives for green computing like the Climate Savers Computing Initiative, The Green Grid, and EPEAT. It provides examples of green initiatives by Facebook, green clouds, and Wipro's sustainability certification. The document concludes by noting end users need to conserve energy usage.
An investigation into the cause of loss of containment from the supply of min...Turlough Guerin GAICD FGIA
The document summarizes an investigation into an oil spill that occurred during the handling of an Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC) at an environmentally sensitive construction site in Australia. The root cause was determined to be an inadequate inspection process, as the inspection failed to identify a deformity in the metal base plate of the IBC that subsequently caught on the telehandler tynes during lifting and punctured the container. Contributing factors included the IBC design not anticipating such conditions, and the lack of a spotter to identify the deformity. Engineering and process controls were implemented to prevent future spills from similar piercings during lifting.
This document provides an executive summary of a technical report analyzing environmental, technical, and market trends concerning eco-design of television devices. It discusses dominant and emerging display technologies, environmental impacts of TVs including energy use and hazardous materials, key performance indicators, and potential design improvements. It recommends benchmarking methods including using performance factors to set fleet-based benchmarks for manufacturers or combining minimum efficiency standards with mandatory comparison labels.
The 1.7 kilogram_microchip_energy_and_ma (1)Soumitra Pal
This document summarizes the materials and energy used in the production of semiconductor devices. It finds that producing a single 32MB DRAM chip requires 1600g of secondary fossil fuels and chemicals, 32,000g of water, and 700g of elemental gases like nitrogen. Producing the silicon wafers from quartz requires 160 times as much energy as producing typical silicon, showing purification to semiconductor grade is energy intensive. Due to its highly organized low-entropy structure, a microchip's materials intensity is orders of magnitude higher than traditional goods. The analysis aims to characterize the environmental impacts of the semiconductor industry by analyzing material and energy flows through the production process.
Eco design of consumer electronics myth or reality?Pramod Devireddy
This document discusses eco-design of consumer electronics. It begins with acknowledging the professor who encouraged the study and thanking sources. The abstract indicates it will discuss eco-design, why it is needed, steps to take, case studies and corporate strategies. It then defines eco-design and consumer electronics. It explains the need for eco-design is to avoid toxic waste and elements entering the environment. Steps for eco-design include material selection, manufacturing process changes, reducing energy consumption and improving recycling. Case studies on eco-friendly refrigerators, TVs, computers and air conditioners are provided. Corporate strategies for HP to achieve eco-efficiency throughout the product lifecycle are outlined. Some myths about eco-design are addressed. The
2021 hidalgo et al. - development of an innovative process involving the us...Jokin Hidalgo
Development of an innovative process involving the use of
ionic liquids for the recovery and purification of rare earths
from permanent magnets and NIMH batteries
Early Replacement of Notebooks Considering Environmental ImpactsOeko-Institut
This document summarizes a study on the early replacement of notebooks considering environmental impacts. The study found that the production phase of notebooks contributes most to their greenhouse gas emissions. Even with large efficiency gains in the use phase of new notebooks, the environmental impacts of production cannot be offset within a realistic lifespan. The conclusions recommend designing notebooks for longer lifetimes through upgradability, modularity, recyclability, and availability of spare parts to reduce the environmental impacts of frequent replacement.
Nanotechnology and the environment: A mismatch between claims and realityYuyun Ismawati Drwiega
The document summarizes concerns about claims of environmental benefits from nanotechnology not matching reality. While proponents claim nanotechnology will provide cleaner production and reduce pollution and energy use, evidence suggests the environmental costs of nanomaterial production often outweigh potential gains. Manufacturing nanomaterials requires large amounts of energy and water and produces toxic waste. Many nanomaterials themselves are toxic to the environment. The document calls for better governance of technological innovations to guide them in publicly acceptable directions through comprehensive risk and life cycle assessments.
- The document introduces the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative (HCEI), which aims to achieve 70% clean energy in Hawaii by 2030 through 30% energy efficiency improvements and 40% renewable energy generation.
- It discusses various renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies being researched at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) that could help Hawaii meet its clean energy goals, such as net-zero energy buildings, solar and wind power, geothermal and biofuels.
IRJET- Microbial Fuel Cell for Chemical Zone Waste Water AmbernathIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using microbial fuel cells to generate electricity from wastewater. The study constructed microbial fuel cells with two chambers connected by a salt bridge, with a graphite anode in one chamber filled with wastewater and an aluminum cathode in the other filled with electrolyte. Testing of the fuel cells over 9 days using wastewater from two locations found maximum voltages of 1909mV and 1944mV. The document also reviews previous literature on microbial fuel cells and discusses factors that affect power generation as well as the materials, reactions, and methodology used in the study.
Heavy metals in Consumer Electronics Recycling A multidisciplinary approachPatrick VanSchijndel
This document discusses a multidisciplinary research project between Delft University of Technology and Eindhoven University of Technology to address heavy metal issues in consumer electronics recycling. The project aims to improve recycling efficiency and reduce environmental impacts through cooperation between product designers, recycling experts, and manufacturers. First experiences showed promising results in developing new techniques for separating and upgrading heavy metal-containing plastic waste to enable reuse. The project emphasizes taking a lifecycle perspective and optimizing the entire recycling chain through cooperation across disciplines.
This presentation is a 3-hour training to provide information on health and safety concerns in building materials, with a particular focus on high performance and net zero energy strategies. We identify some of the major hazards found in the built environment and how to research safer alternatives to maximize energy efficiency and to protect human health.
Presented on October 24, 2014 for Build It Green in Oakland, California by Cate Leger, Principal, Leger Wanaselja Architecture, and Melanie Loftus, Healthy Materials Consultant.
The document provides an update on the CoLaBATS project, which aims to develop a novel process for recycling lithium-ion batteries. It notes that the project has completed the selection of task-specific ionic liquids and green chemistry approaches, allowing work to begin on developing and building a pilot plant. Over the next six months, the consortium will host workshops, scale up the prototype, and begin production of the pilot plant with the goal of demonstrating the novel recycling process. The document also discusses sustainability and developing a circular economy for batteries through reuse, remanufacturing, and improving recycling.
E-waste is a growing problem around the world as more electronics are discarded. There are four main ways to deal with e-waste: landfilling,
incinerating, reusing, and recycling. However, landfilling and incinerating e-waste are not ideal due to toxic materials in electronics that can harm
the environment and human health when disposed of improperly. Better solutions are needed to reduce e-waste, such as increasing reuse and recycling.
ICT and Climate Change Beijing 22nd April2011Andrew Mitchell
The document discusses the challenges of climate change and the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in addressing these challenges. It outlines three key roles for ICT: 1) Reducing the carbon footprint of the ICT industry itself; 2) Using informatics to analyze and understand climate change; and 3) Enabling efficiency through applications like dematerialization, smart motor systems, logistics, buildings, and grids. The document also notes that while ICT has potential to help, the industry must show urgency and commitment to deliver on reducing emissions.
Entrepreneur India, a monthly magazine published by NPCS, is aimed at simplifying the process of choosing the suitable project for investment. It makes business decisions easier and trouble-free by providing a list of right projects for investment.
Projects covered in this issue:
Solar Panel
List of Process Technology Books
Medium Density Fiberboard
Pet Recycling
HDPE / PP Woven Fabric From Tape Line using Circular Looms and Sacks Making with Lamination of BOPP/ BOPET/ LDPE and Printing
Vacuum Fried Vegetable Chips (Sweet Potato, Beans and Beetroot)
Khaini, Zarda & Gutka
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks (AAC Blocks)
Aluminium Foil
http://goo.gl/l40Gnn
http://goo.gl/MwYpVf
Elements of Sustainable Construction and Design ParametersAjit Sabnis
This presentation covers facets of Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon, LCA methods, Benchmarking and establishing baselines, Parameters for sustainable design.
This document discusses the growing problem of electronic waste (e-waste). It begins by defining e-waste and noting that e-waste is increasing worldwide at around 8-10% annually. It then explains that planned obsolescence and the short replacement times for consumer electronics contribute significantly to the rising levels of e-waste. The document concludes by discussing methods for estimating future volumes of e-waste based on current sales figures of electronics.
Presently most electrical/electronic equipment (EEE) is not designed for recycling, let alone for circulation. Plastics in these products account for 20% of material use, and through better design, significant environmental and financial savings could be gained.
Technological solutions and circular design opportunities already exist, but they haven’t been implemented yet.
Some challenges, such as ease of disassembly, could be resolved through better communication and by sharing learnings across the value chain.
Instead of WEEE, we should focus on developing CEEE: Circular Electrical and Electronic Equipment.
The case examples of this report show how different stages of the lifecycle can be designed so that plastics circulation becomes possible and makes business sense.
Prof. Matthias Beller gave a presentation on the way towards a circular economy through chemistry, data, and artificial intelligence. The presentation outlined grand challenges around sustainability and digitalization initiatives in Germany. It discussed using digitalization and artificial intelligence to improve catalysis research by creating integrated data views. The presentation concluded by discussing next steps like enabling software/tools and establishing a research data management school of catalysis.
EIT InnoEnergy is an open innovation ecosystem for sustainable energy in Europe that aims to reduce the risks and time-to-market for energy innovations. It focuses on several key areas including circular innovations in bioeconomy, waste solutions, and power-to-X. Notable examples from its portfolio include Meva Energy, which provides gasification technology to utilize biomass fuels, and C-Green, which offers hydrothermal carbonization technology for sustainable sludge management. The document discusses the opportunities in linking circularity and energy and provides an overview of EIT InnoEnergy's activities, portfolio, and its annual Business Booster networking event.
Similar to Environmental programs : Sustainable Electronics (20)
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
2. Introduction - Global Industry Perspective
"Worldwide Trends in Energy Use and Efficiency: Key Insights from
IEA Indicator Analysis." IEA/OECD, (Paris, 2008).
“SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age,” The Climate Group on
behalf of the Global eSustainability Initiative (GeSI), Creative Commons (2008).
“Lessons Learned from Case Studies of Six
High-Performance Buildings,” P. Torcellini, S. Pless,
M. Deru, B. Griffith, N. Long, and R. Judkoff
NREL/TP-550-37542 (June, 2006)
How big are the impacts of
consumer products
In the big picture?
3. Bringing a little more focus
to Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
•In 2007, ICT accounted for
830 MtCO2e, about 2% of
estimated total emissions
from human activity
•A typical cell phone
produces 25kg of CO2/yr, or
93 Mt in 2008 = 11% of of
total ICT
•Handsets are 0.2% of
global carbon footprint
Gartner, Green IT: The New Industry Shockwave, presentation at
ITXPO conference, April 2007.
“SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age,” The Climate Group on
behalf of the Global eSustainability Initiative (GeSI), Creative Commons (2008)
Will return to energy in part 3!
4. 1. Substances of Concern
Successes
•Elimination of RoHS substances (EC Directive July 2006)
•Spill-over effect to US and other regions applies to most
consumer products
•Voluntary elimination of PVC, phthalates, TBBPA, etc.
•Substance reporting now standard practice
•Materials Databases now contain wealth of data
Pb
Cd
Hg
Cr(VI)
PBB, PBDE
5. So we’re done with substance
replacement, right? (Wrong!)
California Green Chemistry Proposal
California Green Chemistry Proposal
Difficult to predict what will be the next wave
6. Recycling Mobile Phones
FACT SHEET:MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRONIC WASTE IN THE UNITED STATES,
EPA530-F-08-014 revised July 2008)
Good news
Cell phone
recycling
is increasing
Driver:
Precious Metals
Highlighted next: 3 of many cell phone recycling programs
Note: Approach Two based on number of devices rather than weight
8. Wireless Industry - CTIA
http://www.recyclewirelessphones.com/documents/WNR_Brochure.pdf
9. Motorola makes it
fun and easy
to send your
old phone
for
Reuse and
Recycling!
Used batteries too:
Motorola, Inc.
5300 Westport Pkwy
Dock Doors 221 - 222
Fort Worth, Texas
76177
Prepaid Mailer
10. Changing Expectations
•38% of 1000 consumers in the US polled in October 2009 claim to have
recycled outdated mobile handsets.
•Nearly 70% donated their old handsets to charity organizations
and received charitable contribution tax deductions.
•Fewer than 5% recycled their handsets without receiving compensation
of any kind.
•Of those who had not yet recycled a handset, 98% were prepared to
return handsets to a store, charity, refurbishing company or the
manufacturer –
•But only in return for cash, store credit, or tax deduction.
“Many consumers in the US are prepared to help the environment by
recycling their old handsets, but only if there is a financial incentive
to do so.”
www.abiresearch.com Dec.7, 2009
11. End of Life Recovery & Recycling
B. Renewable Plastics – Green Chemistry Needed
for Fullcycling not just Recycling
Unlike metals, plastics cannot recycle repeatedly
(thermoplastics), or really at all (thermosets).
So… Observations on two plastics key to electronics:
•Thermoplastic – polycarbonate
•Used in housings, doors, lenses
•Thermoset - epoxy
•Used in PWB’s & molded component packages
12. Making PC & Epoxy (oversimplified)
Benzene, Propylene & Chlorine required
C9 Cumene
C6 Benzene C3 Propylene
C6 Phenol C3 Isopropanol
C3 Acetone
C15 Bisphenol A
Chlorine
C3 Epichlorohydrin
CO
C1 Phosgene
Polycarbonates Epoxies
Source: Various Textbooks Graphic: R. Franz
Halogen Free??
C= # carbons
Inorganics,
solvents,
byproducts
not shown
13. J.J. Bozell, “The Use of Renewable Feedstocks for the Production of Chemicals and
Materials - A Brief Overview of Concepts.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Biomass and Solar Energy Workshops; August 3-4, 2004.
Promising Renewable Feedstocks…
but no Propylene (i.e. no path to PC or Epoxy)
*
* Benzene, Toluene, Xylene
14. Lignin from wood
Most promising source of Aromatics
http://blogs.princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/biomass/bio_oil/02_chemistryprocessing_the_basics/01_chemistry/
www.palaeos.com/Plants/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryL.html
“Recent Industrial Applications of Lignin: A Sustainable Alternative to Nonrenewable Materials,” J.H. Lora, W.G. Glasser,
Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 10(1-2): 39-48 (April, 2002).
•Lignin in epoxy PWB’s – 2001
•Eurolignin project – 2002-2005
•International Lignin Institute
•Thermoplastics
•Thermosets
•Adhesives
•Composites/fillers
•Technaro GmbH resins
L.L. Kosbar et. al., Introducing Biobased Materials into the Electronics Industry,” J. Ind. Ecology 4(3):93-105 (2001)
www.ili-lignin.com www.technaro.de
15. Emerging Sources of Propylene
• Catalytic conversion of synthesis gas from natural gas, coal,
biomass or other hydrocarbon source
• Oxygen-blown natural gas reforming, synthesis and
methanol to propylene conversion
• Sugar cane to methanol to propylene
• Commercialization remains to be realized
W. Liebner, H. Koempel, H. Bach,Lurgi, “Gas to Propylene – Lurgi’s Way,” 17th World Petroleum Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil September 1 - 5, 2002 .
S. Abhay, L. Sunggyu, “Alternative source of propylene,”,Energy Sources, 27(6): 489-500 (2005).
Electronics OEM’s want drop-in
equivalents to PC and Epoxies
www.braskem.com.br
16. Recycled Thermoplastics
A ‘worry list’ for Engineering applications
• Mixing polymer types, grades, manufacturers
• Unknown additives, catalysts, other composition variations
• Foreign material: metals, inorganics, adhesives, coatings
• Chemical changes in functional groups, oxidation
• Molecular weight degradation
• Branching, cross-linking, initiator site creation
• Change in mechanical properties (modulus)
• Change in physical properties (density, color)
• Change in processing behavior (melt flow)
• etc.
Plastics recycling must be carefully implemented.
A renewable source of virgin resin would be preferred.
cf. H. Zweifel, Plastics Additives Handbook, 5th
Ed., p. 976, (Munich: Hanser, 2001),
17. Recycling PC fills significant need
25% post-consumer
recycled PC in
housings
18. Standby Energy Drain Was Significant
in use phase of handset life cycle (Y2K study)
Schematics: STMicroelectronics
Analog Supply Switch Mode Supply
•Analog supply: power drain
remains even with no load
•Switch mode supply: able to
dynamically control vs. load
•Compare 2W with latest
Motorola P390/P393 chargers
@ only 30 mW standby (5 Stars) R. Franz, M. Stutz, P. Tzscheutschler, ibid., 2000
19. Power Consumption Keeps Going Down
while functionality continues to increase
Computer display 15 yr. trend
Same trend applies to cell phone features,
media players, memory chips, etc. etc.
Electronics is driven by power efficiency – examples from author’s 2009 scrapbook:
•1-milliohm RDSon 30V FET for power supplies
•Low power 8051 microcontroller, 10 nA in sleep mode
•30% reduction in power consumption using GaN for power amplifiers
•10X reduction in CMOS transistor leakage through process annealing
•TechAmerica Innovator Award to CEO of power controller chip maker
“Low-power IC’s and low-power designs are…not just for “environmental/green”
reasons… The simple fact is that low-power designs enable longer product run
times from a given battery pack.” Bill Schweber, Power Management DesignLine, 11/30/2009.
20. Beyond the Handset
Infrastructure, network, cloud, grid…
“Cloud Computing…a new paradigm…shifts the location of this infrastructure
to the network.” L.M. Vaquero et. al., A Break in the Clouds: Towards a Cloud Definition, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 39(1):50-55 (Jan. 2009)
Life Cycle Assessment of ICT Products more complex than ever
21. Network Improvements
Predicted to yield 42% drop in carbon emissions by 2013 through
•integration of clean energy sources: solar, wind, and fuel cells
•more energy-efficient network equipment (base stations and RF power amplifiers)
•more efficient network architectures and topologies
GSMA’s Green Power for Mobile program (global)
Announced 2008 to promote basestations using PV, wind, non-food biofuels
•2008 actual: 1500 off-grid basestations
•2010 goal: 14,000
•2012 goal: 118,000
Pike Research, http://www.cellular-news.com/story/40461.php (4th November 2009)
GSMA – http://www.gsmworld.com
Aditya Kaul, ABI Research, 1/7/2010
Personal Communications Today:
Energy efficiency distributed across networks
22. ICT Energy Efficiency Trends
continued
More efficient data centers:
Drivers in 2008 survey are both economic & environmental
– 54% - reducing electricity consumption
– 51% - reducing cooling costs
– 42% - sense of responsibility to the community
Consortium seeks 1000X improvement in ICT systems based on study of
– optics
– wireless
– electronics
– processing
– routing
– architecture
Symantec, 2008 Data Center Report www.greentouch.org
23. Opportunities on the new energy grid
Green Power Leadership Award for green power purchase
•For 2009, Motorola is purchasing more than 78 million kilowatt hours
(kWh) of Green-e certified renewable energy certificates (RECs) from
NativeEnergy that supports the Langdon Wind Facility in North Dakota
•Represents 20 percent of the company’s U.S. electricity purchases
•Equivalent to avoiding the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of more than
10,000 passenger vehicles per year;
•Equivalent amount of electricity needed annually to power 8,000 average
American homes
•Motorola was 1 of only 10 organizations nationwide receiving this award
See other actions and awards at www.motorola.com
24. What else can individuals do
to reduce their environmental footprint
Use phase
•Know your applications!
•Set screen savers to dim
•Use battery monitor software -->
•Solar chargers
•Off-grid options
•Coming: energy harvesting
End-of-Life
•Take advantage of recycling options
•2012 & beyond: universal µUSB charger (in Europe)
http://www.techdelicious.com/google-released-sdkandroid-16/
25. Conclusions
1. Substances of Concern
•Toxics replacement to date: grade A
•Next test beyond RoHS & halogens: grade Incomplete
2. EOL Recovery & Recycling
•Progress to date: grade B. Room for improvement.
•Renewable carbon chemistries: grade Incomplete
3. Energy
•Standby loss reduction to date: grade B. Why not Zero
across all types of products?
•Use phase: grade B. Battery life. Industry trends and
commitments to “Green IT/Green ICT”
•Assessment of networks & cloud computing difficult
•Actual results are literally in the hands of the user.