The document discusses the shaper machine tool. It can produce flat surfaces that are horizontal, vertical, or inclined by having the tool reciprocate over the workpiece. During the forward stroke, the tool removes metal from the workpiece. On the return stroke, the table feeds to move the workpiece for the next cut. Shapers are classified based on the mechanism used (e.g. crank, gear, hydraulic), the position and travel of the ram (horizontal, vertical), and the type of table design (standard, universal). The main components of a shaper are the ram, table, clapper box, tool head, cross rail, and saddle. Shapers can machine various surface types like horizontal, vertical