The document summarizes the key aspects of shapers, including:
1) Shapers are machine tools that use a single point cutting tool on a reciprocating ram to remove metal in horizontal, vertical, or angular planes. They are used to produce flat, slotted, or contoured surfaces.
2) The main types of shapers are plain, universal, horizontal, vertical, crank, gear, and hydraulic shapers, which differ based on the orientation and drive mechanism of the ram and cutting tool.
3) Key components of a crank shaper include the base, column, table, cross rail, ram, and tool head. The ram carries the cutting tool and reciprocates via a
about shaper machine, planer machine, and milling machine.
how to use these machines.
and how to work these machines.
easy to learn about these machines.
Shaping Machine
It is reciprocating type of machine tool used for producing flat surfaces.
Surfaces may be horizontal, vertical or inclined.
Modern shapers can produce contoured surfaces.
It uses reciprocating straight line motion of the tool and a perpendicular feed of the job or the tool.
By moving the work piece across the path of the reciprocating tool, a flat surface is generated regardless of the shape of the tool.
On a shaper, job is fixed on the work table (i.e. job remains stationary) and the tool cuts while reciprocating over the job . The tool is mounted on a reciprocating ram and the table which supports the job is fed normal to the tool motion at each stroke of the ram.
The tool cuts in the forward stroke only except in case of a draw-cut shaper in which the tool cuts in backward stroke of the ram.
The other stroke in both the cases remains idle as there is no cutting action in that stroke.
Base: Shaper base is a heavy structure of cast iron. It supports all the other parts and assemblies (described in the following). It resists vibration and high compressive loads being of cast iron. Base is bolted down to the shop floor through foundation bolts .
etc....
about shaper machine, planer machine, and milling machine.
how to use these machines.
and how to work these machines.
easy to learn about these machines.
Shaping Machine
It is reciprocating type of machine tool used for producing flat surfaces.
Surfaces may be horizontal, vertical or inclined.
Modern shapers can produce contoured surfaces.
It uses reciprocating straight line motion of the tool and a perpendicular feed of the job or the tool.
By moving the work piece across the path of the reciprocating tool, a flat surface is generated regardless of the shape of the tool.
On a shaper, job is fixed on the work table (i.e. job remains stationary) and the tool cuts while reciprocating over the job . The tool is mounted on a reciprocating ram and the table which supports the job is fed normal to the tool motion at each stroke of the ram.
The tool cuts in the forward stroke only except in case of a draw-cut shaper in which the tool cuts in backward stroke of the ram.
The other stroke in both the cases remains idle as there is no cutting action in that stroke.
Base: Shaper base is a heavy structure of cast iron. It supports all the other parts and assemblies (described in the following). It resists vibration and high compressive loads being of cast iron. Base is bolted down to the shop floor through foundation bolts .
etc....
This PowerPoint Presentation contains some useful information regarding the Shaper machine and the mechanisms used in the same. This is useful specifically more helpful to the GTU students for Mechanical engineering in MP1.
Introduction
The shaper machine is a machine that can make slots and grooves using a thin cutting tool. The linear cutting motion is provided by the “Whitworth Quick-Return Mechanism“. While the feed motion is supplied by the mechanism illustrated in this report "The shaper feed Mechanism”. During shaping, cutting and infeed motions are carried out by the tool, while the feed motion is performed by the table carrying the work piece.
The Shaper Feed Mechanism
- By using a combination of various shaped links we can change the rotating motion supplied by the motor to a linear cyclic motion.
- In order to obtain a precise groove width and a calculated cyclic longitudinal pitch the use of this mechanism was important.
Operation: (From figure 1)
• Gear (1) obtaining its motion from the quick feed mechanism’s input rotates.
• The gear moves the link (2).
• Body (3) and the ratchet wheel (4) are mounted on the same shaft. Motion is transmitted from link 2 to body (3).
• Body (3) contains a pawl which reciprocates about its axis moving the ratchet wheel with it.
• The gear rotates a screw which is mounted on its shaft.
• The nut mounted on the screw moves linearly providing the motion of the table resulting in the feed motion.
i hope, it will helpful to the students and peoples in the search of topics mentioned
it is informative to study to even get passing marks or for revision
Power Transmission Devices: Construction, working, comparison, applications and classification of: Belt Drive (Flat and V Belt), Chain Drive and Spur Gear Drive arranged with simple gear trains
This PowerPoint Presentation contains some useful information regarding the Shaper machine and the mechanisms used in the same. This is useful specifically more helpful to the GTU students for Mechanical engineering in MP1.
Introduction
The shaper machine is a machine that can make slots and grooves using a thin cutting tool. The linear cutting motion is provided by the “Whitworth Quick-Return Mechanism“. While the feed motion is supplied by the mechanism illustrated in this report "The shaper feed Mechanism”. During shaping, cutting and infeed motions are carried out by the tool, while the feed motion is performed by the table carrying the work piece.
The Shaper Feed Mechanism
- By using a combination of various shaped links we can change the rotating motion supplied by the motor to a linear cyclic motion.
- In order to obtain a precise groove width and a calculated cyclic longitudinal pitch the use of this mechanism was important.
Operation: (From figure 1)
• Gear (1) obtaining its motion from the quick feed mechanism’s input rotates.
• The gear moves the link (2).
• Body (3) and the ratchet wheel (4) are mounted on the same shaft. Motion is transmitted from link 2 to body (3).
• Body (3) contains a pawl which reciprocates about its axis moving the ratchet wheel with it.
• The gear rotates a screw which is mounted on its shaft.
• The nut mounted on the screw moves linearly providing the motion of the table resulting in the feed motion.
i hope, it will helpful to the students and peoples in the search of topics mentioned
it is informative to study to even get passing marks or for revision
Power Transmission Devices: Construction, working, comparison, applications and classification of: Belt Drive (Flat and V Belt), Chain Drive and Spur Gear Drive arranged with simple gear trains
Shaper - Types of operations. Drilling, reaming, boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling, hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
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1. T K A R T H I K E Y A
1 0 0 5 - 1 9 - 7 6 5 3 2 2
2. INTRODUCTIO
NShapers can be defined as a process for removing
metal surfaces in horizontal, vertical and angular
planes by the use of a single point cutting tool held
on the ram that reciprocates the tool.
The Shaper is a machine tool used primarily for:
Producing a flat or plane surface which may be in a
horizontal, a vertical or an angular plane.
Making slots, grooves and keyways.
Producing contour of concave/convex or a
combination of these.
3. CLASSIFICATION
There are mainly two types of shapers:-
II) Universal Shapers.
Horizontal Shapers.
I) Plain Shapers
Vertical Shapers.
Crank Shapers.
Gear shapers.
Hydraulic Shapers.
Both shapers depending upon whether the ram and the
cutting tool reciprocates in the horizontal plane or in the
vertical plane.
4. • Crank shapers are most commonly used.
A rocker arm, operated by a crank pin from the
main driving gear, gives the ram of the crank
shaper a back-and-forth (reciprocating) motion.
• Gear shapers are driven by a gear and rack
assembly. Gear shapers have a reversible electric
motor or mechanical mechanism which quickly
returns the ram, in readiness for another cut.
• Hydraulic shapers are driven by
movement of a piston in an oil-filled cylinder.
Mechanical features on these shapers are the
same as those on crank shapers.
10. Base- The base is the necessary bed or support required
for all machines tools. All other parts are mounted on
and above the base. The bed takes up the total dead
weight of the machine as well as the dynamic load during
machining operations.
Cross rail-The cross rail is mounted on the front of the
body frame and can be moved up and down. The vertical
movement of the cross rail permits jobs of different
heights to be accommodated below the tool. Sliding
along the cross rail is a saddle which carries the work
table.
Column-The column of the shaper is a hollow casting
and is mounted on the base. It houses the drive
mechanism for the ram and the table.
11. Table- The worktable of a shaper is fastened to the front of
the column. The table moves across the column on crossrails
to give the feed motion to the job.
Ram- The ram carries the tool head at its front end and
travels in “guideways” to give straight line reciprocating
motion to the tool. The ram is either mechanically driven or
hydraulically operated. A single point tool is fastened in the
tool post.
12. Tool Head- It
holds the cutting tool
and is fastened to the
front of the ram. The
tool is held in a tool
holder/tool post
similar to the lathe
tool post. The tool
post and the tool
block fit snugly in the
clapper box and is
hinged at the upper
edge.
13. PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
The job is rigidly fixed on the
machine table. The single point
cutting tool held properly in
the tool post is mounted on a
reciprocating ram. The
reciprocating motion of the
ram is obtained by a quick
return motion mechanism. As
the ram reciprocates, the tool
cuts the material during its
forward stroke. During return,
there is no cutting action and
this stroke is called the idle
stroke. The forward and return
strokes constitute one
operating cycle of the shaper.
15. QUICK RETURN
MECHANISM
In order to reduce the
time wasted during
the return non-
cutting
stroke, shaping
machines are fitted
with a quick-return
mechanism, usually
of the crank and
slotted-link design.
16. In Quick Return Mechanism, the ram is driven by a slotted
link which pivots at its lower end and is attached to the ram by a
loose connecting link at its upper end. The slotted link engages
with the crank pin mounted on the driving wheel which rotates at
constant speed and causes the link to oscillate and the ram to
reciprocate. A gearbox controls the speed of the driving pinion,
thus providing a range of speeds for the ram.
18. CUTTING TOOL MATERAILS,
SHAPES AND SIZES
Shapers are used to make many different cuts on flat surfaces.
Most shaper cutting tools are made from high speed steel (HSS).
For cutting very hard materials, tungsten carbide tools are used.
Shaper cutting tools are ground for cutting horizontally right or
left, vertically right or left, and for grooving. Cutting tool shape
varies with the material to be machined and the type of cut
required.
23. OPERATIONS PERFORMED
ON SHAPER
Operations involved in shaping a rectangular job on
shaper.
Machining a thin job on shaper.
Cutting an angle on a large job.
Cutting a dovetail bearing on a shaper.
Shaping a V or keyway in a block.
Shaping regularly angled component.
Shaping an irregularly curved surface.
Cutting a keyway on a shaper when the keyway does not
extend the entire length of the shaft.
Machining angular surfaces on shapers.
Sequence of machining sides of a rectangular piece
square and parallel.
24. ADVANTAGES OF SHAPERS
• The single point cutting tools used in shapers are
inexpensive, these tools can be easily grounded to
any desirable shape.
• The simplicity and ease of holding work, its easy
adjustment, and the simple tool give the shaper its
great flexibility.
• Shaper set up is very quick and easy and can be
readily changed from one job to another.
• Thin or fragile jobs can be conviniently machined on
shapers because of lower cutting forces.
26. LIMITATIONS
Shape only one piece of stock at a time.
Shape stock only if longer than 25 cm (10 in).
Support long pieces of wood with extension
tables or roller supports.