Drop formation in liquid-liquid systems was studied experimentally using high-speed imaging. Different phase systems were used including a system relevant to nuclear applications (TBP-nitric acid-water). Drop diameter, detachment height, and time were measured for variations in hole diameter, pitch, plate spacing, and flow asymmetry. Drop diameter increased with hole velocity and diameter but showed a maximum with pitch. Detachment height and time decreased with hole velocity. Intermittent drops were seen at low velocities for large pitch in the nuclear system. Drop size increased at smaller plate spacings. Flow asymmetry had little effect. The study provides insights useful for mass transfer processes in nuclear industries.
Applications of nano technology in enhanced oil recoverymahdi shahbazi
Nano technology has applications in enhanced oil recovery by improving characterization of reservoirs, completing other EOR methods, and changing reservoir properties with nanofluids. Nano-sensors and analysis can better characterize rocks and fluids at micro-scales. Nanoparticles can flow into small pore throats and increase interface areas to more easily alter wettability and fluid properties. Several case studies showed nanofluids improved oil recovery over waterflooding, including one that recovered 67% of oil compared to 36% for waterflooding. Fine migration can also be addressed using nanoparticles to coat surfaces and stabilize fines.
The document discusses constructed wetlands for treating wastewater. It describes experiments conducted on constructed wetlands along Bilbeas Drain and Lake Manzala in Egypt. Pilot wetland systems were set up, including a surface flow system with cattail plants and a combined surface-subsurface flow system with cattail and water hyacinth plants. Water quality parameters were analyzed for the inflow and outflow of the wetlands. The experiments aimed to investigate the wetlands' ability to enhance drain water quality and the effects of different design parameters on treatment performance.
This document summarizes a case study evaluating the performance of the water treatment plant in Yavatmal, India. The plant treats water from the Chapdoh Dam and has a capacity of 17.40 MLD. Testing was conducted on water samples from the intake, flash mixer, clariflocculator, filters, and clear well to analyze removal of parameters like turbidity, alkalinity and hardness. Turbidity was reduced from an average of 2.5-447 NTU in raw water to 0.3-9.7 NTU after treatment. Alkalinity reduced from 65-120 mg/L to 20-95 mg/L. The study found the plant largely met standards and was effective
The document discusses using minifluidic channels as an alternative process for extracting Omega-3 PUFA from fish oils. The preliminary experiments were conducted in Tygon tubing, but it was found to soften over time when exposed to fish oil esters. Larger scale experiments will use a plate and frame design constructed of a suitable material. Minifluidic channels offer improved mixing, a higher surface area to volume ratio, and reduced solvent usage compared to conventional extraction processes. Experimental results show the extraction yield from minifluidic channels is satisfactory compared to batch stirred tank reactors. Further development of the minifluidic extraction process design and scale up is ongoing.
Performance Study of Tube Settlers ModuleIJERA Editor
The water treatment plant plays an important role for supplying and purifying potable water. The present study is aimed to emphasize the performance of tube settler unit. A pilot scale model of sedimentation tank is prepared & installed for performance measurement. In conventional sedimentation tank the detention time required is 2-4 hrs. In view of increasing demand of water for society, a modification is used in water treatment plant i.e. high rate settling. The detention time is reduced up to 10-15 min. which is very less as compare to conventional sedimentation tank. The average efficiency of turbidity removal is 70-80% in modified unit as compare to conventional tube settler unit.
The document provides details on planned upgrades to the activated sludge process at the 75th Street Wastewater Treatment Plant to achieve biological nutrient removal (BNR) in two phases. Phase 1 will add 3 aeration basins and related infrastructure to provide nitrogen removal. Phase 2 will add 1 more basin and features for phosphorus removal, including internal mixed liquor recycling and biological phosphorus recycling pumps. The upgrades will require demolishing two existing trickling filters.
1. Vaughn Audain developed a new process using probe sonication to increase throughput of solubility determination from 30 days per compound to approximately 400 samples per day.
2. The probe sonicator facilitates dissolution of compounds in microplates and overcomes issues like DMSO evaporation and adhesion to improve accuracy and efficiency.
3. Its uses include tissue and solid dissolution and it helped shorten the drug development cycle, reduce failures, and launch several new ADME screens.
This document provides an overview of reverse osmosis water treatment plants. It explains that reverse osmosis uses pressure to force solvent through a membrane, retaining the solute on one side while allowing pure solvent to pass to the other. Feed water can come from sea water, wells, or other saline sources. The permeate water is treated for human use, while concentrate is waste brine water. As an example, it describes a plant that takes raw water with 20,000 TDS from boreholes and produces treated water at 750 TDS and brine at 45,000 TDS, with the brine being re-injected into wells.
Applications of nano technology in enhanced oil recoverymahdi shahbazi
Nano technology has applications in enhanced oil recovery by improving characterization of reservoirs, completing other EOR methods, and changing reservoir properties with nanofluids. Nano-sensors and analysis can better characterize rocks and fluids at micro-scales. Nanoparticles can flow into small pore throats and increase interface areas to more easily alter wettability and fluid properties. Several case studies showed nanofluids improved oil recovery over waterflooding, including one that recovered 67% of oil compared to 36% for waterflooding. Fine migration can also be addressed using nanoparticles to coat surfaces and stabilize fines.
The document discusses constructed wetlands for treating wastewater. It describes experiments conducted on constructed wetlands along Bilbeas Drain and Lake Manzala in Egypt. Pilot wetland systems were set up, including a surface flow system with cattail plants and a combined surface-subsurface flow system with cattail and water hyacinth plants. Water quality parameters were analyzed for the inflow and outflow of the wetlands. The experiments aimed to investigate the wetlands' ability to enhance drain water quality and the effects of different design parameters on treatment performance.
This document summarizes a case study evaluating the performance of the water treatment plant in Yavatmal, India. The plant treats water from the Chapdoh Dam and has a capacity of 17.40 MLD. Testing was conducted on water samples from the intake, flash mixer, clariflocculator, filters, and clear well to analyze removal of parameters like turbidity, alkalinity and hardness. Turbidity was reduced from an average of 2.5-447 NTU in raw water to 0.3-9.7 NTU after treatment. Alkalinity reduced from 65-120 mg/L to 20-95 mg/L. The study found the plant largely met standards and was effective
The document discusses using minifluidic channels as an alternative process for extracting Omega-3 PUFA from fish oils. The preliminary experiments were conducted in Tygon tubing, but it was found to soften over time when exposed to fish oil esters. Larger scale experiments will use a plate and frame design constructed of a suitable material. Minifluidic channels offer improved mixing, a higher surface area to volume ratio, and reduced solvent usage compared to conventional extraction processes. Experimental results show the extraction yield from minifluidic channels is satisfactory compared to batch stirred tank reactors. Further development of the minifluidic extraction process design and scale up is ongoing.
Performance Study of Tube Settlers ModuleIJERA Editor
The water treatment plant plays an important role for supplying and purifying potable water. The present study is aimed to emphasize the performance of tube settler unit. A pilot scale model of sedimentation tank is prepared & installed for performance measurement. In conventional sedimentation tank the detention time required is 2-4 hrs. In view of increasing demand of water for society, a modification is used in water treatment plant i.e. high rate settling. The detention time is reduced up to 10-15 min. which is very less as compare to conventional sedimentation tank. The average efficiency of turbidity removal is 70-80% in modified unit as compare to conventional tube settler unit.
The document provides details on planned upgrades to the activated sludge process at the 75th Street Wastewater Treatment Plant to achieve biological nutrient removal (BNR) in two phases. Phase 1 will add 3 aeration basins and related infrastructure to provide nitrogen removal. Phase 2 will add 1 more basin and features for phosphorus removal, including internal mixed liquor recycling and biological phosphorus recycling pumps. The upgrades will require demolishing two existing trickling filters.
1. Vaughn Audain developed a new process using probe sonication to increase throughput of solubility determination from 30 days per compound to approximately 400 samples per day.
2. The probe sonicator facilitates dissolution of compounds in microplates and overcomes issues like DMSO evaporation and adhesion to improve accuracy and efficiency.
3. Its uses include tissue and solid dissolution and it helped shorten the drug development cycle, reduce failures, and launch several new ADME screens.
This document provides an overview of reverse osmosis water treatment plants. It explains that reverse osmosis uses pressure to force solvent through a membrane, retaining the solute on one side while allowing pure solvent to pass to the other. Feed water can come from sea water, wells, or other saline sources. The permeate water is treated for human use, while concentrate is waste brine water. As an example, it describes a plant that takes raw water with 20,000 TDS from boreholes and produces treated water at 750 TDS and brine at 45,000 TDS, with the brine being re-injected into wells.
The document discusses advanced design concepts for reverse osmosis systems, including selecting membrane elements based on feed water quality and permeate requirements, balancing flux across multi-stage arrays, and using internally staged designs or multi-element hybrid arrays to improve performance and permeate quality while reducing energy usage and total cost of water. The document provides guidelines on variables to consider for RO system design based on application and goals of minimizing capital or operational costs.
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). It describes how nanotechnology can be used in three main branches - nanofluids, nanoemulsions, and nanocatalysts. Nanofluids are used to alter rock wettability from oil-wet to water-wet through adsorption of nanoparticles. Nanoemulsions are stable at high temperatures and pressures and improve mobility control. Nanocatalysts can enhance steam injection and perform in-situ upgrading of heavy oil through aquathermolysis reactions. Overall, nanotechnology shows potential in EOR by modifying interfacial properties and chemistry to improve oil recovery.
Technical calculations for the biological treatment plantAlex Tagbo
This document discusses the design and operation of a decentralized wastewater treatment plant in Chennai, India that uses biological treatment processes. The plant serves 55,000 people and uses principles of carbon elimination, nitrification, and denitrification. It follows guidelines from ATV 131, the German technical standard for wastewater treatment plant design. The document outlines the treatment process, design considerations, and compares German and Indian wastewater treatment standards. It also analyzes how treatment plant size and volume requirements vary with influent temperature and population size.
Desalination of Sea Water using Membrane technologyChandni Sinha
The document discusses various desalination methods for obtaining fresh water from seawater. It begins by introducing the importance of desalination given increasing fresh water scarcity. There are two main types of desalination processes: thermal and membrane. Thermal processes involve boiling saline water to produce distilled water, while membrane processes use semi-permeable membranes to separate fresh water from salt water. The document then goes into detail about various thermal and membrane desalination methods, including multi-stage flash distillation, reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration. It also discusses factors involved in membrane development and selection.
The experiment investigated the characteristics of a reverse osmosis membrane system with one, two, and three membranes. A calibration curve was generated to relate conductivity to salt concentration. For a single membrane, the water permeability was found to be 0.245 g/s-psi-m2 and the salt rejection coefficient was 0.879 on average. The salt mass transfer coefficient was 15.248 m/s. For two membranes, the second membrane had a lower rejection coefficient due to its more concentrated feed. The third membrane in a three membrane system had an even lower rejection coefficient. Overall, the rejection coefficient decreased as more membranes were added due to increasing feed concentration.
This document outlines a proposal for using iron-enhanced sand filters to remove phosphorus from wastewater. Small-scale testing showed that filters with 2% iron by mass removed over 90% of phosphorus. Full-scale filters would be installed in existing sand filters at wastewater treatment plants. Annual operating costs of $21,000 for the iron-enhanced filters are significantly lower than standard lime treatment costs of $127,000. The filters provide effective, low-cost phosphorus removal while generating less sludge waste than chemical precipitation methods.
The document provides an overview of moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) for wastewater treatment. It discusses the history and introduction of MBBR technology, key designing parameters such as media size and surface area, and operating parameters like retention times and loading rates. An example design for a 600 cubic meter per day MBBR wastewater treatment plant is presented, outlining the treatment process flow including aeration, settling, and disinfection. Finally, the document reviews a paper comparing the treatment performance of MBBR versus conventional activated sludge systems.
The document summarizes the activated sludge process for aerobic biological wastewater treatment. It describes the basic concepts, components, and operating principles of the activated sludge system. The key components include the aeration tank, secondary sedimentation tank, recycling system, and surplus sludge treatment. The document also discusses the characteristics of activated sludge, including its physical properties, composition, microorganisms, and performance indicators like MLSS, MLVSS, sludge volume index. It provides operational parameters for evaluating the organic loading rate and sludge loading rate of the aeration tank.
Group presentation on Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltrationzaman_866
This document summarizes reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane processes. Both RO and NF are pressure-driven membrane processes that separate low molecular weight solutes from water. The main difference is that NF membranes allow for the separation of some low molecular weight non-ionic molecules in addition to ionic solutes. The document discusses similarities and applications of RO and NF, as well as membrane materials, transport mechanisms, and challenges like fouling.
This thesis investigates the application of adsorption using granular activated carbon for removal of emerging pollutants from drinking water. Three model compounds - ibuprofen, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and bisphenol A - were selected due to their presence in Saskatchewan water bodies. Adsorption isotherms were conducted on bituminous coal-based and coconut shell-based activated carbons. Thermodynamic analysis of adsorption was performed. Acid pre-treatment was used to modify surface properties and improve adsorption. Ozone regeneration of saturated carbons was also examined but failed to restore adsorption capacity. Overall, adsorption was effective at removing emerging pollutants,
Modular Wastewater Treatment Systems - Hybrid Aeration/Moving Bed Bioreactor ...Nick Nicholas
Advanced Modular Waste water Treatment Systems by Genesis Water Technologies utilizing moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) and advanced aeration technology for domestic and commercial wastewater treatment applications.
A reverse osmosis desalination plant uses pressure to separate fresh water from saline water through semi-permeable membranes. The process results in a stream of desalinated water and a stream of briny waste. These plants aim to reduce energy consumption and improve waste management. Reverse osmosis units are commonly used in military contexts to purify water.
The document discusses sewage treatment processes. It describes compact sewage treatment plants that occupy minimum space and have low operation and maintenance costs. These plants require less manpower and do not cause odor nuisance. They also allow for future expansion and minimal sludge handling. The document then discusses various sewage treatment technologies and their advantages, including fluidized bed reactors which have very low area requirements compared to other processes and allow for efficient treatment.
In this presentation, we tried to cover all the information regarding Reverse Osmosis technology. We have discussed its different types, major parts of Reverse Osmosis i.e Activated Carbon Bed, Ion Exchange Unit, Cartridge Filter and then at the end design steps of Reverse Osmosis.
1. Reverse osmosis uses semipermeable membranes and pressure to separate solvent molecules like water from solutes like salt, forcing the pure solvent to pass through the membrane and retaining the solute.
2. It is used in desalination plants worldwide to produce fresh water from seawater and in various industrial and domestic water purification applications.
3. Key applications include purifying drinking water, water and wastewater treatment, producing deionized water, and concentrating food liquids like fruit juices and milk.
Seawater desalination operation maintainence and trouble shootingRajesh Mon
This document discusses the operations, maintenance, and troubleshooting of a seawater desalination plant using reverse osmosis technology. It begins with an introduction to seawater characteristics and water quality standards. It then covers the reverse osmosis process, membrane types, system design software, energy recovery systems, chemical usage, and general operation and maintenance procedures. Maintaining proper operation and start-up/shutdown procedures is important for long-term membrane performance and preventing fouling or scaling issues.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The report summarizes the design and fabrication of electrospray sources for electric propulsion conducted during an 8-month cooperative work term. The goals were to mount a new laboratory and design single emitter and multi-emitter array prototypes. Key conclusions include adding oxygen during deep reactive ion etching improved prototype fabrication by reducing silica grass formation. The mounted laboratory and completed prototype designs achieve the research goals. Recommendations include further calibrating test equipment and conducting prototype performance tests after mounting is fully complete.
Analysis Of Carbon Nanotubes And Quantum Dots In A Photovoltaic DeviceM. Faisal Halim
Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes and Quantum Dots in a Photovoltaic Device
A poster prepared by Francis and me; presented by Francis. I modified on of the photographs used, in this copy.
Numerical study of disk drive rotating flow structure in the cavityeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper aim in conducting the numerical simulation of laminar flow to explore disk-driven vortical flow structure of a cubical
container subjected to a disk rotation on the roof of the container in different Reynolds numbers to observe the flow structure and
the reason of vortical flow form. For this study, finite difference method with dispersion-relation- preserving (DRP) scheme is
dispersed governing equations space term, but adopt time term with TVD Runge-Kutta method. To add accuracy of numerical,
this thesis also uses topology theory to analyze the characteristic of singular point. Three-dimensional vertical flow is observed
flow structure and move to condition. The result to obtain Reynolds numbers to increase attracting spiral nodes increasingly
approaches the floor of the cavity. We have also depicted the vertical flow structure in terms of cortex cores which provide more
details about how change of the Reynolds number
Keywords: disk-driven, finite difference method, dispersion-relation-preserving (DRP), Runge-Kutta, topology theory
Final Report for CHEME 5650 Huawei ZhouHuawei Zhou
This report describes a project to enhance a slot-die coating setup and use it to coat various materials. The author designed additional parts for the coating head and controlled equipment like the syringe pump, temperature controller, and stepping motor. Experiments coated water, isopropanol, anthracene solution, dye solutions, and pyrene to understand the coating process and material properties. Field effect transistors were also fabricated from some coated films and tested.
The document discusses advanced design concepts for reverse osmosis systems, including selecting membrane elements based on feed water quality and permeate requirements, balancing flux across multi-stage arrays, and using internally staged designs or multi-element hybrid arrays to improve performance and permeate quality while reducing energy usage and total cost of water. The document provides guidelines on variables to consider for RO system design based on application and goals of minimizing capital or operational costs.
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). It describes how nanotechnology can be used in three main branches - nanofluids, nanoemulsions, and nanocatalysts. Nanofluids are used to alter rock wettability from oil-wet to water-wet through adsorption of nanoparticles. Nanoemulsions are stable at high temperatures and pressures and improve mobility control. Nanocatalysts can enhance steam injection and perform in-situ upgrading of heavy oil through aquathermolysis reactions. Overall, nanotechnology shows potential in EOR by modifying interfacial properties and chemistry to improve oil recovery.
Technical calculations for the biological treatment plantAlex Tagbo
This document discusses the design and operation of a decentralized wastewater treatment plant in Chennai, India that uses biological treatment processes. The plant serves 55,000 people and uses principles of carbon elimination, nitrification, and denitrification. It follows guidelines from ATV 131, the German technical standard for wastewater treatment plant design. The document outlines the treatment process, design considerations, and compares German and Indian wastewater treatment standards. It also analyzes how treatment plant size and volume requirements vary with influent temperature and population size.
Desalination of Sea Water using Membrane technologyChandni Sinha
The document discusses various desalination methods for obtaining fresh water from seawater. It begins by introducing the importance of desalination given increasing fresh water scarcity. There are two main types of desalination processes: thermal and membrane. Thermal processes involve boiling saline water to produce distilled water, while membrane processes use semi-permeable membranes to separate fresh water from salt water. The document then goes into detail about various thermal and membrane desalination methods, including multi-stage flash distillation, reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration. It also discusses factors involved in membrane development and selection.
The experiment investigated the characteristics of a reverse osmosis membrane system with one, two, and three membranes. A calibration curve was generated to relate conductivity to salt concentration. For a single membrane, the water permeability was found to be 0.245 g/s-psi-m2 and the salt rejection coefficient was 0.879 on average. The salt mass transfer coefficient was 15.248 m/s. For two membranes, the second membrane had a lower rejection coefficient due to its more concentrated feed. The third membrane in a three membrane system had an even lower rejection coefficient. Overall, the rejection coefficient decreased as more membranes were added due to increasing feed concentration.
This document outlines a proposal for using iron-enhanced sand filters to remove phosphorus from wastewater. Small-scale testing showed that filters with 2% iron by mass removed over 90% of phosphorus. Full-scale filters would be installed in existing sand filters at wastewater treatment plants. Annual operating costs of $21,000 for the iron-enhanced filters are significantly lower than standard lime treatment costs of $127,000. The filters provide effective, low-cost phosphorus removal while generating less sludge waste than chemical precipitation methods.
The document provides an overview of moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) for wastewater treatment. It discusses the history and introduction of MBBR technology, key designing parameters such as media size and surface area, and operating parameters like retention times and loading rates. An example design for a 600 cubic meter per day MBBR wastewater treatment plant is presented, outlining the treatment process flow including aeration, settling, and disinfection. Finally, the document reviews a paper comparing the treatment performance of MBBR versus conventional activated sludge systems.
The document summarizes the activated sludge process for aerobic biological wastewater treatment. It describes the basic concepts, components, and operating principles of the activated sludge system. The key components include the aeration tank, secondary sedimentation tank, recycling system, and surplus sludge treatment. The document also discusses the characteristics of activated sludge, including its physical properties, composition, microorganisms, and performance indicators like MLSS, MLVSS, sludge volume index. It provides operational parameters for evaluating the organic loading rate and sludge loading rate of the aeration tank.
Group presentation on Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltrationzaman_866
This document summarizes reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane processes. Both RO and NF are pressure-driven membrane processes that separate low molecular weight solutes from water. The main difference is that NF membranes allow for the separation of some low molecular weight non-ionic molecules in addition to ionic solutes. The document discusses similarities and applications of RO and NF, as well as membrane materials, transport mechanisms, and challenges like fouling.
This thesis investigates the application of adsorption using granular activated carbon for removal of emerging pollutants from drinking water. Three model compounds - ibuprofen, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and bisphenol A - were selected due to their presence in Saskatchewan water bodies. Adsorption isotherms were conducted on bituminous coal-based and coconut shell-based activated carbons. Thermodynamic analysis of adsorption was performed. Acid pre-treatment was used to modify surface properties and improve adsorption. Ozone regeneration of saturated carbons was also examined but failed to restore adsorption capacity. Overall, adsorption was effective at removing emerging pollutants,
Modular Wastewater Treatment Systems - Hybrid Aeration/Moving Bed Bioreactor ...Nick Nicholas
Advanced Modular Waste water Treatment Systems by Genesis Water Technologies utilizing moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) and advanced aeration technology for domestic and commercial wastewater treatment applications.
A reverse osmosis desalination plant uses pressure to separate fresh water from saline water through semi-permeable membranes. The process results in a stream of desalinated water and a stream of briny waste. These plants aim to reduce energy consumption and improve waste management. Reverse osmosis units are commonly used in military contexts to purify water.
The document discusses sewage treatment processes. It describes compact sewage treatment plants that occupy minimum space and have low operation and maintenance costs. These plants require less manpower and do not cause odor nuisance. They also allow for future expansion and minimal sludge handling. The document then discusses various sewage treatment technologies and their advantages, including fluidized bed reactors which have very low area requirements compared to other processes and allow for efficient treatment.
In this presentation, we tried to cover all the information regarding Reverse Osmosis technology. We have discussed its different types, major parts of Reverse Osmosis i.e Activated Carbon Bed, Ion Exchange Unit, Cartridge Filter and then at the end design steps of Reverse Osmosis.
1. Reverse osmosis uses semipermeable membranes and pressure to separate solvent molecules like water from solutes like salt, forcing the pure solvent to pass through the membrane and retaining the solute.
2. It is used in desalination plants worldwide to produce fresh water from seawater and in various industrial and domestic water purification applications.
3. Key applications include purifying drinking water, water and wastewater treatment, producing deionized water, and concentrating food liquids like fruit juices and milk.
Seawater desalination operation maintainence and trouble shootingRajesh Mon
This document discusses the operations, maintenance, and troubleshooting of a seawater desalination plant using reverse osmosis technology. It begins with an introduction to seawater characteristics and water quality standards. It then covers the reverse osmosis process, membrane types, system design software, energy recovery systems, chemical usage, and general operation and maintenance procedures. Maintaining proper operation and start-up/shutdown procedures is important for long-term membrane performance and preventing fouling or scaling issues.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The report summarizes the design and fabrication of electrospray sources for electric propulsion conducted during an 8-month cooperative work term. The goals were to mount a new laboratory and design single emitter and multi-emitter array prototypes. Key conclusions include adding oxygen during deep reactive ion etching improved prototype fabrication by reducing silica grass formation. The mounted laboratory and completed prototype designs achieve the research goals. Recommendations include further calibrating test equipment and conducting prototype performance tests after mounting is fully complete.
Analysis Of Carbon Nanotubes And Quantum Dots In A Photovoltaic DeviceM. Faisal Halim
Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes and Quantum Dots in a Photovoltaic Device
A poster prepared by Francis and me; presented by Francis. I modified on of the photographs used, in this copy.
Numerical study of disk drive rotating flow structure in the cavityeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper aim in conducting the numerical simulation of laminar flow to explore disk-driven vortical flow structure of a cubical
container subjected to a disk rotation on the roof of the container in different Reynolds numbers to observe the flow structure and
the reason of vortical flow form. For this study, finite difference method with dispersion-relation- preserving (DRP) scheme is
dispersed governing equations space term, but adopt time term with TVD Runge-Kutta method. To add accuracy of numerical,
this thesis also uses topology theory to analyze the characteristic of singular point. Three-dimensional vertical flow is observed
flow structure and move to condition. The result to obtain Reynolds numbers to increase attracting spiral nodes increasingly
approaches the floor of the cavity. We have also depicted the vertical flow structure in terms of cortex cores which provide more
details about how change of the Reynolds number
Keywords: disk-driven, finite difference method, dispersion-relation-preserving (DRP), Runge-Kutta, topology theory
Final Report for CHEME 5650 Huawei ZhouHuawei Zhou
This report describes a project to enhance a slot-die coating setup and use it to coat various materials. The author designed additional parts for the coating head and controlled equipment like the syringe pump, temperature controller, and stepping motor. Experiments coated water, isopropanol, anthracene solution, dye solutions, and pyrene to understand the coating process and material properties. Field effect transistors were also fabricated from some coated films and tested.
ICMF2013-417 (Conference Paper DR) Investigating Dispersion and Emulsificatio...David Ryan
1) The document summarizes an investigation into the dispersion and emulsification processes using a Sonolator liquid whistle device. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experiments were conducted to measure the single-phase flow fields within a model Sonolator, which validated subsequent Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations.
2) The PIV experiments found that the jet emanating from the Sonolator's orifice had peak velocities of 17 m/s, reducing to 10 m/s at 8 mm and 5 m/s at 16 mm from the orifice. There was also a large region of recirculation caused by fluid entrainment in the jet.
3) The
Simulation of the Hydrodynamic Conditions of a Rotating Cage for Evaluating C...ijceronline
The Rotating cage technique is used to evaluate corrosion inhibitors. The rotating cage holds 8 coupons containing corrosive liquid, which rotate within it. These coupons have a dynamic that simulates the conditions in a pipe through a corrosive fluid, in this case the material used in pipelines are analyzed oil. A study of the fluid dynamics through the ANSYS software shows that the velocity fields, contours, vectors and speed profiles for symmetric geometries arrangements 2, 4 and 8 embedded specimens with a corrosion inhibitor. The conditions are calculated velocity profiles are standard temperature and solution viscosity of 1.0 cp and 1.5 cp. The density is considered constant of 998 kg / m3 and three angular velocities (920, 460 and 230 rpm) were analyzed. Finally the results of these conditions have been analyzed, yielding values close to zero in the outside walls of the cylinder. The cylinder contain the coupons rotating speeds to ensure turbulence (1) and to analyze the rate of corrosion inhibitor.
Vortex Shedding Study using Flow visualisation Lavish Ordia
This document summarizes a study that used flow visualization experiments to examine vortex formation behind various blunt bluff body shapes placed inside a circular pipe. Dye injection was used to visualize complex vortex patterns. Parameters like Strouhal number, vortex formation length, and wake width were measured for different orientations and shapes, including modifications to a trapezoidal cylinder. Both interacting and non-interacting vortex formation with shear layers was observed. The document provides background on the experimental setup and image processing methods used to analyze vortex shedding frequencies and lengths.
This document summarizes a study on the hydrodynamic characteristics of a swirling fluidized bed with a four duct plenum chamber. Large Geldart D-type particles (coffee beans and black pepper) were used. Numerical simulations were conducted using CFD software to validate experimental results. Key parameters like distributor pressure drop, minimum fluidization velocity, bed pressure drop, and radial/tangential velocities were analyzed experimentally and through simulations. The results show that a swirling fluidized bed can effectively fluidize large particles that are difficult to fluidize in a conventional bed. Pressure drops and velocities varied as expected with changes in air flow rates.
Thermal Performance Evaluation of a Direct Absorption Flat Plate Solar Collec...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Due to the growing demand of energy and lesser availability of fossil fuels there is a shift in our
energy concern towards renewable energy sources. There is no doubt that from all the available sources, solar
energy is the best option with its minimum environmental impact. Now a days different types of solar collectors
are widely used to harvest solar energy. It has been found that performance of the solar collector depends upon
the characteristics of the working fluid which is used to harvest solar energy in solar collector. In the present
work the effect of Al2O3-H2O based nanofluids on the direct absorption type solar collector has been
investigated experimentally. Nanofluids are the new class of the fluids with their improved properties over the
host/conventional fluids. The volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles used is 0.005% and 0.05%. Efficiency of
the collector is calculated for different mass flow rates (60, 80, 100 ml/hr) of Al2O3-H2O based nanofluids. From
the results obtained by performing experiments, it has been found that collector efficiency increases about to 3-
4% when Al2O3-H2O nanofluids are used as compared to simple water. Comparison of the collector efficiency
for different mass flow rate and different concentrations are done. ASHRAE [4] standards were followed while
performing all the experiments.
Keywords: Nanofluids, ASHRAE, Volume fraction, Efficiency, Collectors etc.
This document describes an experimental project conducted by four students to study the primary breakup of a liquid sheet using an air-assisted twin-fluid atomizer. The project involved designing an experimental setup to generate a liquid sheet and inject high-velocity air to cause breakup. Experiments were conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the breakup process under different liquid and air flow conditions. Key parameters like breakup length and spray angle were measured using high-speed imaging. Dimensionless numbers like the Weber number were also utilized to understand the breakup mechanism. The overall goal was to characterize how the liquid sheet breakup is affected by utilizing an impinging air stream from an air-assisted atomizer.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF FLUID FLOW AROUND A DIVER HELPERijmech
Having access to high speed diving without the use of mechanical science and discovery centers have been
considered. Production of simple, yet effective tool to reduce energy consumption and associated diver is
very valuable. Assistant diver device that works with human muscle power, includes a pair of ballets. This
system reduces the energy required to dive to less than half as the speed increases to 2 to 5 knot. Using
numerical methods can answer a lot of questions and a simulation of the dynamic behavior of the device. In
this article, modeling of fluid flow around the Diver helper of FLUENT software and using Dynamic Mesh
have been done.
Flow lines show an increase in the angle of the fins and causes development of vortices behind them.
Pressure Cantor can also be used in the analysis of the fins. The drag coefficient ballet based on the device
at various angles in a period is reported in charts.
IRJET- Multi Layered Soil Column Analysis for WastewaterIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effectiveness of using a multi-layered soil column system to treat domestic wastewater. The system consists of layers of soil, charcoal, sawdust and iron scraps placed in acrylic tubes. Greywater is passed through the layers, where various physical, chemical and biological processes help treat pollutants. Key pollutants like BOD, COD, nutrients and microbes are reduced as the greywater percolates through the soil mixture and permeable filter layers. The document describes the experimental setup, materials used, treatment mechanisms involved and design of the soil column apparatus used in the study.
Design Optimization and Development in Air Pollution Control DeviceIJERA Editor
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) is the device used to remove the dust particles from the processed gases coming out of boilers in cement industries, and iron core industries. There are many governing factors that affect the efficiency from that one major reason is to fully filled hopper. When hopper fills 70 % of its full limit the precipitation process stopped of that particular hopper. For remedy dust removal efficiency is increased by hopper vibrator at the time of emptying bagasse ash from the hopper. The maximum displacement is getting by using different hopper wall thicknesses, stiffener spacing as well as different configuration vibrators. Due to minimum time to complete project there are many difficulties to test at every stage to improve the design and this results in increased project cost. For this situation there is one simple way to improve the design of equipment’s through simulation in ANSYS and validation by actual physical measurements. This project presents FEA approach for modeling and analysis the hopper of electrostatic precipitator using Static, Modal and Harmonic analysis. Actual model testing is done for the validation of results. The results coming out from the FEA analysis and testing are discussed.
IRJET- A Review on Applications of Shock WaveIRJET Journal
This document reviews applications of shock waves in industry and medicine. Shock waves are non-linear waves that propagate at supersonic speeds and are generated by sudden releases of energy. In industry, shock waves are used for explosive welding, sandalwood oil extraction, pencil manufacturing, and metal forming. Medicinally, shock waves are used to treat bile duct stones, cardiac issues, musculoskeletal injuries, and urinary tract stones. The document discusses several specific applications and studies within each of these areas.
International Journal of Engineering (IJE) Volume (2) Issue (4)CSCJournals
This document summarizes an experimental study on treating distillery effluent using an aerobic reactor with sewage sludge as a seed culture. Microorganisms in the sewage sludge were isolated and identified. The reactor was operated at different initial substrate concentrations and samples analyzed over time for COD, TSS, TDS and pH. The first-order and diffusional models best described the kinetic data, showing decreasing rate constants with increasing initial concentration. The Singh model provided a poor fit. Maximum COD removals of 78-88% were achieved.
The document discusses characterization of solid suspension in mechanically agitated vessels. Experiments were conducted using four pitch and six pitch turbine impellers to dissolve alum of different mesh sizes (4, 6, 8, 10 mm) in water. It was found that as agitation time increased, the weight of dissolved alum decreased. The highest power consumption was required for the 10 mm mesh size and lowest for the 4 mm size. The four pitch impeller required more power than the six pitch impeller. Increasing the mesh size or time of agitation increased the weight of alum dissolved.
2015-2016 Mechanical/Civil Undergraduate Senior Design
Water Treatment by Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Ultraviolet Radiation
NEED:
1. ADD DETAIL TO DISCUSSION
2. ADD TABLE FOR BUDGET SECTION
3. NAMES ON PAGES
4. Environmental Section
5. Add the solid works model
6. Cover page
7. Add decision matrices
Submitted by
Christopher Bitikofer
Sarah Ridha
Brandyn Krieger
Terran Engle
Project Mentor
Chikashi Sato, Ph.D
Draft 2 Submitted: 11/6/2015
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Discussion 3
Detailed Engineering Specifications: 4
System Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) 5
Management 7
Budget 8
Appendices 9
Capability Statements 9
Gantt Chart 10
References 11
Introduction
Access to clean drinking water in underdeveloped areas of the world is a growing problem due to global increases in both population and pollution. Current methods of water treatment are impractical to apply in many parts of the world, as these technologies are expensive, require large facilities staffed by a litany of professionals, and the production/disposal of treatment chemicals that often have negative environmental impacts. The need to develop a method of water treatment that is less expensive, operates without the use of chemical treatments, and has relatively low electrical power usage is of profound importance. One of the most viable and promising optionsoptions is to make use both cavitation and ultraviolet light (UV). The purpose of this project is to develop a system for researching the combined effects of these two forms of water purification.
Cavitation occurs when the static pressure of water drops below vapor pressure. Small microbubbles form and slowly collapse in an energetic manner. As cavitation bubbles collapse, temperatures within the bubble can reach upwards of 5000 degrees Kelvin. Due to pyrolytic decomposition that takes place within the collapsing bubbles, the OH radicals and shock waves arecan be generated at the gas–liquid interface (A. Agarwal et al, 2011). These radicals degrade contaminants suspended within the water that would otherwise resist ultraviolet degradation. This makes cavitation a promising method of water treatment.
Ultra violet light is capable of killing bacteria and living contaminants in water. Short wavelength UV light, in the range of 10 nm to 400 nm, kills cells by interacting with their structures and disrupting DNA (NIOSH, 2008). UV light is capable of killing up to 99.99% of bacteria in clear water. This system of water purification is both cost effective and nontoxicchemical free but it cannot break down particle contaminants that bacteria tend to live in. However in combination with a particle filtration system, or in our case a cavitation system, UV reactors are simple to maintain, cost effective and chemical free.
The concise purpose of this team’s senior design project will be to develop a fluid flow test apparatus to demonstrate the degree of effectiveness of the combination of UV radi.
1. Drop Formation in Liquid-Liquid System
A Masters Project Report submitted to ENSCCF, France in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of the degree of
MASTERS OF ENGINEERING
In
Chemical Engineering
Submitted by
ChaitanyaKalyan
Ecole Nationale Superieur de Chimie de Clermont-
Ferrand,France
Under the guidance of
SUPERVISOR CO-GUIDE
Mr. Nirvik Sen,
SO/D, ChED
Chemical Engineering Division
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
nirvik@barc.gov.in
SUPERVISOR GUIDE
Dr.K.K Singh,
SO/F, ChED
Chemical Engineering Division
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely grateful to my Project Guide Dr. K. K. Singh, and Co-Guide Shri. Nirvik
Sen for their valuable guidance, pain taking effort, constant encouragement and inspiration
during each and every step of my project work. In spite of their extremely busy schedule, I
have always found them accessible for suggestions and discussions.
I would like to thank Dr. K.T. Shenoy, Head, Chemical Engineering Division,
BARC for giving me the opportunity to carry out my project work at BARC and for
providing the necessary experimental facilities during the course of this training.
I would like to thank all the Staff of Process Engineering Section, in Chemical
Engineering Division for their appreciation and support.
4. INTRODUCTION
The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is India's premier nuclear research facility
based in Trombay, Mumbai. BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive
infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear
science, engineering and related areas.
BARC's core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for
power generation. It manages all facets of nuclear power generation, from theoretical design
of reactors, computerised modelling and simulation, risk analysis, development and testing of
new reactor fuel materials, etc. It also conducts research in spent fuel processing, and safe
disposal of nuclear waste. Its other research focus areas are applications for isotopes in
industries, medicine, agriculture, etc. BARC operates a number of research reactors across
the country.
The first reactors at BARC and its affiliated power generation centres were imported from the
west. India's first power reactors, installed at the Tarapur Atomic Power Station were from
the United States.
The primary importance of BARC is as a research centre. The BARC and the Indian
government has consistently maintained that the reactors are used for this purpose only:
Apsara (1956; named by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru when he likened
the blue Cerenkov radiation to the beauty of the Apsaras (Indra's court
dancers),CIRUS (1960; the "Canada-India Reactor" with assistance from Canada), the now-
defunct ZERLINA (1961; Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice Investigations and Neutron
Assay), Purnima I (1972), Purnima II (1984), Dhruva (1985), Purnima III (1990),
and KAMINI.
1
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Drop formation in sieve plates is a complex phenomenon, which depends on the flow
velocity in the holes, physical properties of the liquid phases like surface tension and density
difference, material properties of the sieve plate such as the wetting properties and surface
roughness, size and structure of the hole, distance between the holes and alignment of holes
on the sieve plate. The formation of drop is necessary for the solvent extraction. The small
droplets are usually desired to increase the interfacial area available for mass transfer and to
maximize the process efficiency. The formation of spherical drops depends on size and shape
of holes.
There has been significant work on drop formation form single nozzles through- out the last
century (Hayworth et al., Scheele and Meister). However similar work on drop formation
right at the hole is limited. Soleymani et. al., (2012) described the different stages of drop
formation in a sieve hole. The formation of drop in a plate can be described in four main
periods namely, separation, spreading, growth and necking periods. The period of separation
starts just after detachment of drop. During this stage the height of the drop decreases and it
starts spreading. During the stage of spreading, the base of drop starts spreading along the
plate. At the end of this period, the base of the drop reaches to its maximum value. Just after
the end of this period , in the beginning of the growth period the drop base starts decreasing.
Though the height of the drop increases during this period, its maximum width doesn’t
change considerably. At the stage of necking, the drop becomes elongated and expands
continuously while moving upwards. During this last stage, the neck formation begins and at
the end of this stage the drop detaches.
2.2 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
The schematic diagram of the setup is shown in Figure 2.1. The primary set up consisted of
acrylic column (optically transparent) with provision of incorporating a SS plate. Different
SS plates were used whereby effect of hole diameter and pitch was observed. The holes were
made by punching into the metal sheets. The column was initially filled with the continuous
2
6. (heavier) phase. and the dispersed (lighter) phase was pumped in through two high-precision
positive displacement syringe pumps (0-10ml/min flow rate range). The phases were pre
equilibrated which ensured that solubility effects of one into another will not be significant.
Two pumps were used and flow was provided to the column through wither side at equal
flow rates. Infact effect of asymmetric flow rates was also studied for one phase system. The
dispersed phase issues out of the holes as drops/ jets depending on the operating condition
and the same was captured using a high speed imaging system at a frequency of up to 1660
frames per second. Proper illumination so as to ensure images of good contrast was ensured.
A computer was connected to the imaging system to save the images. Illumination for
imaging was provided by a light source. Different phase systems were used in the above
experiments so as to observe the effect of physical properties on the drop formation process
at the sieve holes.
Fig 2.1 Schematic Diagram
The different sieve plates were used to study the drop formation. The plates were made of
stainless steel of 1 mm of thickness. Different diameter and pitch plates were made for this
study. The diameter of 1,2,3,4 mm and pitch of double the diameter were manufactured. For
study of different pitch, plates were made of diameter of 3 mm with pitch of 4,6,8,10,13 mm.
Each plates were consist of 3 holes. A plate of poly propylene was made with diameter of 3
mm and pitch of 6 mm with 3 holes to study the effect of plate material on drop formation.
The phase systems used in the experiments were water-butanol, water-toluene,water-butyl
acetate and water-TBP-nitric acid. The phase systems (water-butyl acetate and water-butanol)
has got medium interfacial tension while the water toluene has got high interfacial tension
and the water-TBP-nitric acid has got lowest interfacial tension . The physical properties of
the systems are given in Table 2.1,
ORGANIC
PHASE
FEED
PUMP
CAMERA
AQUEOUS
PHASE
LIGHT
SOURCE
3
7. Table 2.1 Physical properties of different phase system.
Phase System Density
(kg/m3
)
Interfacial
tension
(mN/m)
1.
Aqueous Water 1000
34.7
Organic Toluene 846.3
2.
Aqueous Water 1000
1.47
Organic Butanol 893
3.
Aqueous Water 1000
14.7
Organic Butyl acetate 789
4.
Aqueous 3N Nitric acid 1128 28.7
Organic TBP (30%)-
dodecane
816.69
2.3 UNIQUENESS OF THE WORK
The works carried out in earlier attempts were restricted to nozzle and single sieve hole. The
significant development in the study of drop formation in multiple sieve holes was lacking.
Here, we carried out the study of drop formation in 3 holes on SS plate. The drop diameter,
height of drop detachment, time of drop detachment were studied by varying the hole
diameter, pitch, height between plates and the material of plates at different hole velocity.
The practical use of multiple sieve holes can be observed in the nuclear industries. This study
enables us to realise the practical phenomena carried out in nuclear and related industries on
day to day basis for the solvent extraction and waste extraction. However, the study can be
useful for defining the different correlation for multiple sieve holes in different stages of drop
formation along with the explanation in jetting regime.
4
8. DROP FORMATION IN PHASE SYSTEM USED IN NUCLEAR FIELD
3.1 TBP-NITRIC ACID-WATER SYSTEM
Many industrial and environmental processes involve the impact of drops on solid surface
like ink jet printing, pesticides spraying, spray cooling, oil atomizing in fuel burners, drop
wise condensation, emulation formation and many more. In most of the applications, uniform
size distribution and fast formation rate of droplets are required for yielding predictable high
quality products, increasing the process efficiency and reducing operational time. This study
on TBP-Nitric acid water system can be helpful in developing ways to maximize mass
transfer in nuclear industries.
3.2 OBSERVATION
Fig 3.1: Fig 3.2:
5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
d[mm]
U [m/sec]
pitch_13 mm
pitch_10 mm
pitch_4 mm
pitch_6 mm
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
d[mm]
U [m/sec]
d_1 mm
d_2 mm
d_3 mm
d_4 mm
Effect of hole flow velocity on
drop diameter for different
pitch.
Effect of hole flow velocity on
drop diameter for different
hole diameter.
9. Fig 3.3: Fig 3.4:
Fig 3.5: Fig 3.6:
Fig 3.7: Fig 3.8:
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
h[mm]
U [m/sec]
d_1 mm
d_2 mm
d_3 mm
d_4 mm
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
h[mm]
U [m/sec]
pitch_13 mm
pitch_10 mm
pitch_4 mm
pitch_6 mm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
time[sec]
U [m/sec]
d_1 mm
d_2 mm
d_ 3 mm
d_4 mm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
time[sec]
U [m/sec]
pitch_4 mm
pitch_6 mm
pitch_10 mm
pitch_ 13 mm
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
h[mm]
U [mm]
1st
2nd
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
d[mm]
U [m/sec]
1st
2nd
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment height for
different hole diameter.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment height for
different pitch.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment time for
different hole diameter.
Effect of hole flow velocity on
drop detachment height for
different pitch.
Different attempts to check
repeatability.
Different attempts to check
repeatability in diameter 3mm
and pitch 10 mm.
Different attempts to check
repeatability in diameter 3mm
and pitch 10 mm.
6
10. Fig 3.9: Fig 3.10:
Fig 3.11: Fig 3.12:
Fig 3.13: Fig 3.14:
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 0.01 0.02 0.03
time[sec]
U [m/sec]
pitch_6 mm
pitch_10 mm
pitch_ 13 mm
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0.01 0.1 1
d[mm]
U [m/sec]
h_0 mm (single plate)
h_14 mm
h_28 mm
2.1
2.15
2.2
2.25
2.3
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
0.01 0.1 1
h[mm]
U [m/sec]
h_0 mm (single plate)
h_14 mm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
time[sec]
U [m/sec]
h_28 mm
h_14 mm
h_0 mm
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
d[mm]
U [m/sec]
1st
2nd
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
h[mm]
U [m/sec]
1st
2nd
Effect of hole flow velocity
on delay time in different
pitch.
Effect of hole flow velocity on
drop diameter in different plate
height.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment height in
different plate height.
Effect of hole flow velocity on
drop detachment time in
different plate height.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop diameter in
asymmetric flow.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment height in
asymmetric flow.
7
11. The results were plotted for different parameters such as drop diameter, height of drop
detachment, time of drop detachment against the hole flow velocity. The graphs for
repeatability and the flow asymmetry was also plotted against the hole flow velocity. Drop
diameter increases with increase in flow velocity whereas the height of drop detachment and
time of drop detachment decreases with an increase in hole velocity. The drop diameter
increases with hole diameter whereas achieves an maxima with variation of pitch. The trend
observed in drop diameter with variation in pitch is that at low pitch the drop diameter is less
and as the pitch increases the drop diameter increases and reaches a maxima and then reduces
as pitch is further increased. The height of drop detachment increases with hole diameter and
follows the same trend as in drop diameter for the variation in pitch. The time of drop
detachment decreases with increase in hole diameter and pitch. The graph of repeatability
shows constant variation of drop diameter and height of detachment with hole flow velocity
as it was in the first trial.
An interesting observation which was later found to be specific to TBP/Nitric acid system
was that the drop formation process was intermittent in nature for larger values of pitch and
especially so for low flow velocities. The delay increased with increase in pitch.
In a real life extraction column there will be multiple plates one above the other. This may
significantly affect the drop formation process and have a telling on the final drop diameter.
This effect was also studied in our work where another plate was put over the first
maintaining different gap between the plates. It was observed that the gap between the plates
was 28 mm there was insignificant deviation between the drop diameter but as the gap was
further reduced to 14 mm the drops formed were significantly larger. However a significant
change with regard to the drop detachment height was not observed with difference in gap
between plates.
Effect of flow asymmetry was also studied in this work and as is evident from the plots there
is hardly any of flow asymmetry on drop diameter and drop detachment height.
Fig 3.15: Drop
formation at
high flow
rate(10 ml/min).
Fig 3.16: Drop
formation at
low flow rate(1
ml/min).
Fig 3.17: Drop
formation at
intermediate
flow rate(5
ml/min).
8
12. 3.3 CONCLUSION
The drop diameter is seen to increase with increase in flow velocity. In the drop formation
regime this is because of increased flow of the dispersed phase into the drop during the
necking regime. Height and time of drop detachment was found to decrease with flow
velocity. These observation is consistent with earlier findings (Scheele and Meister, 1968).
Drop diameter increase with increase in hole diameter (for same flow velocity). This is
because at same flow velocity as the diameter increases more and more of the dispersed
phase will accumulate in to the drop leading to larger drops. The percentage increase in drop
diameter was found to be 0.36% for at lower flow rate while at higher flow rates it was
around 0.86% as the hole diameter was varied form 1- 4 mm. However it was observed that
for 1 mm hole diameter there is a sudden fall in drop diameter after which it increase once
again. This is attributed to the transition to jetting regime for the 1 mm hole diameter.
With increase in pitch the dispersed phase will spread to a greater extent below the plate.
Hence there will be a competition between the amount of dispersed phase that spreads below
the plate and that which will move out through the hole (in form of drop). This competition is
also represented in form of prevalence of the phenomena of intermittent drop formation at
higher values of pitch. As the pitch was increased form 4 mm to 6 mm the drop detachment
time decreased drastically due to the initiation of intermittent drop formation phenomena at 6
mm pitch. This will lead to large amount of dispersed phase gushing into the forming drops
(at those instances at which the drops are forming) so as to maintain the volumetric flow. As
pitch is increased beyond 6 mm the time of drop detachment is not changing to a large extent
as is evident form the plots above. However as pitch goes on increasing the volume of
dispersed phase that is contributing to spreading below the plate will dominate and drop
formation will be subdued to an extent leading to smaller drops. It is to be kept in mind that
intermittent flow was obtained for all values of pitch greater than 6 mm. Infact it is also
shown that as plates with higher pitch is being used the delay time (defined as time gap
between two consecutive drop formation events) increases. This is because as the pitch is
increasing the phenomena of spreading dominants the drop formation process itself a fact that
is responsible for the observed behavior of the drop diameter with pitch.
When drops were forming at holes in a single plate the drops were forming and detaching
freely. As the dispersed phase forms and move up there will be certain circulatory currents
induced in the continuous phase. The creation of these currents are because of the constancy
of velocity and shear stress at the fluid-fluid interface. However if an additional plate is put
on top these circulatory flow patterns will change. The flow will be severely restricted asn the
severity of restriction will increase with a decrease in gap between the plates. This is translate
into an increase in drop diameter as the gap between the plates is reduced to 14 mm. Infact it
is also seen that at a gap between the plate of 28 mm the drop diameters are essentially the
same as that obtained for the single plate. Hence for a sieve plate column where the gap is
maintained at 50.8 mm the drop diameters is expected not be influenced by presence of
another plate.
9
13. DROP FORMATION IN BASIC PHASE SYSTEMS
4.1 OBJECTIVE
The different basic phase systems such as water-butanol, water-butyl acetate and water-
toluene were studied. These systems were considered because these are recommended liquid-
liquid systems for benchmarking solvent extraction devices. These systems among them
covers a wide range of interfacial tension. Sieve plate have been used a dispersal device in
extraction equipment for a long time but a fundamental study into drop formation for plates
with multiple sieve holes (at location of the plate) is scarce in open literature. The
experiments were carried out to elucidate effect of flow velocity, diameter, pitch on drop
formation phenomena. Effect of plate material on drop formation process was also studied for
the butanol water system.
4.2 BUTANOL-WATER SYSTEM
The butanol-water system is having low interfacial tension in comparison to other systems.
The experiments were carried out with varying the flow rate from both the pumps but equal
flow rates were provided from both pumps for each reading. The variation in different
physical parameters can be observed in the obtained graphs.
4.2.1 OBSERVATION
Fig 4.18: Fig 4.19:
10
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
d[mm]
U [m/sec]
d_1 mm
d_2 mm
d_3 mm
d_4 mm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
h[mm]
U [m/sec]
d_1 mm
d_2 mm
d_3 mm
d_4 mm
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop diameter for different
hole diameter.
Effect of hole flow velocity on
drop detachment height for
different hole diameter.
14. Fig 4.20: Fig 4.21:
Fig 4.22 : Fig 4.23:
Fig 4.24: Fig 4.25:
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
d[mm]
U [m/sec]
pitch_4 mm
pitch_6 mm
pitch_8 mm
pitch_10 mm
pitch_13 mm
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
h[mm]
U [m/sec]
pitch_4 mm
pitch_6 mm
pitch_8 mm
pitch_10 mm
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
time[sec]
U [m/sec]
d_1 mm
d_2 mm
d_3 mm
d_4 mm
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
time[sec]
U [m/sec]
pitch_4 mm
pitch_6 mm
pitch_8 mm
pitch_10 mm
pitch_13 mm
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
time[sec]
U [m/sec]
1st
2nd
0
5
10
15
20
0 0.01 0.02 0.03
time[sec]
U [m/sec]
1st
2nd
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop diameter for different
pitch.
Effect of hole flow velocity on
drop detachment height for
different pitch.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment time for
different hole diameter.
Effect of hole flow velocity on
drop detachment time for
different pitch.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment time for
different hole diameter in
verifying the experiment.
Effect of hole flow velocity on
drop detachment time for
different attempts on poly
propylene plate.
11
15. Fig 4.26:
The graphs were plotted for different physical parameters with variation in hole flow
velocity. Drop diameter and drop detachment height increased with increase in flow velocity
while time of drop detachment decreased. The drop diameter and drop detachment height
increased with increase in hole diameter. In case of varying pitch, drop detachment height
shows same trend as observed for TBP nitric acid system where at low value of pitch both are
having lower values whereas it increases significantly for moderate values of pitch and again
drop down for higher values. However specially in the jetting regime drop diameter
decreased with increase in pitch. The drop detachment time decreases with increase in hole
diameter as well as increase in pitch. Authenticity of the experimental results were checked
by performing a repeatability check for one plate geometry of diameter of 3 mm and pitch of
10 mm, results of which are presented above. It is seen that the results obtained are indeed
close to each other.
12
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
d[mm]
U [m/sec]
pp 1
pp 2
Effect of hole flow velocity on
drop diameter for different
attempts on poly propylene
plate.
Fig 4.27 : Jet
formation at high
flow rate (individual
flow)(10 ml/min).
Fig 4.28: Jet
formation at high
flow rate in poly
propylene plate(10
ml/min).
Fig 4.29: Drop
formation at low
flow rate(1
ml/min).
Fig 4.30: Jet
formation at high
flow rate(merging at
certain height)(10
ml/min).
16. 4.2.2 CONCLUSION
The observations listed in the previous section are a result of the low interfacial tension phase
considered and the geometric properties of the plates studied. The most important observation
was formation of jet at high flow rates in all the plates studied. The phenomena of jetting was
more pronounced in hole of smaller diameter and smaller pitch where three different strands
were projecting outwards and meeting at certain distance to form big drops. The jets forming
in holes with larger diameter and pitch were straight and move upward individually. The jets
were formed at flow velocity of 0.04263, 0.01061, 0.00478, 0.00265 m/sec in diameter
1,2,3,4 mm respectively. The jets disintegrated into drops at a certain height and gave rise to
three individual trains of drops which travelled separately to the interface of continuous phase
and dispersed phase. The sudden jump in the plots signified transitions to jetting regime. The
jump describes the high value of drop detachment height and drop detachment time on other
hand it was responsible for the lower drop diameter. In the jetting regime it is seen that the
drop diameter keeps on increasing with increase in hole diameter for a constant flow velocity.
This is attributed to the fact that as hole diameter is increasing for a constant hole velocity the
initial diameter of the jet is more which will lead to drops of larger volume. Drop volume in
jetting regime will depend on the thickness of the jet and the length in between the dominant
nodes. Hence for a given set of disturbance larger the initial diameter of the jet larger will be
the drops formed due to it’s disintegration. Drop diameter is decreasing with increase in
pitch. This is attributed to the fact that as the pitch is more the dispersed phase will travel
larger distances between the holes along the underside of the plate and tends to spread to an
extent. This spreading will lead to velocity components will increase in a way the initial
disturbances in the jet and will lead to shorter wave lengths (or smaller drops). Additionally it
is also seen that transition to jetting is the highest for the plate with the largest pitch. This is
due to the fact that as pitch is more the spreading is more which means significant dispersed
phase volume will not be available at the location of the hole to form a sustained jet at low
velocities. Height of drop detachment is increases with increase in flow velocity as is
observed for jetting regime (Scheele and Meister, 1968). In jetting regime the drop
detachment height will be more for larger drops. This is what is observed for the above
experiments also. The most interesting phenomena took place in poly propylene plate where
at higher flow rates all the three holes participated together to form a tripod like projection.
The phenomena was verified with the repetition of the experiment. The projection can be
explained by a combination of lower interfacial tension force and wetting of the PP plate by
the organic butanol phase. The superior wettability of the PP plate by the organic phase will
lead to a spreading of the organic phase along the plate while the lower interfacial tension
will not allow drop formation and the entire dispersed phase will tend to move as a
cylinder/jet. Now that these jets are pulled towards the plate and more so towards one another
thee otherwise free standing jets merge and a tripod formation is achieved.
13
17. 4.3 TOLUENE-WATER SYSTEM
The toluene-water system is having highest interfacial tension among all the phases studied.
The jetting phenomena was absent in this system and drop formation was observed
throughout the different flow rates because of higher interfacial tension forces. The phase
system considered was thoroughly pre equilibrated so as to mitigate any solubility effect.
4.3.1 OBSERVATION
Fig 4.31: Fig 4.32:
Fig 4.33: Fig 4.34:
14
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
h[mm]
U [m/sec]
d_1 mm
d_2 mm
d_3 mm
d_4 mm
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
d[mm]
U [m/sec]
d_1 mm
d_2 mm
d_3 mm
d_4 mm
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
h[mm]
U [m/sec]
pitch_4 mm
pitch_6 mm
pitch_8 mm
pitch_10 mm
pitch_13 mm 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
d[mm]
U [m/sec]
pitch_4 mm
pitch_6 mm
pitch_8 mm
pitch_10 mm
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment height for
different hole diameter.
Effect of hole flow velocity on
drop diameter for different
hole diameter.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment height
for different pitch.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop diameter for
different pitch.
18. Fig 4.35: Fig 4.36:
The different graphs were plotted with the variation in hole flow velocity for different
parameters. The drop diameter and drop detachment height increased with the increase in
hole diameter. The drop detachment height is lower for the plates having smaller pitch,
whereas it increased at intermediate pitch and again decreased for high pitch. However the
drop diameter decreased with increase in pitch reaches a minimum and then increased again.
The drop detachment time decreased with increase in hole diameter, interestingly there was
no such variation noted in case of varying pitch.
4.3.2 CONCLUSION
The absence of jetting regime was one of the significant observation for this system, which
was responsible for the constant drop formation in all the plates at all the different flow rates
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
time[sec]
U [m/sec]
d_1 mm
d_2 mm
d_3 mm
d_4 mm
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
time[sec]
U [m/sec]
pitch_4 mm
pitch_6 mm
pitch_8 mm
pitch_10 mm
pitch_13 mm
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment time for
different hole diameter.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment time for
different pitch.
Fig 4.37: Drop
formation at low flow
rate(1 ml/min).
Fig 4.38: Drop
formation at high flow
rate(10 ml/min).
Fig 4.39: Drop
formation at
intermediate flow
rate(5 ml/min).
15
19. primary because of higher interfacial tension. The high interfacial tension also led to perfect
spherical drops observed in this system. As the drop formation regime was observed increase
in velocity increased drop diameter due to accumulation of more and more of the dispersed
phase in the drop during the necking period of the drop formation process. Similar to that
observed for TBP-Nitric acid system larger drops were formed as hole diameter increased
due to the fact that at same flow velocity more volume of the dispersed phase will go through
larger diameter holes.
As the more and more accumulation took place beneath the hole the tendency for forming the
drop increased and that is why drop detachment height increased with increase in hole
diameter. The drop detachment time decreased with decrease in hole diameter because the
spreading and accumulation of dispersed phase was fast and formation of drop was quite
rapid.
4.4 BUTYL ACETATE-WATER SYSTEM
The butyl acetate water system was having interfacial tension close to toluene water system,
so, the observation for both the systems were quite similar. The effect of interfacial tension
can be observed on distinguishing the continuous phase and dispersed phase when drop
formation takes place.
4.4.1 OBSERAVTION
Fig 4.40: Fig 4.41:
16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
h[mm]
U [m/sec]
d_1 mm
d_2 mm
d_3 mm
d_4 mm
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
d[mm]
U [m/sec]
d_1 mm
d_2 mm
d_3 mm
d_4 mm
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment height
for different hole diameter.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop diameter for different
hole diameter.
20. Fig 4.42: Fig 4.42:
Fig 4.43: Fig 4.44:
The significance of different physical parameters can be studied with respect to variation in
hole flow velocity. The graph showed common behaviour as it was observed in toluene water
system. The increase in drop diameter and height of drop detachment along with increase in
hole diameter can be seen. In case of increasing pitch both the parameters shown maxima
value at intermediate values and decreased significantly after the increase. The time of drop
detachment decreased with decrease in hole diameter and same observation was noted in
varying pitch as it was in toluene water system.
17
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
h[mm]
U [m/sec]
pitch_4 mm
pitch_6 mm
pitch_8 mm
pitch_10 mm
pitch_13 mm 4
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
d[mm]
U [m/sec]
pitch_4 mm
pitch_6 mm
pitch_8 mm
pitch_10 mm
pitch_13 mm
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
time[sec]
U [m/sec]
d_1 mm
d_2 mm
d_3 mm
d_4 mm
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
time[sec]
U [m/sec]
pitch_4 mm
pitch_6 mm
pitch_8 mm
pitch_10 mm
pitch_13 mm
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment time
for different hole diameter.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment height
for different pitch.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop diameter for different
pitch.
Effect of hole flow velocity
on drop detachment time for
different pitch.
21. 4.4.2 CONCLUSION
The increase in drop diameter and drop detachment height along the increase in hole flow
velocity for increasing hole diameter can be observed in this system. This is so because the
high flow velocity was responsible for more organic phase discharge under the holes, hence
more accumulation took place and it increased the probability of formation of drops. The
high interfacial tension also led to perfect spherical drops observed in this system. As the
drop formation regime was observed increase in velocity increased drop diameter due to
accumulation of more and more of the dispersed phase in the drop during the necking period
of the drop formation process. Similar to that observed for TBP-Nitric acid system larger
drops were formed as hole diameter increased due to the fact that at same flow velocity more
volume of the dispersed phase will go through larger diameter holes. As the more and more
accumulation took place beneath the hole the tendency for forming the drop increased and
that is why drop detachment height increased with increase in hole diameter.
18
Fig 4.45: Drop formation at
low flow rate(1 ml/min).
Fig 4.46: Drop
formation at
intermediate flow rate(5
ml/min).
Fig 4.47: Drop formation
at high flow rate(10
ml/min).
22. CONCLUSION
5.1 FUTURE PROSPECTS OF WORK
The work carried out can be very helpful in developing different correlation in multiple sieve
hole systems. The industries mainly nuclear oriented work with multiple holes for the solvent
extraction. The extraction is a complex phenomenon where number of factor influences the
process. The development of new correlations can determine the high mass transfer rate in
the different system where drop formation plays an important role. The computational
simulation can be carried out with the help of COMSOL to study the drop formation process
in multiple sieve holes. Simulations will lead to a more fundamental understanding of the
process and how multiples sieve holes will interacts with one another and finally effect the
drop diameter.This understanding will lead to an accurate estimate of specific interfacial area
for mass transfer. The effects of various operating and design parameters on the drop
formation can be study in order to optimize the drop formation.
5.2 EXPERIENCE
The personal experience of working at BARC was one of the best experience of my life. I
enhanced my knowledge professionally and practically. The working atmosphere was
outstanding where mentors and guides were always ready to help. The
equipments,facilities,labs were well equipped where I was given ample time and support to
carry out my work. The privilege of working with such an esteem group of people was an
outstanding experience. Although I am native still the exposure of such institute was missing
from my working credentials. I am very honored to work at BARC.
19
23. REFERENCES
1. Hayworth, Treybal, Drop formation in two-liquid-phase systems, Ind. Eng.Chem., 43
(1950), 1174.
2. Soleymani, A., Laari, A., Turunen, I., Simulation of drop formation in a single hole in
solvent extraction using the volume-of-fluid method, Chem. Engg. Res. Des., 86 (2008), 731-
738.
3. Bernard J. Meister and George F. Scheele, Drop formation from cylindrical jets in
immiscible liquid systems.
4. Bernard J. Meister and George F. Scheele, Prediction of jet length in immiscible liquid
systems.
5. Arun Kumar and Stanley Hartland, Correlation for drop size in liquid/liquid spray
columns. 2007, 193-207.
6. John R. Richards, Antony N. Beris, Abraham M. Lenhoff, Drop formation in liquid-liquid
systems before and after jetting. 1995, 2617-2630