This document describes a proposed biomimetic peristaltic pump for use in microgravity environments like spacecraft. The pump would use shape memory alloy wires embedded in flexible tubing to contract the tubing in a wave-like pattern, mimicking human peristalsis and moving fluid without any moving parts. This design aims to improve on current space pumps that frequently malfunction due to their complexity. The document discusses the relevant technologies, design process, and potential future improvements like more efficient shape memory alloys and flexible tubing designs.
The document discusses osmotic power, a renewable energy technology that uses osmosis to generate electricity. It summarizes that osmotic power was first invented in 1973 and has since been researched by various scientists. The document then provides details on how osmotic power works using a semi-permeable membrane and the difference in salt concentration between freshwater and seawater to create pressure. Finally, it analyzes the efficiency and design of different types of osmotic power plants, along with the technology's advantages of being renewable and having low environmental impact, though it is currently very expensive.
Power consumption is increasing globally, requiring more power generation which sometimes causes environmental pollution. Non-conventional renewable power plants like hydro, solar, geothermal, and wind are encouraged but affected by climate and cannot operate continuously. Osmotic power plants, a promising new technology, use semipermeable membranes and osmosis to generate pollution-free power from the difference in salt concentration between fresh and salt water, and can operate 24/7. The first prototype was built in Norway in 2009. While expensive now, osmotic power has potential to provide up to 50% of the EU's current power from its global annual potential of 1600-1700 terawatt hours.
This document provides an overview of osmotic power generation. It describes how osmotic power works by using a semipermeable membrane to harness the natural process of osmosis to generate hydraulic pressure from the difference in salt concentration between seawater and freshwater. The key components of an osmotic power plant and its operating principles are explained. The document also discusses membrane development challenges, different plant designs, environmental aspects, efficiency considerations, and the current advantages and disadvantages of osmotic power generation.
Osmotic power presentation ids xi december 2009 tcm9-7043jinxxyd
Statkraft is developing osmotic power as a new renewable energy technology. Osmotic power uses osmosis, the natural process by which water moves from a low salt concentration to a high one, to generate electricity. Statkraft has built a prototype osmotic power plant in Norway to test membrane and system components at a small scale. The technology has potential for cost reductions through larger membrane elements, higher system efficiencies, and economies of scale in larger plants. Statkraft is working with partners on membrane and system development to advance osmotic power toward commercialization.
This document outlines osmotic power, which generates energy from the difference in salt concentration between seawater and freshwater. It works via pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) where freshwater naturally moves through a semi-permeable membrane into higher salinity seawater, increasing pressure. This pressure powers a turbine to generate electricity. Key components include membrane modules to separate the waters, filters to optimize membrane performance, and a turbine/generator. Experimental results showed a prototype achieving over 90% efficiency and the potential to scale installations by adding more membrane modules.
Detailed information about types of power plant. Efficiency and power criteria are covered according to different types of membrane. Environmental impacts of pant is included.
The document discusses osmotic power generation through salinity gradient power. It describes two main methods - pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis. PRO involves pumping seawater and freshwater into a pressure chamber separated by a membrane, where the pressure differences drive a turbine. Reverse electrodialysis uses a series of alternating cation and anion exchange membranes to generate electricity from the free energy of river and seawater. While still being researched, these methods harness the natural process of osmosis to generate renewable energy from salinity gradients between fresh and salt water sources.
The document discusses osmotic power, a renewable energy technology that uses osmosis to generate electricity. It summarizes that osmotic power was first invented in 1973 and has since been researched by various scientists. The document then provides details on how osmotic power works using a semi-permeable membrane and the difference in salt concentration between freshwater and seawater to create pressure. Finally, it analyzes the efficiency and design of different types of osmotic power plants, along with the technology's advantages of being renewable and having low environmental impact, though it is currently very expensive.
Power consumption is increasing globally, requiring more power generation which sometimes causes environmental pollution. Non-conventional renewable power plants like hydro, solar, geothermal, and wind are encouraged but affected by climate and cannot operate continuously. Osmotic power plants, a promising new technology, use semipermeable membranes and osmosis to generate pollution-free power from the difference in salt concentration between fresh and salt water, and can operate 24/7. The first prototype was built in Norway in 2009. While expensive now, osmotic power has potential to provide up to 50% of the EU's current power from its global annual potential of 1600-1700 terawatt hours.
This document provides an overview of osmotic power generation. It describes how osmotic power works by using a semipermeable membrane to harness the natural process of osmosis to generate hydraulic pressure from the difference in salt concentration between seawater and freshwater. The key components of an osmotic power plant and its operating principles are explained. The document also discusses membrane development challenges, different plant designs, environmental aspects, efficiency considerations, and the current advantages and disadvantages of osmotic power generation.
Osmotic power presentation ids xi december 2009 tcm9-7043jinxxyd
Statkraft is developing osmotic power as a new renewable energy technology. Osmotic power uses osmosis, the natural process by which water moves from a low salt concentration to a high one, to generate electricity. Statkraft has built a prototype osmotic power plant in Norway to test membrane and system components at a small scale. The technology has potential for cost reductions through larger membrane elements, higher system efficiencies, and economies of scale in larger plants. Statkraft is working with partners on membrane and system development to advance osmotic power toward commercialization.
This document outlines osmotic power, which generates energy from the difference in salt concentration between seawater and freshwater. It works via pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) where freshwater naturally moves through a semi-permeable membrane into higher salinity seawater, increasing pressure. This pressure powers a turbine to generate electricity. Key components include membrane modules to separate the waters, filters to optimize membrane performance, and a turbine/generator. Experimental results showed a prototype achieving over 90% efficiency and the potential to scale installations by adding more membrane modules.
Detailed information about types of power plant. Efficiency and power criteria are covered according to different types of membrane. Environmental impacts of pant is included.
The document discusses osmotic power generation through salinity gradient power. It describes two main methods - pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis. PRO involves pumping seawater and freshwater into a pressure chamber separated by a membrane, where the pressure differences drive a turbine. Reverse electrodialysis uses a series of alternating cation and anion exchange membranes to generate electricity from the free energy of river and seawater. While still being researched, these methods harness the natural process of osmosis to generate renewable energy from salinity gradients between fresh and salt water sources.
Osmotic power generation, A new source of non conventional energy.Maksudur Rahaman
This document discusses osmotic power, a new source of renewable energy. Osmotic power relies on the principle of pressure retarded osmosis, where fresh water passes through a semi-permeable membrane into salt water, increasing pressure. This pressure can be used to drive a turbine and generate electricity. An osmotic power plant takes advantage of the natural salinity gradient between fresh river water and salt ocean water. While offering clean renewable energy, osmotic power also has high costs and requires specific locations where fresh and salt water sources meet.
This document provides an overview of osmotic power generation. It defines osmosis as the passage of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low. Osmotic power generation uses this principle by placing salt water and fresh water on opposite sides of a semi-permeable membrane. As fresh water passes through the membrane into the salt water, pressure builds. This pressure can be used to drive a turbine and generate electricity. The document discusses the components, construction, operation, advantages and disadvantages of osmotic power plants. It provides examples of osmosis in nature and references the first commercial osmotic power plant built in Norway.
Osmotic power is generated by exploiting the pressure difference created across a semi-permeable membrane that separates fresh water and salt water reservoirs. Fresh water flows through the membrane into the higher salinity salt water reservoir, creating pressure that can be used to drive turbines and generate electricity. Osmotic power plants have the advantages of being renewable, producing electricity reliably without carbon emissions. However, they also have high upfront costs and require access to a steady source of fresh and salt water with a sufficient salinity gradient.
Hydroelectricity is a renewable way to generate electricity without burning fossil fuels by harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing water using dams. Dams are built across rivers to form reservoirs; water is then released through turbines to generate electricity. Major hydroelectric dams exist around the world, including the Hoover Dam in the United States. While hydroelectricity has advantages like low operating costs, dams can also negatively impact animal habitats and come with high construction costs.
Hydroelectric power harnesses the gravitational potential energy of flowing or falling water to generate electricity. It works by water turning turbines that are connected to generators. There are several types including dams, pumped storage, and run-of-river. Hydroelectricity provides flexible, renewable energy but depends on consistent water flow and can disrupt wildlife. While having low operating costs, hydroelectric plants can cause environmental damage if not properly maintained.
The document discusses hydropower, which is a renewable energy source that harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water. Hydropower has been used for thousands of years to grind grain and generate electricity. Modern hydropower plants capture the potential energy of dammed water and convert it to electrical energy using turbines connected to generators. The amount of power generated depends on the height that water falls and the volume of water flow. Larger dams and rivers with greater water flow can produce more hydropower.
This document provides information on hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the essential components which include a catchment area, reservoir, dam, intake house, waterways, power house, and tailrace. It describes the different types of dams and turbines used. Hydroelectric power is a renewable source of energy since water is continuously available from rainfall and rivers. While hydroelectric power plants have many advantages like low operating costs, they also have disadvantages such as high initial costs and reduced power production during drought seasons.
Evaluation of the photovoltaic generation potential and real time analysis of...Arq Taciana Muller
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the photovoltaic generation potential and real-time analysis of a photovoltaic panel installed on a building in southern Brazil. The study found that the 16.5 m2 photovoltaic panel produced an average of 11.0 kWh per day and had a module efficiency of around 12.6%. Solar radiation and daylight data from 2007-2012 were used to analyze the solar potential and compare to the panel's power generation. The panel was installed at an angle of 24 degrees, which modeling software had indicated would provide the most uniform radiation throughout the year for that location.
The document discusses several large hydroelectric power plants around the world. It provides details on three major hydroelectric plants:
1) The Itaipu Dam on the Brazil/Paraguay border which has an annual production of over 90 billion kWh and is one of the largest hydroelectric plants in the world.
2) The Three Gorges Dam in China which is the largest hydroelectric dam ever built and has an installed capacity of over 22 GW.
3) The Grand Coulee Dam in the US which has an installed capacity of over 6.8 GW and is the largest power producing facility in the country.
Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity. It has been used for centuries to power mills and factories. Modern hydropower plants first emerged in the late 19th century and have since become a major source of renewable energy worldwide. Hydropower is classified based on factors like plant size and head. Key components include dams, reservoirs, penstocks, turbines, generators, and transformers. While hydropower has significant advantages as a clean energy source, new plants also face environmental challenges and changing water availability due to climate change. Many regions still have potential to expand sustainable hydropower development in the future.
Portable solar powered water purification systems, water decontamination systems, solar power irrigation pumps, solar powered water pumps, solar and wind powered mobile platforms provide electricity, clean water and 106-foot communications mast, solar powered multi-purpose utility structure
This document is an introduction to hydroelectric power. It defines hydroelectric power as a renewable energy source that harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity. The document traces the history of hydroelectric power from ancient water wheels to Michael Faraday's invention of the homopolar generator in 1831. By the early 20th century, hydroelectric power accounted for 15-40% of electricity in the United States. While hydroelectric power has low operating costs, it also has environmental impacts and relies on consistent water availability. The document concludes that hydroelectric power laid the foundation for other renewable technologies but may have reached peak growth in the United States.
The document discusses the components of a hydropower water conveyance system. It describes the different types of intakes used for run-of-river and reservoir projects. It also discusses the main components of the water conducting system, including open channels, tunnels, penstocks, and surge tanks. Design considerations for these components aim to minimize head loss and sediment entry while preserving water energy throughout the system.
This document discusses renewable energy and hydropower. It defines renewable energy as energy from natural resources like sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat. Hydropower is generated from water flow and is captured using dams, turbines and generators. Large hydropower dams can power cities but require large initial investments, and have social costs from relocating residents and environmental impacts from flooding land. Smaller run-of-river hydropower projects have fewer impacts. Hydropower is a significant renewable source that produces clean energy without pollution.
Hydroelectric energy is produced by harnessing the gravitational force of falling or flowing water to turn turbines that generate electricity. It is produced in 150 countries, with China being the largest producer and accounting for around 17% of its domestic electricity. The pros of hydroelectricity include being renewable, low-cost, flexible, clean without CO2 emissions, reliable, and controllable; the cons include requiring large dams that can damage environments and marine life. Hydroelectric plants work by creating reservoirs through dams, channeling water through tunnels to turn turbines and generate electricity.
Hydro Power Generation: School and College Project (With Thesis)Sandip Kumar Sahoo
This PPT was originally made by me for a school project. This presentation is a showcase of complete research, exact and to the point information, easy and understandable language. I hope this presentation on Hydropower plant and hydropower generation will help you. I have also attached the link of the project Thesis.you can also visit my profile to check for it.
https://www.slideshare.net/SandipKumarSahoo/thesis-on-hydro-power-plant
Hydropower plants collect water from an intake to rotate turbines and generate electricity. The water is transported through penstocks to the turbines and the kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy by generators. While hydropower is a clean source of energy and creates recreation areas, it can disrupt local ecology and fish migration. Careful planning is needed to address issues like reduced downstream flows and flooding of upstream lands.
This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower. Hydropower is generated when water behind a dam passes through turbines, producing electricity. The key advantages are that hydropower produces no pollutants, saves natural resources like coal, and provides a predictable renewable energy source. However, disadvantages include disrupting habitats by flooding areas, requiring high installation costs to build dams and turbines, potentially killing fish, and only being viable in areas with significant rainfall and water reservoirs.
This document provides information on hydropower, including how it works, its renewable nature, types of hydropower plants, plant components, and turbines. Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water to generate electricity. Dams impound water to form reservoirs that provide potential energy, then water flows through turbines connected to generators to produce emissions-free renewable electricity. Hydropower plant components include reservoirs, dams, inlet waterways, penstocks or tunnels, powerhouses containing turbines and generators, and spillways. Common turbine types are impulse (Pelton) for high head applications and reaction (Francis and Kaplan) for lower head situations.
This document provides an introduction and background on a project to design a solar powered water pumping system for Novotel, a hall at the University of Mines and Technology in Tarkwa, Ghana. The hall experiences regular water crises due to issues with the existing water supply. The objectives of the project are to identify a suitable pump for Novotel and design a solar powered system to reliably provide water. The document outlines the methodology, facilities used, and organization of the project work over five chapters.
1. The document discusses the design of a cold water pipe for an OTEC power plant off the coast of the Philippines. It analyzes parameters from a theoretical 10MW OTEC system to determine requirements for the cold water pipe design.
2. Key parameters used include a seawater temperature difference of 21.5°C and mass flow rate. The document estimates that a pipe depth of 895.84m would achieve the required temperature difference off the Philippines coast.
3. Additional considerations for the pipe design include withstanding static/dynamic loads from waves and typhoons that occur in the Philippines location. The pipe structure, flow rate, diameter and pump requirements will be analyzed based on the estimated depth.
Osmotic power generation, A new source of non conventional energy.Maksudur Rahaman
This document discusses osmotic power, a new source of renewable energy. Osmotic power relies on the principle of pressure retarded osmosis, where fresh water passes through a semi-permeable membrane into salt water, increasing pressure. This pressure can be used to drive a turbine and generate electricity. An osmotic power plant takes advantage of the natural salinity gradient between fresh river water and salt ocean water. While offering clean renewable energy, osmotic power also has high costs and requires specific locations where fresh and salt water sources meet.
This document provides an overview of osmotic power generation. It defines osmosis as the passage of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low. Osmotic power generation uses this principle by placing salt water and fresh water on opposite sides of a semi-permeable membrane. As fresh water passes through the membrane into the salt water, pressure builds. This pressure can be used to drive a turbine and generate electricity. The document discusses the components, construction, operation, advantages and disadvantages of osmotic power plants. It provides examples of osmosis in nature and references the first commercial osmotic power plant built in Norway.
Osmotic power is generated by exploiting the pressure difference created across a semi-permeable membrane that separates fresh water and salt water reservoirs. Fresh water flows through the membrane into the higher salinity salt water reservoir, creating pressure that can be used to drive turbines and generate electricity. Osmotic power plants have the advantages of being renewable, producing electricity reliably without carbon emissions. However, they also have high upfront costs and require access to a steady source of fresh and salt water with a sufficient salinity gradient.
Hydroelectricity is a renewable way to generate electricity without burning fossil fuels by harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing water using dams. Dams are built across rivers to form reservoirs; water is then released through turbines to generate electricity. Major hydroelectric dams exist around the world, including the Hoover Dam in the United States. While hydroelectricity has advantages like low operating costs, dams can also negatively impact animal habitats and come with high construction costs.
Hydroelectric power harnesses the gravitational potential energy of flowing or falling water to generate electricity. It works by water turning turbines that are connected to generators. There are several types including dams, pumped storage, and run-of-river. Hydroelectricity provides flexible, renewable energy but depends on consistent water flow and can disrupt wildlife. While having low operating costs, hydroelectric plants can cause environmental damage if not properly maintained.
The document discusses hydropower, which is a renewable energy source that harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water. Hydropower has been used for thousands of years to grind grain and generate electricity. Modern hydropower plants capture the potential energy of dammed water and convert it to electrical energy using turbines connected to generators. The amount of power generated depends on the height that water falls and the volume of water flow. Larger dams and rivers with greater water flow can produce more hydropower.
This document provides information on hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the essential components which include a catchment area, reservoir, dam, intake house, waterways, power house, and tailrace. It describes the different types of dams and turbines used. Hydroelectric power is a renewable source of energy since water is continuously available from rainfall and rivers. While hydroelectric power plants have many advantages like low operating costs, they also have disadvantages such as high initial costs and reduced power production during drought seasons.
Evaluation of the photovoltaic generation potential and real time analysis of...Arq Taciana Muller
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the photovoltaic generation potential and real-time analysis of a photovoltaic panel installed on a building in southern Brazil. The study found that the 16.5 m2 photovoltaic panel produced an average of 11.0 kWh per day and had a module efficiency of around 12.6%. Solar radiation and daylight data from 2007-2012 were used to analyze the solar potential and compare to the panel's power generation. The panel was installed at an angle of 24 degrees, which modeling software had indicated would provide the most uniform radiation throughout the year for that location.
The document discusses several large hydroelectric power plants around the world. It provides details on three major hydroelectric plants:
1) The Itaipu Dam on the Brazil/Paraguay border which has an annual production of over 90 billion kWh and is one of the largest hydroelectric plants in the world.
2) The Three Gorges Dam in China which is the largest hydroelectric dam ever built and has an installed capacity of over 22 GW.
3) The Grand Coulee Dam in the US which has an installed capacity of over 6.8 GW and is the largest power producing facility in the country.
Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity. It has been used for centuries to power mills and factories. Modern hydropower plants first emerged in the late 19th century and have since become a major source of renewable energy worldwide. Hydropower is classified based on factors like plant size and head. Key components include dams, reservoirs, penstocks, turbines, generators, and transformers. While hydropower has significant advantages as a clean energy source, new plants also face environmental challenges and changing water availability due to climate change. Many regions still have potential to expand sustainable hydropower development in the future.
Portable solar powered water purification systems, water decontamination systems, solar power irrigation pumps, solar powered water pumps, solar and wind powered mobile platforms provide electricity, clean water and 106-foot communications mast, solar powered multi-purpose utility structure
This document is an introduction to hydroelectric power. It defines hydroelectric power as a renewable energy source that harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity. The document traces the history of hydroelectric power from ancient water wheels to Michael Faraday's invention of the homopolar generator in 1831. By the early 20th century, hydroelectric power accounted for 15-40% of electricity in the United States. While hydroelectric power has low operating costs, it also has environmental impacts and relies on consistent water availability. The document concludes that hydroelectric power laid the foundation for other renewable technologies but may have reached peak growth in the United States.
The document discusses the components of a hydropower water conveyance system. It describes the different types of intakes used for run-of-river and reservoir projects. It also discusses the main components of the water conducting system, including open channels, tunnels, penstocks, and surge tanks. Design considerations for these components aim to minimize head loss and sediment entry while preserving water energy throughout the system.
This document discusses renewable energy and hydropower. It defines renewable energy as energy from natural resources like sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat. Hydropower is generated from water flow and is captured using dams, turbines and generators. Large hydropower dams can power cities but require large initial investments, and have social costs from relocating residents and environmental impacts from flooding land. Smaller run-of-river hydropower projects have fewer impacts. Hydropower is a significant renewable source that produces clean energy without pollution.
Hydroelectric energy is produced by harnessing the gravitational force of falling or flowing water to turn turbines that generate electricity. It is produced in 150 countries, with China being the largest producer and accounting for around 17% of its domestic electricity. The pros of hydroelectricity include being renewable, low-cost, flexible, clean without CO2 emissions, reliable, and controllable; the cons include requiring large dams that can damage environments and marine life. Hydroelectric plants work by creating reservoirs through dams, channeling water through tunnels to turn turbines and generate electricity.
Hydro Power Generation: School and College Project (With Thesis)Sandip Kumar Sahoo
This PPT was originally made by me for a school project. This presentation is a showcase of complete research, exact and to the point information, easy and understandable language. I hope this presentation on Hydropower plant and hydropower generation will help you. I have also attached the link of the project Thesis.you can also visit my profile to check for it.
https://www.slideshare.net/SandipKumarSahoo/thesis-on-hydro-power-plant
Hydropower plants collect water from an intake to rotate turbines and generate electricity. The water is transported through penstocks to the turbines and the kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy by generators. While hydropower is a clean source of energy and creates recreation areas, it can disrupt local ecology and fish migration. Careful planning is needed to address issues like reduced downstream flows and flooding of upstream lands.
This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower. Hydropower is generated when water behind a dam passes through turbines, producing electricity. The key advantages are that hydropower produces no pollutants, saves natural resources like coal, and provides a predictable renewable energy source. However, disadvantages include disrupting habitats by flooding areas, requiring high installation costs to build dams and turbines, potentially killing fish, and only being viable in areas with significant rainfall and water reservoirs.
This document provides information on hydropower, including how it works, its renewable nature, types of hydropower plants, plant components, and turbines. Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water to generate electricity. Dams impound water to form reservoirs that provide potential energy, then water flows through turbines connected to generators to produce emissions-free renewable electricity. Hydropower plant components include reservoirs, dams, inlet waterways, penstocks or tunnels, powerhouses containing turbines and generators, and spillways. Common turbine types are impulse (Pelton) for high head applications and reaction (Francis and Kaplan) for lower head situations.
This document provides an introduction and background on a project to design a solar powered water pumping system for Novotel, a hall at the University of Mines and Technology in Tarkwa, Ghana. The hall experiences regular water crises due to issues with the existing water supply. The objectives of the project are to identify a suitable pump for Novotel and design a solar powered system to reliably provide water. The document outlines the methodology, facilities used, and organization of the project work over five chapters.
1. The document discusses the design of a cold water pipe for an OTEC power plant off the coast of the Philippines. It analyzes parameters from a theoretical 10MW OTEC system to determine requirements for the cold water pipe design.
2. Key parameters used include a seawater temperature difference of 21.5°C and mass flow rate. The document estimates that a pipe depth of 895.84m would achieve the required temperature difference off the Philippines coast.
3. Additional considerations for the pipe design include withstanding static/dynamic loads from waves and typhoons that occur in the Philippines location. The pipe structure, flow rate, diameter and pump requirements will be analyzed based on the estimated depth.
DESIGN OF SOLAR PARABOLIC TROUGH WATER HEATERIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on the design of a solar parabolic trough water heater. It begins with an abstract that describes concentrating solar collectors that absorb solar energy and convert it into heat for hot water. It then reviews 25 previous journal papers on parabolic trough water heaters. The paper proposes a new design for a parabolic trough water heater that is more effective and lower cost. It describes the components of the new design, which includes an aluminum trough, mirrors, and a copper tube receiver.
Microthrusters are used to propel and orient small (miniature satellites). Various systems are developed till now. In this system there is a MEMS valve that opens or closes to operate the truster.
IRJET- Thermal Performance Evaluation of Evacuated Solar Water Heater wit...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the thermal performance of an evacuated solar water heater with and without twisted tapes inserted inside the glass tubes. Key findings include:
- Temperature gain was higher at low and medium flow rates compared to high flow rates for both setups.
- The setup with twisted tapes inserted showed slightly higher temperature gains, around 1°C on average, compared to the setup without tapes, due to increased turbulence creating higher heat transfer.
- While improvements were small due to the small experimental setup, the results suggest twisted tapes can enhance thermal performance by inducing swirling flow and turbulence inside the glass tubes of an evacuated solar water heater.
The document summarizes the main types of nuclear reactors, including:
1) Gas cooled, graphite moderated reactors like Magnox and AGR reactors which use carbon dioxide gas and graphite.
2) Heavy water cooled and moderated CANDU reactors which use heavy water as both coolant and moderator.
3) Water cooled and moderated reactors like Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) and Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) which use ordinary water as both coolant and moderator.
4) Water cooled, graphite moderated RBMK reactors which use graphite as a moderator and water as a coolant, allowing it to boil directly.
IRJET- Irrigation in Hilly Areas by Capillary LiftIRJET Journal
This document proposes a system to lift water from dry river beds in hilly areas using capillary action for irrigation purposes. Water can rise up to 10 meters through capillary tubes due to surface tension. The system involves installing multiple bundled capillary tubes reaching the water table in boreholes. Water would rise through the tubes and be extracted at the top using porous materials. It could then be stored in tanks and fed to crops through gravity. Repeating the system at multiple levels could lift water significant heights without pumps. This would supplement irrigation in remote hilly villages and reduce migration due to water shortages.
Design and development of pico micro hydro system by using house hold water s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes a study on a concrete solar collector as an alternative to traditional solar water heaters. The concrete collector uses a reinforced concrete slab with copper pipes embedded in it to transfer heat to water running through the pipes. Tests of a prototype showed it was capable of heating water to temperatures between 42-48°C on average winter days. The concrete solar collector provides a lower-cost alternative for solar water heating compared to traditional systems, with the potential to reduce costs by over 50%. It could be integrated into new or existing building roofs to take advantage of unused space and provide hot water.
A Review on Modified Solar Stills with Thermal Energy Storage and FinsIRJET Journal
This document reviews different methods used to improve the productivity of solar stills for fresh water production. It discusses conventional single basin solar stills and their limitations in productivity. It then summarizes various enhancement techniques studied in literature, including adding fins, integrating with solar ponds, using reflectors, implementing wick evaporation surfaces and weirs. The key finding is that these modifications, by increasing heat transfer or evaporation area, can significantly improve the daily water yield of solar distillation systems compared to conventional passive solar stills.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CURTAIN-WALL-INTEGRATED ...ijiert bestjournal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the thermal performance of a curtain wall-integrated solar heater using different working fluids, including water and copper oxide nanofluid. Experiments were conducted with mass flow rates varying from 36 to 108 liters per hour. Higher efficiencies were found when using the 3% nanofluid compared to water alone. Outlet water temperature also increased at lower mass flow rates for both fluids. For a given fluid, efficiency slightly increased with higher mass flow rates. The study concluded the nanofluid improved the thermal performance and increased the outlet temperature of hot water compared to just using water.
IRJET- Artificial Water Cycle using Paraffin B-WaxIRJET Journal
This document describes an experiment to artificially recreate the natural water cycle using paraffin wax to purify contaminated water. The natural water cycle involves evaporation and condensation of ocean water to distill out impurities. In this experiment, paraffin wax is used as a phase change material inside metal tubes submerged in contaminated water. As the wax melts, it absorbs heat from the sun and increases the evaporation rate of the water. The evaporated water then condenses on a transparent dome structure and is collected as purified water. The experiment was conducted on a small scale in the laboratory as a low-cost alternative to desalination plants. Further improvements could enhance heat transfer and allow application at larger scales.
Drop formation in liquid-liquid systems was studied experimentally using high-speed imaging. Different phase systems were used including a system relevant to nuclear applications (TBP-nitric acid-water). Drop diameter, detachment height, and time were measured for variations in hole diameter, pitch, plate spacing, and flow asymmetry. Drop diameter increased with hole velocity and diameter but showed a maximum with pitch. Detachment height and time decreased with hole velocity. Intermittent drops were seen at low velocities for large pitch in the nuclear system. Drop size increased at smaller plate spacings. Flow asymmetry had little effect. The study provides insights useful for mass transfer processes in nuclear industries.
Comparative Investigation for Solar Thermal Energy Technologies SystemJameel Tawfiq
The multiple uses of fossil fuels make them depleted in the coming years. Also, the large
amount of pollution produced by the use of this fuel has made the world seriously think of
environmentally familiar alternative sources of energy. Universal energy is vast and diverse energy, with
the ability to cover the individual's energy needs in various fields in the coming years. The focus of this
study was a parabolic dish system. There are different uses solar of parabolic dish applications that can be
limited by two main groups: thermal generation and electric power generation. A thermal generation used
to generate steam, solar cooking, water heating, and water distillation. The briefly objective is to review
and analysis the thermal generation published by taken into considering used parabolic collector system.
Also, evaluate solar dish operators in differences covering like, the composition of concentrators, the
material of reflector, receiver design, parabolic dish diameter, rim angle, and focal length. These
characteristics drive to entire structure possible for a parabolic dish. Finally, this article may be useful for
the new research worker to consider the requirement for Thermal solar generation integrated with a
parabolic dish.
IRJET- Efficiency Improvement and Performance Analysis of Solar Collector...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using nanofluids to improve the efficiency of solar collectors. It summarizes the design and fabrication of a flat plate solar collector that uses different shaped copper tubes (circular, triangular, square) as absorber tubes. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed and results were validated through experimentation on a fabricated solar collector setup. The goal was to increase collector efficiency by changing the absorber tube geometry to increase surface area for heat transfer.
IRJET- Enhancement of Heat Transfer in Solar Evacuated Water Heater using...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on enhancing heat transfer in solar evacuated tube water heaters using aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanofluid. Key points:
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Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
1. Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in
Microgravity
PID: 2641S
Toshiba ExploraVision 2013
Maxwell Tucker, Matias Horst, Christopher Zhen, and Catherine Farmer
Mentored by Dr. Myra Halpin
Abstract
In any spacecraft, plumbing is of vital importance. Pump mechanisms used today
in the International Space Station are prone to frequent malfunction due to their large
number of moving parts. We propose an alternate mechanism, a biomimetic pump that
employs peristalsis, the sequenced contraction of segments used by the human digestive
tract. This peristaltic pump would function by using a pipe embedded with Nitinol, a
shape memory alloy actuated by electrically derived resistive heating. In addition, the
walls of the tubing would be surfaced with hydrophobic materials, creating a passive
flow system. This mechanism will entirely eliminate the need for moving parts and
would increase the pump reliability, as such a mechanism would only fail if the tubing
itself breaks. In time, this technology can expanded for use in systems on Earth,
increasing the reliability of pumps everywhere.
2. PID: 2641S Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
Present Technology
Plumbing in space is extremely different from plumbing on Earth, chiefly in that the
lack of gravity renders ineffective conventional pumps designed for use in environments with
gravity . To provide running water in space, NASA employs a system of pumps and fans
which coerce liquid to flow in the right direction. While the aforementioned system works
well, the pumps often break or malfunction due to the sheer number of pieces and systems
within the pump system. NASA is forced to take multiple pump systems on each spaceflight,
which takes up valuable space that could be used for other purposes. In addition, fixing a
plumbing problem in space is very difficult. The only way to repair pumps in space is to
haul up spare equipment and perform repairs that take up an astronauts valuable time.
Furthermore, a pipe malfunction in spaceflight can be deadly to the astronauts on board.
Pumps on spacecraft handle a variety of jobs, including heating, cooling, and recycling of
water. Any failures in the system could lead to insufficient water to maintain life support
on the spacecraft. Current small scale pumps, with dozens of moving parts, are often prone
to failure because they tend to wear easily. Even when the pumps are functioning perfectly,
they are inefficient because energy used to actuate the pump is wasted because of friction and
heat in between moving parts [1]. Much of the energy used in current mechanical systems,
especially fans like the ones employed by the pump system, is converted to noise pollution,
a major aggravation and health hazard for astronauts [6].
One of the most essential parts of our pump is Nitinol. Nitinol is a shape memory alloy
(SMA), which has the ability to assume two distinct structures depending on temperature.
This occurs because of a unique change in crystalline structure that occurs when the alloy
is heated past a transition temperature. When at a lower temperature, the alloy is in its
Marstenite crystalline structure, which is an oblong, narrow shape, but when heated, it
transforms to the Austenite structure, which in contrast is a perfect cube. The difference
between these two structures is what causes the unique properties of the alloy. As the
crystalline structure changes, the Nitinol becomes shorter due to the change from the oblong
2
3. PID: 2641S Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
to cubic shape [8].
Image showing the various crystalline phases of Nitinol [2].
The Nitinol wire we used in our prototype to use is small in diameter, 0.2mm, and
contracts when heated. Because of its small diameter, the wire has a higher surface-area to
volume ratio and therefore has high resistance. The method we use to actuate our Nitinol
wire is known as Joule heating, or resistive heating, and involves using the resistance of the
wire to generate heat. Because heat is a natural byproduct of electrical current and the
amount of resistance in the wire, the higher the resistance of the wire, the more heat can be
produced.
Another feature that will be implemented in our pump is a hydrophobic tube lining.
This system will passively encourage a degree of flow in the pipe, repelling water from
the internal surface [10]. A wide variety of substances in common use are hydrophobic.
Superhydrophobicity has been created through physical processing of a variety of plastics [9].
Using polyolefin sputter coated in noble metals, researchers have been able to create a
surface of hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane, which in turn served as a mask for polystyrene,
polycarbonate, and polyethylene. Parallel methods could readily be used to cast frames for
the pump as well as endow superhydrophobicity upon its inner wall. In addition to repulsion
of the water, the surface would function as an antibacterial agent by decreasing adhesion of
bacteria to the walls of the tube and by decreasing the free energy of the system [11]. Given
NASAs closed loop system, minimizing bacterial growth and establishment in the system
3
4. PID: 2641S Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
are vital. Current processes exist to modify the inside of tubing for optimal hydrophobicity.
The combination of these technologies, developed through a long history, will continue to
evolve into more efficient future designs.
History
During the millennia since the invention of the first pump, the variety of applications
for this simple tool has widened, necessitating new pump designs. The peristaltic pump,
invented in 1887 by an American doctor, Eugene Allen, was first designed to transfer blood
between patients [4]. Since the internal pump mechanisms did not contact the blood itself,
lysis of the blood cells did not occur. Peristaltic pumps were optimal for applications where
contact between the fluid being pumped and mechanical parts can be either detrimental to
the liquid or the pump mechanism: corrosive chemicals, high viscosity liquids, and biological
substances that are prone to decay [15].
A second invention vital to our project is the shape memory alloy. In 1932, Arne Olan-
der used heat to restore a deformed silver-cadmium alloy to its original shape. A pair of
researchers, Chang and Read, studied the mechanisms behind this transformation nineteen
years later, exploring the transitions between the martensite and austenite crystal struc-
tures through x-ray crystallography. In 1962, the naval ordnance laboratory, led by William
Buehler, focused on designing a number of other alloys, among them an equal molar com-
pound of nickel and titanium. Named Nitinol (Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory),
the substance remains the most commonly used SMA and is used by our prototype [14]. Ac-
tuators employed in peristaltic pumps are often designed out of shape memory alloy, but
rarely employ wave-based motion [16].
NASA’s unsuccessful use of conventional pumping systems on several space flights moti-
vated research into peristaltic pumps. Consequently, several 1986 projects focused on devel-
oping peristaltic pumps for microgravity environments. These new pumps were hermetically
sealed and, unlike previous pumps, had a mechanism to leave the pipes controlled by the
pumps uncompressed in their off state. An extension of this was a piezoelectrically actuated
4
5. PID: 2641S Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
peristaltic pump developed in 2004. Using electricity, metal was expanded and contracted
in a specific wave pattern that induced peristaltic flow [5].
Future Technology
The pump which we have designed mimics peristalsis, a mechanism that is used to great
effect in the digestive systems of many organisms. While a number of pumps exist that
use this mechanism, they are only effective in specific situations. Our pump differs from
previous peristaltic pumps in that it more accurately mimics the process used in the body
through the contraction of Nitinol wires. This manner of activation mimics the contraction
of muscles in the body and removes the need for moving parts.
One of the major pitfalls of current technology is the limited contraction of Nitinol wire.
On average, a contraction of about 5% of the total length of the wire can be expected [8] [2].
In our pump design, this limited contraction does not allow for full occlusion of the tubing,
preventing the pump from operating at full efficiency; it will not be very effective when
under the influence of Earth’s gravity. In the future, better SMAs, with more efficient
contractions, may allow the construction of a pump that fully occludes the tubing and thus
prevents backflow entirely. With this improved technology, this type of pump could see
use in almost any conceivable situation, and its high reliability would make it attractive for
almost any application in which pumping is necessary.
The development of a readily applicable superhydrophobic surface for the interior of our
pipe will have progressed notably over the next twenty years. A multitude of fields exist that
may lead to the development of hydrophobic surfaces. Self-assembling monolayers offer a
relatively high-cost, yet high-value, method for chemically generating hydrophobic surfaces.
Xerogels, a type of solidified silicon-based gels, promise to be more long-lasting as a means of
hydrophobic coating [12]. Fluoropolymers, another readily applicable hydrophobic surface,
are very low-cost, pliable, and flexible in application; however, recent concerns over their
potential toxicity removes them from consideration as a reasonable chemical family [17].
Future developments may include either safe fluoropolymers or another plastic with similar
5
6. PID: 2641S Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
properties. Present technologies allow physical modification of some plastics to generate
hydrophobicity; if these technologies are simplified and made applicable to more plastics,
then they can be employed on the peristaltic pump [9].
Another technology that must be improved upon is the embedding of SMA wire into
rubber tubing. Currently, there are very few examples of wire embedded tubing. Those
that do exist are largely used in the medical field and are too rigid to be useful in this
application. Therefore, significant research must be done to create tubing which is both
flexible and embedded with a shape memory alloy. Furthermore, it is important to consider
the placement of SMA wire in the tubing. A pattern will need to be devised which delivers
the best compromise of force and contraction, allowing for the most efficient movement of
fluids through the pump mechanism.
Breakthroughs
Although NASA recognizes that there could be improvements to both the efficiency and
reliability and our product idea addresses both concerns, there are several problems that
must be addressed for peristaltic pumps to become a viable solution in space and perhaps
even Earth. These problems are not simple design problems and will require technological
breakthroughs that we hope will be available in the future. The biggest obstacle in the way
of our pipe is the low efficiency of our SMA wire. As we previously explained, SMAs are
specially made metals which have two crystalline structures that vary based on temperature
and stress. This change from the martensite to the austenite crystalline structure when the
SMA is heated causes the change in shape or, in our case, contraction. The only problem
with this is that the maximum contraction for the most efficient SMA, nickel-titanium, is
only around 8 percent before any deformation is permanent [2]. This 8 percent is definitely
not ideal for use in our peristaltic pump and in the future, scientists may discover more
efficient SMAs that deliver more contraction. Another problem with current SMAs is that
because they deform with heat and need to cool back down to change back to their original
shape, SMAs change shape very slowly. Though the heating process is very quick, the cooling
6
7. PID: 2641S Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
process is significantly slower and, for the purposes of the pump, the wire takes too long to
expand. In our pump, this would be a problem because it would limit the amount of water
flowing through the tube and the speed of the water current. Ideally, in the future there will
be an SMA with a lower activation temperature which would take less heat and, as a result,
time to contract and expand. SMAs are a relatively new technology and can be improved
with some more research.
Other than the actual SMA wire that we use there are several other things that we could
improve with further research. One problem that we ran into while designing a prototype
was that if the wire was wrapped too tightly around the piping, the wire would come in
contact with itself, causing the system to short-circuit and not function correctly. This can
be solved if we find an effective insulator that would prevent the transfer of electricity, but at
the same time, be able to expand and contract with the wire. This electrical insulator would
also have to allow heat to pass through so that it does not interfere with the cooling and
heating of the wire. The final area of improvement is finding suitable piping material. The
actual material for the pipe needs to be both strong and easily compressible. Though there
are materials that satisfy our needs right now to an extent, such as certain types of Tygon
and rubber tubing, as technology advances, there will be new materials that are stronger
and more flexible which would improve our pipe. Similarly, since our final idea involves a
piping that already includes the SMA wire wrapped and embedded inside, in the future, a
pipe like this can be mass-produced to make it more efficient and cost-effective.
Design Process
Before arriving at our current idea of using a SMA-embedded pipe in a peristaltic pump
we considered several other possibilities that would accomplish our task of efficiently trans-
porting water in microgravity. First, we attempted to develop passive control mechanisms
for water. The polar liquid exhibits remarkable properties on earth due to its cohesive and
adhesive nature. By manipulating the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the surfaces,
7
8. PID: 2641S Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
we can control the flow of the liquid. Recent research into amphipathic films allowed de-
velopment of surfaces to collect atmospheric moisture. A cylindrical pipe, the interior of
which was coated with a hydrophobic substance, such a self assembled monolayer, would
repel water. If a core composed of another extremely hydrophobic substance were threaded
through this pipe, positive pressure away from the center and towards the wall of the pipe
would develop; countered by the effect of the hydrophobic pipe wall, water would be force
out of the tube. Whenever water was removed from this pump system, water from elsewhere
would be repelled from its location and would diffuse towards the newly opened volume .
However, this design is not optimal for several reasons. First, it is only optimal for water
and only functional for polar liquids. Common coolants, such as liquid nitrogen, as well as
certain substances necessary for atmospheric controls, such as liquid oxygen, are nonpolar;
this system would be useless for controlling their movement. Additionally, this system ex-
hibits exceedingly passive control over the liquid. Pressure is sufficiently minimal the that
backflow becomes a problem; if outside forces oppose the flow of the liquid, this pump design
lacks the force to oppose.
Our next development was the use of shape memory alloys to cause the flow of water
through a segment of tubing via peristalsis. This mechanism was inspired by the natural
movement of earthworms and research on autonomous worm-like robots from MIT [7].
The MIT Meshworm, which uses SMA wire and peristaltic movement to propel itself.
However, the contraction of Nitinol at this time is not sufficient to cause peristaltic
movement when simply wrapped around the a segment of tubing. This lead us to our next
design iteration. Though this design would be very efficient because contraction from Nitinol
wire around the pump would act in all directions, pressing both down along the pump as
8
9. PID: 2641S Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
well as contracting it sideways. This type of contraction would be ideal because, taking
advantage of waters adhesion and cohesion, a contraction of the pump along its horizontal
axis would aid contraction in the vertical direction move the water. A major problem that
we ran into is that having the wire wrapped around the outside of the wire would be an
electrical hazard. Since the Nitinol wire is being actuated by an electrical current, having
electricity flowing along an exposed wire on the outside of a pump would be a problem
as it could come in contact with other parts of the spacecraft or the astronauts themselves.
Similarly, if the piping broke, water, or whatever substance that was inside the tubing, would
immediately come in contact with electricity flowing along the Nitinol wire and could cause
even more severe damage. Another problem with wrapping the wire would be that the wire
could possibly slip around and come into contact with itself, causing it to short-circuit. This
would be a large problem because it would cause the whole pump to fail.
A third idea that has been explored was to place the water-filled tubing on a stiff back-
plate. This allows for the use of a segment of Nitinol SMA attached to each end of the plate.
With this innovation, the contraction of a long length of Nitinol can be focused into a very
small region, allowing us to overcome the limitations of the small percentage of contraction
in current SMAs. A prototype of this design has been created, and will be flown on a NASA
microgravity plane this spring as part of the High school students United with NASA to
Create Hardware (HUNCH) program.
The prototype pump, set to fly in microgravity in spring 2013.
9
10. PID: 2641S Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
However, this design also possesses many drawbacks. In order to optimize the percent-
age of Nitinol contraction on the tubing, we would have to sacrifice the multi-directional
contraction that was the key factor in the first iteration of our shape-memory alloy pump
and replace it with only lateral contraction, decreasing water flow inside the pump. This
design is also less space-efficient; the greater length of wire necessary to induce contraction
could impede already cramped space-craft operation. By the nature of the design, a wider
back-plate will result in a greater degree of contraction. This also suggests that the back-
plate needs to be at least wide enough to provide significant contraction; we approximated
this width using trigonometry and concluded that the length of the Nitinol wire must be at
least 25 times the inner diameter of the piping used. For example, our prototype was built
with in-diameter piping, so we needed a back-plate with a width of at least 10 inches for the
piping to completely contract. This extra width added to the design adds to the bulkiness
of the system and makes the design as a whole not ideal.
Ultimately, we decided that the best solution would be to draw from all of the above
ideas and create an integrated system that would be simple to use and install, as well as
more efficient than any of the above ideas alone. Drawing from our first rejected concept, the
interior of our pump tubing can be coated with materials of varying levels of hydrophobicity.
This will allow for the passive flow of water through the tubing. To create an active pressure
gradient, shape memory alloys will be embedded in the wall of the tubing and contract in a
peristaltic motion. This design eliminates the need for a hard back-plate, and and allows for
much simpler installation and use. Wire-embedded tubing would also alleviate the electrical
hazard present in wire-wrapped tubing because the pipe wall would serve as an insulator
for the wire. This design results in a pump which is extremely efficient, requires no moving
parts, and which can transport a large variety of fluids in microgravity.
Consequences
The potential benefits from adoption of our pump both by NASA and by others would
be innumerable. The simple design and low number of parts needed make the pump easy
10
11. PID: 2641S Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
to repair in spaceflight, allowing the space normally taken up by redundant systems needed
in case a traditional pump broke to be used for other purposes. In a shuttle with a highly
specific weight capacity, the extra space could be used to maximize mission productivity by
carrying different experiments or holding new equipment. In time, the SMA pump could
also be used on Earth in both private homes and larger endeavors. Repair and maintenance
of such a pump would be much simpler than that of a traditional pump, as any leaks or
breaks would be easily detectable and quickly rectified.
While we believe that the SMA pump would have a largely positive influence on society,
there are also some potential drawbacks to incorporating this technology into homes. One of
the main problems would be reduced water flow, as an SMA pump cannot rival the power of
a traditional pump in a gravity environment. The slow contraction of the SMA means that
water is not forced quickly through the pump system, resulting in reduced water pressure
and flow. However, this would probably be less of a problem in space, as the water would
not be inhibited by gravity and would continue to move with little resistance. Another
problem with the SMA pump technology is the cost of the pump. At its current price, the
amount of SMA necessary to create a full-size working pump is far more expensive than the
cost of an ordinary pump of equal size. Unless the cost of the SMA decreased dramatically,
the SMA pump technology might be inaccessible to many who would otherwise benefit by
it. After prolonged use, the heat applied to the SMA permanently deforms the wire. While
replacement of the alloy would not be difficult, it could be expensive and also environmentally
unsustainable, especially if the pump is adopted for widespread use.
Overall, the biggest consequence of adoption of a peristaltic pump would be that piping
on space and Earth would be simpler, and eventually, more efficient. As was previously
mentioned, the simple design would allow fewer repair materials to be taken on the flight,
leaving more room for scientific experiments and innovation, which forms the core of the
space program. As space colonization becomes more prevalent in the distant future, the
need for pumps that are efficient in microgravity will increase. If the peristaltic pump we
11
12. PID: 2641S Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
designed is used, pumping would become more efficient and easier to assemble and fix. Our
final design of a Nitinol wire embedded in a length of tubing would be much simpler than
the extremely complicated system used in current NASA ships. A simpler design is useful
because it can be transported pre-assembled and would be extremely easy to install and
maintain. Installation would be as simple as hooking up the pipe and setting up a power
system that would provide a stable source of electricity and prevent against spikes which
could short the Nitinol wire. If a section of piping fails due to a shortage of the wire or
breakage of the pipe, it can be replaced by removing that section of piping and adding a new
piece of piping and rewiring the Nitinol wire inside. Our pump is also more energy efficient
because the amount of electricity needed to power the length of piping is significantly less
because the electrical energy is used to directly power the pipe by generating heat instead
of being converted into mechanical energy.
The pump could also be very beneficial in many applications on Earth. For example, such
a pump could dramatically change medical systems, including the IV pump, which already
uses a form of peristalsis. It would be a simple matter to replace current IV tubing with
tubing embedded with SMA wire, and such a change would decrease the machines chance of
failure . There are also many other medical applications in which a micro-section of a wire-
embedded tube could be beneficial, such as stents and major artery replacements. The pump
could also be used on an industrial scale as a closed-loop cooling system. The pump could
take in water from any source, pump it through a system to cool it, then return the water to
its original source without contaminating the water or the system it is cooling. The potential
applications for the pump are numerous; we believe that our design of a Nitinol-actuated
peristaltic pump has the potential to greatly benefit society as a whole.
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13. PID: 2641S Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
References
[1] Plumbing the space station. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/
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[2] Nitinol / flexinol actuator wire. http://www.imagesco.com/articles/nitinol/04.html,
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[3] Precision flexinol position control using arduino. http://robotics.hobbizine.com/
flexinolresist.html, June 2012.
[4] E. E. Allen. Instrument for the transfusion of blood, 1887.
[5] Yoseph Bar-cohen and Zensheu Chatig. Piezoelectrically Actuated Miniature Peristaltic
Pump. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1991.
[6] Peter Bond. The Continuing Story of The International Space Station. Springer, 2002.
[7] Jennifer Chu. Soft autonomous robot inches along like an earthworm. http://web.mit.
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[8] WB Cross, AH Kariotis, and FJ Stimler. Nitinol characterization study. 1969.
[9] Lauren R Freschauf, Jolie McLane, Himanshu Sharma, and Michelle Khine. Shrink-
induced superhydrophobic and antibacterial surfaces in consumer plastics. PloS one,
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[10] Lutz Maibaum and David Chandler. A Coarse-Grained Model of Water Confined in a
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[11] Benjamin J Privett, Jonghae Youn, Sung A Hong, Jiyeon Lee, Junhee Han, Jae Ho
Shin, and Mark H Schoenfisch. Antibacterial fluorinated silica colloid superhydrophobic
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14. PID: 2641S Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Peristaltic Pump for Use in Microgravity
surfaces. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, 27(15):9597–601, August
2011.
[12] Pradip B. Sarawade, Jong-Kil Kim, Askwar Hilonga, Dang Viet Quang, and Hee Taik
Kim. Synthesis of hydrophilic and hydrophobic xerogels with superior properties using
sodium silicate. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 139(1-3):138–147, March 2011.
[13] Viktor Shkolnikov, John Ramunas, and Juan G. Santiago. A self-priming, roller-free,
miniature, peristaltic pump operable with a single, reciprocating actuator. Sensors and
Actuators A: Physical, 160(1-2):141–146, May 2010.
[14] Ralph C. Smith. Smart Material Systems: Model Developments(Google eBook). SIAM,
2005.
[15] Milan Still. Peristaltic Pump. http://patimg1.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00922205
&PageNum=3&IDKey=41F6B76EFA05&HomeUrl=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/
nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1%26Sect2=HITOFF%26p=1%26u=%252Fnetahtml
%252FPTO%252Fsearch-bool.html%26r=1%26f=G%26l=50%26d=PALL
%26S1=0922205.PN.%26OS=PN/922205%26RS=PN/922205, 1909.
[16] Jan Van Humbeeck. Non-medical applications of shape memory alloys. Materials Sci-
ence and Engineering: A, 273-275(null):134–148, December 1999.
[17] Stephen T. Washburn, Timothy S. Bingman, Scott K. Braithwaite, Robert C. Buck,
L. William Buxton, Harvey J. Clewell, Lynne A. Haroun, Janet E. Kester, Robert W.
Rickard, and Annette M. Shipp. Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization for
Perfluorooctanoate in Selected Consumer Articles. Environmental Science & Technol-
ogy, 39(11):3904–3910, June 2005.
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