The document discusses watershed development programs and their role in rural development. It defines a watershed as a geo-hydrological area with a common drainage point. The key objectives of watershed programs are conserving and developing the resource base while bringing about desired changes through human resource development to improve resource use efficiency and socio-economic and ecological conditions. It also provides an overview of completed watershed development programs in Karnataka between 1984-2000 and administrative structures for watershed development.

2. Watershed development programmes: Nature and its role for rural development Presented By: Shankaraiah. N PAK-9120

3. WATERSHED Definition : Geo-hydrological entity having common drainage point Concept : Area development in an integrated approach Principle : Use land according to its capability Components : Natural resources, institutions, technologies, management, etc. Objectives : Conserving and developing resource base Effect : Desired changes in knowledge, skills, attitudes for enhancing resource use efficiency (HRD) Impact : Desired improvement in socio-economic and ecological conditions

4. Why the concept of watershed? Soil, water and vegetation are so interdependent that one can not be managed efficiently with out the other two. But water can be conveniently and efficiently managed only if the hydrological unit vis-a-vis watershed is taken as a whole. Since these three are interdependent resources, watershed is considered to be the ideal unit. Deforestation, soil degradation, sedimentation and the resultant floods, droughts, and poverty often require different kinds of solutions but are connected by the fact that they can best be understood and managed as physical units defined by the flow of water, that is watershed.

5. Administrative structure

6. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Parameter Aims and Opportunities Area Catchment Devt. Components Integrated Approach Holistic Team Multi-disciplinary Action Simultaneous Implementation Ridge to valley Basis Site specific and need-based Input Man, material, message Output Human Resource Development Effect Knowledge and skill improvement Impact Socio-economic improvement Benefits Sustainable

7. Completed watershed development programmes in Karnataka (1984-85 to 1999-2000) Source: Karnataka Watershed Development Department and annual reports of the RD&PR Department . Sl. No. Name of the programme Implementing agency and year No. of districts No. of water- sheds Total geographical area (ha) Area treated since inception (ha) Amount spent since inception (Rs.crores) 1. World Bank assisted Watershed Projects DLDB/Department of Watershed Development (1984-1993) 6 7 136337 136337 37.564 2 District watershed development programmes DLDB/Department of Watershed Development (1984-1993) 18 18 578420 515200 121.978 3 Participative and integrated development of watersheds (PIDOW) DLDB/MYRADA (1985-86 to 1993-94 1 1 20300 9680 4.140 4 Swiss assisted ISPWD-K Project DLDB/WDD (1995-96 to 1999-2000) 5 5 74968 30000 12.595 5 KFW assisted Integrated Watershed Management DLDB/WDD (1995-96 to 1999-2000) 3 5 53627 24600 16.221 6 River valley projects (Tungabhadra,Nizamsagar and Nagarjuna Sagar) A&H Department through Dept. of Agri. (Centrally sponsored, 1963-64 onwards) 15 723 (225 W/s saturated) 106.88 (Area to be treated 26.15 lakhs) 541800 91.119 7 National Watershed Development Programme for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) A&H Dept. through Dept. of Agri. In the State Sector coordinated by ZP 1986-87. As NWDP 1990-91 onwards as NWDPRA. 26 141 872872 872872 182.995 8 i) Drought Prone Areas Programme ii) Desert Development Programme iii) Western Ghat Development RD & PR Zilla Panchayat and Watershed Development Associations i) 15 ii) 6 iii) 11 423 in 81 blocks 130 in 22 blocks 40 taluks - - 75.600 (1995-99) 20.220 (1995-99) 53.540 (1995-99) 9 Karnataka Watershed Development Project (DANIDA Assistance) A&H Department through Directorate of Agriculture I Phase 1990-91 to 96-97 II phase 1997-98 to 2004 3 4 14 12 53000 - 23000 - 16.036 - Total 2153489 632.008

8. Table-11: Projects in operation and administrative arrangement For further reading : Perspective Land Use Plan for Karnataka, 2025. (2001) State Land Use Board, Bangalore Sl. No. Name of the programme Administrative control Fund releasing department Implementing department Mode of implementation No. of Micro watershed Area treated (ha) Amount spent (Rs.in lakhs) I. State Sector Schemes a. National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) WDD WDD WDD WDC 568 102514 6353.17 b. River Valley Project (RVP) WDD WDD WDD WDD 117 134305 4489.71 c. Reclamation of saline, alkaline and waterlogged soils WDD WDD WDD WDD 6 dist. 1701 249.00 II. District Sector Schemes a. Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) RDPR & ZP RDPR & ZP WDD WDC 959 143391 9880.48 b. Desert Development Programme (DDP) RDPR & ZP RDPR & ZP WDD WDC 644 59125.5 5013.88 c. Integrated Watershed Development Project (IWDP) RDPR & ZP RDPR & ZP WDD WDC 258 81885 4421.89 d. Western Ghats Development Project (WGDP) RDPR & ZP RDPR & ZP WDD WDC 215 25394 3814.85 e. Special Component Plan (SCP) ZP ZP WDD WDD - 2755.3 142.36 III. Aided Projects a. Sujala Watershed Project WDD WDD WDD Sujala Sangha (WDC) 753 26115 3442.01 b. KAWAD Project (DFID) KAWAD Society WDD KAWAD Society NGO, WDC, Dept. 108 34749 1818.13 c. DANIDA project (Denmark Govt.) WDD WDD WDD WDC/WDD 12 20143 1387.51 d. NABARD assisted watershed Projects NABARD & WDD NABARD & WDD NGO & WDD People’s participation, WDC 47 1405 75.90

9. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES Utilizing the land according to its capability Establishing adequate vegetative cover Conserving as much rain water as possible in situ Draining-out surplus water and divert it to storage ponds Avoiding gully formation through suitable checks to minimize soil erosion and enhance ground water recharge Maximize productivity per unit area, per unit time and per unit water Increasing cropping intensity – Intercropping and Sequence cropping

10. Contd….. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLE Better utilization of marginal lands through ALUS Ensuring sustainability of the ecosystem Maximizing the combined income: - Crop-livestock-tree-labour complex Generating off-season employment Minimising the risks from aberrant weather Processing and value addition of the farm produce Developing and improving infra –structure: Storage, transport and marketing Promotion of balanced nutrition – Dryland fruits and vegetables besides cereals, pulses and oilseeds

11. SPECIAL FOCUS AHEAD ON WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) Farming Systems Approach (FSA) Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA) Alternate land use systems viz., agro-forestry, agri-horticulture, silvi-pasture, horti-silvi-pasture, etc. Animal Husbandry, Backyard Poultry and Apiculture Restore or develop gomala/gokatte/gundu topu/devara kadu Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) Post-harvest Processing and Value Addition-APCs Agri-clinic and agri-business management HRD-capacity building/leadership development/SHG formation/MWMG formation/custom hiring services

12. Enhance the quality of inputs Reduce losses at various post harvest stages Reduces cost of processing Restriction of middlemen involvement Opportunities for the farmer himself to become a grower-cum-processor Improves the quality of rural life and affords dignity Motivates educated rural youth to keep engage in processing industry and thus preventing their migration to urban areas Ensures fair prices to growers for their produce Makes available diversified products to rural consumer at reasonable and affordable prices BENEFITS OF AGRO-PROCESSING CENTRE IN WATERSHED VILLAGES

13. SUJALA WATERSHED PROJECT Sujala is a Watershed Development Project designed by the Government of Karnataka and implemented by the Watershed Development Department of Government of Karnataka The World Bank through International Development Association provided major portion of plan outlay as a loan to Government of India and in turn loan to Government of Karnataka.

14. It is being implemented in seven districts, namely Kolar, Chikkabalapur, Tumkur, Madhugiri, Chitradurga , Haveri and Dharwad of Karnataka covering 4.29 lakhs hectare. of land spread over in 77 sub-watersheds and 1270 villages benefiting nearly 4.0 lakhs households including landless.

15. The Government of Karnataka finances some portion of the budget and the Watershed Communities contribute some portion. Sujala a community driven watershed development project with a total budget of Rs.557 crores, As planned, the project period started from 10.09.2001 and likely to end by 31.03.2009.

16. OBJECTIVES To improve the productive potential of selected watersheds and their associated natural resource base. Strengthen community and institutional arrangements for natural resource management. An associated objective is to strengthen the capacity of communities in the project districts for participatory involvement in planning, implementation, social and environmental management and maintenance .

17. Conti …… The implementing department operates in a more socially inclusive manner, with in the frame work of a convergent watershed development plan. This will be achieved through having the community groups implement the project, the project’s collaborative approach and capacity building initiatives.

20. Project Primary objectives Increasing House Hold Income Improving Agriculture Productivity. Improving Vegetative Cover. Increasing Milk and Horticulture Production. Increasing Fodder and Fuel availability. Reducing Soil Erosion & Runoff to Improve Water Availability. Enhancing Quality and Life of Village Communities. Ensuring Institutional support. by Watershed Development Department as facilitator and by NGOs for community organization and strengthening.

21. Distinct Features of the Project Peoples participation as a focus of the entire project NGOs involvement at all levels Adopting Area Group approach Cost sharing by the community to enhance ownership & respect towards peoples choices Use of agriculture & water resource action plans developed through remote sensing to complement peoples plan

22. Involvement of various resource agencies for provision of specialized inputs Monitoring & Evaluation is inbuilt within the project implementation structure & process Effective accountability & transparency by adopting appropriate financial management systems at all levels Adopting ESA (Environmental & Social impact assessment) Involvement of PRIs (Panchayat Raj Institution)

23. Community development programmes Afforestation Dry land horticulture Construction of bunds Soil conservation Construction of Farm pond Bore well recharge Inter cropping Construction of loose border checks Fodder production for animal husbandry Income generating activities for rural poor Development of animal husbandry Open well recharge Construction of NALA bunds

24. CONCLUSION Use of land, water and vegetation according to its capability we can changes in knowledge, skills, attitudes for enhancing resource use efficiency and improvement in socio-economic and ecological conditions

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