Geotechnical Engineering-II [Lec #17: Bearing Capacity of Soil]Muhammad Irfan
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Shallow foundations ("spread footings") include pads ("isolated footings"), strip footings, and rafts. Shallow foundations are used when the soil near the surface is sufficiently strong to support the imposed loads. Usually, they are unsuitable in weak or highly co…
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Geotechnical Engineering-II [Lec #17: Bearing Capacity of Soil]Muhammad Irfan
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Shallow foundations ("spread footings") include pads ("isolated footings"), strip footings, and rafts. Shallow foundations are used when the soil near the surface is sufficiently strong to support the imposed loads. Usually, they are unsuitable in weak or highly co…
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Methods to Determine the Immediate or Elastic Settlement (الهبوط الفورى)BahadarKhan8
In this lecture I have Described the different methods to compute the immediate settlement in soils.
The methods described are Janbu & Bjerrum Method, Schmertmann's Method and Timoshinko & Goodier Method.
To watch videos please use the links below:
https://youtu.be/HULeW5TbyNw
https://youtu.be/8r0xfRoydk8
https://youtu.be/XplqYVOhPwg
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Geotechnical Engineering-II [Lec #6: Stress Distribution in Soil]Muhammad Irfan
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Methods to Determine the Immediate or Elastic Settlement (الهبوط الفورى)BahadarKhan8
In this lecture I have Described the different methods to compute the immediate settlement in soils.
The methods described are Janbu & Bjerrum Method, Schmertmann's Method and Timoshinko & Goodier Method.
To watch videos please use the links below:
https://youtu.be/HULeW5TbyNw
https://youtu.be/8r0xfRoydk8
https://youtu.be/XplqYVOhPwg
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Geotechnical Engineering-II [Lec #6: Stress Distribution in Soil]Muhammad Irfan
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Regarding Types of Foundation, Methods, Uses of different types of foundation at different soil properties. Methods of construction of different types of foundation, Codal Provisions etc.
About
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
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• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. Settlement
• Immediate Settlement: Occurs immediately after the construction. This is
computed using elasticity theory (Important for Granular soil)
• Primary Consolidation: Due to gradual dissipation of pore pressure induced
by external loading and consequently expulsion of water from the soil mass,
hence volume change. (Important for Inorganic clays)
• Secondary Consolidation: Occurs at constant effective stress with volume
change due to rearrangement of particles. (Important for Organic soils)
2
Settlement
S = Se + Sc + Ss
Immediate
Settlement
Se
Primary
Consolidation
Sc
Secondary
Consolidation
Ss
For any of the above mentioned settlement calculations, we first need vertical
stress increase in soil mass due to net load applied on the foundation
4. Vertical Stress: Concentrated load
4
Influence Factor for
General solution of vertical stress
2
z B
P
I
z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
B
I
r z
13. Newmark’s Chart
• Determine the depth, z, where you wish to
calculate the stress increase
• Adopt a scale as shown in the figure
• Draw the footing to scale and place the
point of interest over the center of the
chart
• Count the number of elements that fall
inside the footing, N
• Calculate the stress increase as:
13
Point of
stress
calculation
Depth = z1
Depth = z2
14. Westergaard’s Method
• Provided solution for layered soils
• Point Loads
• Assumption:
Elastic soil mass is laterally reinforced by numerous, closely
spaced, horizontal sheets of negligible thickness but infinite
rigidity, that allow only vertical movement , preventing the
mass as a whole from undergoing any lateral strain.
14
3
2
2
2 2
1
2
z
P
z C r z
1 2
2 1
C
This Model is specially good for pre-compressed or
overconsolidated clays
18. Simplified Methods (Poulos and Davis, 1974)
18
Strip Foundation:
Rectangular Foundation:
2.60
2
1 1 ( )
2
z zD
f
B
q
z
2.60 0.84 /
1.38 0.62 /
1 1 ( )
2
B L
B L
z zD
f
B
q
z
19. Approximate
Methods
19
.
.
z
B L
q
B z L z
2
2
z
B
q
B z
z
B
q
B z
Rectangular Foundation:
Square/Circular Foundation:
Strip Foundation:
21. Elastic Settlement of Foundation
21
0 0
1
H H
e z z s x s y
s
S dz dz
E
s
E Modulus of elasticity
H Thickness of soil layer
s
Poisson’s ratio of soil
Elastic settlement:
Elastic settlement for Flexible Foundation:
2
1
e s f
s
qB
S I
E
f
I = influence factor: depends on the rigidity and shape of the foundation
s
E = Avg elasticity modulus of the soil for (4B) depth below foundn level
25. Steinbrenner’s Influence Factors for Settlement of the Corners of
loaded Area LxB on Compressible Stratus of = 0.5, and Thickness Ht
25
26. Strain Influence Factor Method for Sandy Soil:
Schmertmann and Hartman (1978)
26
2
1 2
0
z
z
e f
s
I
S C C q D z
E
1
C Correction factor for foundation depth
1 0.5 f f
D q D
2
C Correction factor for creep effects
q For square and circular foundation:
For foundation with L/B >10:
Interpolate the values for 1 < L/B < 10
1 0.2log time in years 0.1
27. Example
27
2
1 2
0
z
z
e f
s
I
S C C q D z
E
3.5
s c
E q
2
31.39
f
D kN m
2.5
s c
E q
For square and
circular foundations
For rectangular
foundations
800 in kPa
s
E N
Correlation with SPT data:
28. Burland and Burbidge’s Method for Sandy Soils
Depth of Stress Influence (z'):
28
0.75
1.04 ,where B is in meters
z B
If N60 is constant or increasing with depth, then
If N60 is decreasing with depth, use smaller of
2
1 2 3
1.25
0.25
e
L B
S Bq
L B
Elastic Settlement (Se):
where B is in meters
and is in kPa
q
1
0.0047 for NC sand
0.0016 for OC sand with qna ≤ po‘
0.0047 for OC sand with qna ≤ po‘
1.4
2
1.4
1.71
0.57
N
N
Compressibility Index: for NC sand
for OC sand
3 2 1
z z
z z
for NC sand and for OC sand with qna ≤ po‘
for OC sand with qna ≤ po‘
0.67
na o
q q p
na
q q
2 and Thickness of soft layer below foundation
z B z z
29. Settlement due to Primary Consolidation
29
log log
1 1
s c c c c o av
c
o o o c
C H C H
S
e e
log
1
s c o av
c
o o
C H
S
e
log
1
c c o av
c
o o
C H
S
e
For NC clay
For OC clay
o av c
For OC clay
o c o av
c o o av
o
Average effective vertical stress before construction
av
Average increase in effective vertical stress
c
Effective pre-consolidation pressure
o
e Initial void ratio of the clay layer
c
C Compression Index
s
C Swelling Index
c
H Thickness of the clay layer
1
4
6
av t m b
t
b
m
31. Fox’s Depth Correction Factor
for Rectangular Footings of
L x B at Depth D
31
Depth factor
c Embedded
c Surface
S
S
Rigidity Factor
Total settlement of
rigid foundation
Total settlement at the center
of flexible foundation
Rigidity factor 0.8
32. Settlement Due to Secondary
Compression
32
2
1
log
1
c
s
p
C H t
S
e t
p
e
C Secondary Compression Index
2 1
log
e
t t
Time, t (Log scale)
Void
Ratio,
e
p
e
1
t 2
t
e
Void ratio at the end of primary consolidation
c
H Thickness of Clay Layer
Secondary compression settlement is more important in the
case of organic and highly-compressible inorganic clays
34. Total Settlement from CPT Data for
Cohesionless Soils
• Depth profile of cone resistance
can be divided in several segments
of average cone resistance
• Average cone resistance can be
used to calculate constant of
compressibility.
• Settlement of each layer is
calculated separately due to
foundation loading and then
added together
34
3
2
c
o
q
C
ln
t o
t
o
H
S
C
36. Plate Load Test
• Rough mild steel bearing plate in circular or square shape
• Dimension: 30 cm, 45 cm, 60 cm, or 75 cm.
Thickness > 25 mm
• Smaller size for stiff or dense soil. Larger size for soft or loose soil
• Bottom of the plate is grooved for increased roughness.
• Concrete blocks may be used to replace bearing plates.
36
Bearing Plate:
37. Plate Load Test
• Usually to the depth of foundation level.
• Width equal to five times the test plate
• Carefully leveled and cleaned bottom.
• Protected against disturbance or change in natural formation
37
Section
Plan
Test Pit:
38. Plate Load Test
• Selection of Location
– Based on the exploratory boring.
– Test is carried out at the level of proposed foundation. If water table is
below the foundation level but the depth is less than width of plate then
the test is carried out at the level of water table. If the water table is above
the foundation level then the water level is reduced to proposed foundation
level by pumping out the water during the test; however, in case of high
permeability material perform the test at the level of water table.
– In case the soil is expected to have significant capillary action and the water
table is within 1 m below the foundation, it becomes necessary to perform
the test at the level of water table in order to avoid the effect of higher
effective stresses due to capillary action resulting in lower values of
interpreted settlements.
• Reaction supports should be at least (3.5 x width of plate) away from the test
plate location, and loading arrangement should provide sufficient working
space.
• Test plate should be placed over a 5 mm thick sand layer and it should be
centered with the loading arrangement.
38
Procedure:
39. Plate Load Test
• A seating pressure of 7 kPa is applied and then released after some time before
the test.
• Loads are applied in the increments of approximately 1/5th of the estimated
ultimate safe load. (Or, one may choose to increase the load at an increment of
0.5 kN.)
• At each load settlement is recorded at time intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 16, 25 min
and thereafter at intervals of one hour.
• For clayey soil, the load is increased when time settlement curve shows that the
settlement has exceeded 70-80% of the probable ultimate settlement or a
duration of 24 Hrs.
• For the other soils, the load is increased when the settlement rate drops below
0.02 mm/min.
• The minimum duration for any load should, however, be at least 60 min.
• Dial gauges used for testing should have at least 25 mm travel and 0.01 mm
accuracy.
• The load settlement curve can then be platted from settlement data.
39
Procedure: (Contd.)
41. Plate Load Test – Load-Settlement Curve
41
Terzaghi and Peck (1948):
2
30
30
f p
f
p p f
B B
S
S B B
f
S Settlement of a foundation of
width Bf (cm)
p
S Settlement of the test plate of
width Bp (cm) at the same load
intensity as on the foundation
Bond (1961):
n
f f
p p
S B
S B
Soil Index - n
Clay 1.03 to 1.05
Sandy clay 1.08 to 1.10
Loose sand 1.20 to 1.25
Medium sand 1.25 to 1.35
Dense sand 1.40 to 1.50
42. Plate Load Test: Some Considerations
• The width of test plate should not be less than
30 cm. It is experimentally shown that the load
settlement behavior of soil is qualitatively
different for smaller widths.
• The settlement influence zone is much larger
for the real foundation sizes than that for test
plate, which may lead to gross
misinterpretation of expected settlement for
proposed foundation.
42
Soft soil
layer
• The foundation settlements in loose sands are usually much larger than what is
predicted by plate load test.
• Plate load test is relatively short duration test and gives mostly the immediate
settlements.
• In case of granular soils the immediate settlement is close to total settlements.
• However, due to considerable consolidation settlement in case of cohesive soils, the
plate load test becomes irrelevant in such case. Although the following relationship is
suggested for interpreting the settlements in cohesive soils, it can not be used
seriously for design.
f f
p p
S B
S B
43. Plate Load Test: Bearing Capacity
• In case of dense cohesionless soil and highly cohesive soils ultimate bearing capacity
may be estimated from the peak load in load-settlement curve.
• In case of partially cohesive soils and loose to medium dense soils the ultimate
bearing capacity load may be estimated by assuming the load settlement curve so as
to be a bilinear relationship.
43
44. Plate Load Test: Bearing Capacity
• A more precise determination of
bearing capacity load is possible if
the load-settlement curve is plotted
in log-log scale and the relationship
is assumed to be bilinear. The
intersection point is taken as the
yield point or the bearing capacity
load.
44
uf f
up p
q B
q B
For cohesioless soil
uf up
q q
For cohesive soil
46. Differential Settlement
46
Terzaghi’s recommendation:
Differential settlement should not exceed 50% of the total settlement calculated for the foundation.
Considering the sizes of different footing, the following criteria is suggested for buildings:
For raft foundation the requirements shall be more stringent and they may be designed for the
following criteria
Differential settlement of footing 75% of max calculated settlement of footing
Differential settlement of raft footing 37% of max calculated settlement of raft footing
d
L
= maximum settlement
d= differential settlement
d/ = angular distortion
Allowable maximum and differential settlements are given on the next slide
48. Rotation of Footings Subjected to
Moment
• Footings subjected to moment will have the tendency to rotate and the
amount of rotation can be estimated by assuming that the footing is
supported on a bed of springs and using the modulus of sub-grade
reaction theory.
48
Modulus of sub-grade reaction:
2
1
s
E
k
B
L
M
Q
Moment about the base due to
soil reaction:
3
2
0
2 . .
12
B LB k
M L k dx
49. Rotation of Footings Subjected to
Moment
49
2 2
3 2 2
12 1 1
12
s s
M
M M
I
LB k LB E E LB
Influence factor
to compute
rotation of
footing
I values
50. Allowable Bearing Pressure
• Maximum bearing pressure that can be applied on the soil
satisfying two fundamental requirements
– Bearing capacity with adequate factor of safety
– net safe bearing capacity
– Settlement within permissible limits (critical in most cases)
– net safe bearing pressure
50
51. Allowable Bearing
Pressure
51
Terzaghi and Peck (1967):
2
1
0.3
1.37 3
2
n w D a
B
q N R R S
B
0.5 1 1
w f
w w
f
D D
R R
D
1 depth correction factor
1 0.2 1.2
D
f
R
D
B
a
S Permissible settlement in mm.
(25 mm)
Sa in mm and all other
dimensions in meter.
2
kN m
52. Allowable Bearing Pressure
52
Peck, Hanson, and Thornburn (1974):
N-values are corrected for dilatancy and overburden
Initial straight line safe bearing capacity with FS =2
Later horizontal portion permissible settlement of 25 mm.
0.44
a net w a
q C N S
Allowable bearing pressure from settlement consideration:
a
S Permissible settlement in mm. (25 mm)
water table correction 0.5 0.5 w
w
f
D
C
D B
2
kN m
53. Allowable Bearing Pressure
53
Teng’s (1962) Correlation:
depth correction factor 1 2
f
D
D
C
B
Sa in mm and all other
dimensions in meter.
.
cor N
N C N
1.75
for 0 1.05
0.7
N o a
o a
C P
P
3.5
for 1.05 2.8
0.7
N o a
o a
C P
P
o
Effective Overburden stress
2
0.3
1.4 3
2
n cor w D a
B
q N R C S
B
Net safe bearing pressure
2
kN m
54. Allowable Bearing Pressure
54
Meyerhof’s (1974) Correlation:
2
1
0.49 for 1.2 m
n D a
q N R S kN m B
1 depth correction factor
1 0.2 1.2
D
f
R
D
B
2
2
2
0.3
0.32 for 1.2 m
n D a
B
q N R S kN m B
B
Net safe bearing pressure
2 depth correction factor
1 0.33 1.33
D
f
R
D
B
Bowel’s (1982) Correlation:
2
1
0.73 for 1.2 m
n D a
q N R S kN m B
2
2
2
0.3
0.48 for 1.2 m
n D a
B
q N R S kN m B
B
N-value corrected for overburden using bazaraa’s equation, but
the N-value must not exceed field value
55. Allowable Bearing Pressure
55
Recommendation: Use total settlement correlations with SPT
data to determine safe bearing pressure.
Correlations for raft foundations:
Rafts are mostly safe in bearing capacity and they do not show much
differential settlements as compared to isolated foundations.
2
0.7 3
n w D a
q N R C S kN m
Teng’s Correlation:
Peck, Hanson, and Thornburn (1974):
2
0.88
a net w a
q C N S kN m
Correlations using CPT data:
Meyerhof’s correlations may be used by substituting qc/2 for N,
where qc is in kg/cm2.