The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Construction bite /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Construction bite /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Template analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Root resorption in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Space closure by frictionless mechanics 2 /certified fixed orthodontic course...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Mc namara analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
COGS analysis (Cephelometrics for orthognathic surgery) / fixed orthodontics ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit www.indiandentalacademy.com
K- Sir loop /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Upper airway constiction and its effects on growth & developmentIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Craniofacial anomalies /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Template analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Root resorption in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Space closure by frictionless mechanics 2 /certified fixed orthodontic course...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Mc namara analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
COGS analysis (Cephelometrics for orthognathic surgery) / fixed orthodontics ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit www.indiandentalacademy.com
K- Sir loop /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Upper airway constiction and its effects on growth & developmentIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Craniofacial anomalies /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Nasal airway and malocclucion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Theories of growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
biologic basis of Functional appliance /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Functional appliances philosophy and various studies, servo system theoryIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Functional matrix theory /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Modus operandi of functional appliances/cosmetic dentistry coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Servosystem /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Modus operandi of functional appliances mallik /prosthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cybernetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. INTRODUCTION
Over many years various theories of growth have been
proposed for the craniofacial complex.
The Genetic theory, Scott’s Hypothesis, Sicher’s Sutural
Dominance theory, Functional matrix theory attempt to explain
the growth of the cranofacial complex with different growth
determinants and have their own limitations.
The Servosystem theory of growth is based on a factorial
qualitative analysis which takes into account various factors
which determine a coordinated growth of the craniofacial
complex as a whole.
The Servosystem theory attempts to explain craniofacial
growth and the modus operandi of Functional appliances.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. GROWTH THEORY’S
GENETIC CONTROL THEORY:
• Genotype supplies all the
information required for
phenotype expression.
• Does not address the question
of local and general factors
modifying gene expression.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. GROWTH THEORY’S
SICHER’S SUTURAL DOMINANCE THEORY:
• He believed that craniofacial
growth occurs at sutures.
• Paired parallel sutures which attach
the facial bones to the cranial base
and skull push the nasomaxillary
complex forwards to compare with
mandibular growth.
• Acknowledges the genetic influence
on growth at the sutures.
• Transplantation of sutures to
another site showed that there was no
innate growth potential.
• Cases of Microcephaly and
Hydrocephaly. www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. GROWTH THEORY’S
CARTILAGE DIRECTED GROWTH THEORY:
• James Scott- 1953, 1954, 1967
• Cartilage has intrinsic growth potential.
• Role of Periosteum and sutures only
secondary.
• All cartilages through out the skull are
primary centres of growth.
• Growth of the maxilla is attributed to the
growth of the Nasal septal cartilage.
•Nasal septal carrtilage is the pacemaker
of growth for the nasomaxillary complex.
•The mandible is like the diaphysis of a
long bone bent with epiphyseal cartilages
at both ends. www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. GROWTH THEORY’S
CARTILAGE DIRECTED GROWTH THEORY:
• Epiphyseal cartilages cartilages
transplanted to a different area will
continue to grow - innate growth
potential.
• Nasal septal cartilages also grow
when transplanted to another site.
•Removal of nasal septal cartilages
gives rise to retarded midface
development.
• Petrovic’s studies have shown that
only primary cartilages grow in organ
culture and not secondary cartilages.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. GROWTH THEORY’S
FUNCTIONAL MATRIX THEORY:
• Melvin Moss 1960, 1962, 1997.
• A Hypothesis substantiated in the
revisited theory’s.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. SERVOSYSTEM THEORY
Alexandre Petrovic, Charlier,and Jeanne Stutzmann of Louis
Pasteur School of Medicine.
SERVOSYSTEM
THEORY
Study’s in Otosclerosis by Petrovic
revealed that cartilage surrounding the
cochlea never grew in organ culture but
epiphyseal cartilages grew well.
Petrovic and Charlier in
1967-69- Jaw Growth rate
and direction can be
modified by functional
appliance.
Jeanne Stutzmann-1976 The
role of LPM and retrodiscal
pad -mediator role
Petrovic and
coworkers:Chronobiological
aspects of cartilage and bone
growth
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. SERVOSYSTEM THEORY AND
CYBERNETICS
Craniofacial growth is a multifaceted process where the
connections and interrelationships are complex with interactions
and feedbacks.
The Servosystem theory uses the Cybernetic language of
information and communication as a tool to explain the influence
of various factors - extrinsic and intrinsic on Craniofacial growth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. SERVOSYSTEM THEORY AND
CYBERNETICS
CYBERNETICS:
• “the language used to describe
control and communication in man
and machine.”
• Study’s the role of information and
the technique of measuring and
transmitting it.
• “Cybernetics” derived from a greek
word meaning ‘steersman’ by
Dr.Rosenbleuth and Norbert Weiner
and others in 1947.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. SERVOSYSTEM THEORY AND
CYBERNETICS
CYBERNETICS:
• Used to explain Systems and
Circuit analysis.
• Can also be used in Biological
Biomedical sciences to explain
negative and positive feedback
loops, self regulation, gain and in
the process explain physiological
processes.
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13. SERVOSYSTEM THEORY AND
CYBERNETICS
CYBERNETICS:
• A Cybernetically organised system
operates through signals transmitting
information.
• Signals can be physical, chemical or
electromagnetic in nature and of low
energy.
• Advantages: not static,
sophisticated.
Tr - RH
TSH
THYROXINE
T3,T4
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14. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROL SYSTEMS
PHYSIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS
CLOSED
LOOP
CONTROL
SYSTEM
OPEN LOOP
CONTROL
SYSTEM
REGULATOR
SYSTEM
SERVOSYSTEM
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15. CONTROL SYSTEMS
CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM:
• A specific communication
between output and input is
present
• A feed back loop with a
comparator is present.
• eg: feed back loops
maintaining hormone levels,
blood sugar etc
• Two types: Regulator and
Servosystem.
Tr - RH
TSH
THYROXINE
T3,T4
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16. CYBERNETIC ORGANISATION OF
CRANIOFACIAL GROWTH
INPUT(STIMULUS)
ORTHOPEDIC AND
FUNCTIONAL
APPLIANCES
BLACK BOX
•GENETICALLY
DETERMINED AND
CYBERNETICALLY
ORGANISED GROWTH
•MAXILLA
LENGTHENING AND
WIDENING
•MANDIBLE
LENGTHING WIDENING
•TEETH MOVEMENT
OUTPUT
CORRECTION OF
MALOCCLUSION
AND
INTERMAXILLA
Y RELATION
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17. COMPONENTS OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SERVOSYSTEM
CONTROLLED SYSTEM:
• Located between the controlled variable and the actuating
signal.
• Condylar cartilage.
CONTROLLER
ACTUATOR
REFERENCE INPUT
ELEMENT
COMPARATOR
COMMAND
PERFORMANCE
ANALYSING
ELEMENTS
CONTROLLED
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
AMPLIFIER
REFERENCE
INPUT
OPUTPUT
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18. COMPONENTS OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SERVOSYSTEM
COMMAND:
• A signal established independent of the Servosystem.
•It affects the behaviour of the control system without being
affected by the consequences of the behaviour.
• Growth hormone, Testosterone, Oestrogen.
CONTROLLER
ACTUATOR
REFERENCE INPUT
ELEMENT
COMPARATOR
COMMAND
PERFORMANCE
ANALYSING
ELEMENTS
CONTROLLED
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
AMPLIFIER
REFERENCE
INPUT
OPUTPUT
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19. COMPONENTS OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SERVOSYSTEM
REFERENCE INPUT:
• A signal established as a standard of comparison.
• Ideally should be totally independent of the feed back.
• The sagittal position of the maxilla.
REFERENCE INPUT ELEMENT
COMPARATOR
COMMAND
PERFORMANCE
ANALYSING
ELEMENTS
CONTROLLED
SYSTEM
CONTROLLER
ACTUATOR
PERFORMANCE
AMPLIFIER
REFERENCE
INPUT
OPUTPUT
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20. COMPONENTS OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SERVOSYSTEM
REFERENCE INPUT ELEMENT:
• They establish the relationship between the COMMAND(Growth hormone) and the
REFERENCE INPUT(Saggital position of the maxilla).
• Septal cartilage, Septopremaxillary frenum, Labionarinary muscle, Premaxilla and
Maxilla.
REFERENCE INPUT
ELEMENT
COMPARATOR
COMMAND
PERFORMANCE
ANALYSING
ELEMENTS
CONTROLLED
SYSTEM
CONTROLLER
ACTUATOR
PERFORMANCE
AMPLIFIER
REFERENCE
INPUT
OPUTPUT
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21. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMMAND,
REFERENCE INPUT AND THE REFERENCE INPUT
ELEMENTS.
THRUST EFFECT
LIGAMENT
TRACTION
MUSCLE
TRACTION
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22. COMPONENTS OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SERVOSYSTEM
COMPARATOR:
REFERENCE INPUT
ELEMENT
COMPARATO
R
COMMAND
PERFORMANCE
ANALYSING
ELEMENTS
CONTROLLED
SYSTEM
CONTROLLER
ACTUATOR
PERFORMANCE
AMPLIFIER
REFERENCE
INPUT
OPUTPUT
•Serves to establish the relationship between the REFERENCE INPUT and the
CONTROLLEDVARIABLE.
• The “operation of confrontation”- Occlusal contact between the upper and lower jaw.
• Any deviation from optimal occlusal contact detected by the comparator leads to
correction signals to reestablish optimum occlusal contact.www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. COMPONENTS OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SERVOSYSTEM
THE CONTROLLER:
• Located between the deviation signal and the actuating signal.
• Lateral pterygoid muscle and the Retrodiscal pad.
REFERENCE INPUT
ELEMENT
COMPARATOR
COMMAND
PERFORMANCE
ANALYSING
ELEMENTS
CONTROLLED
SYSTEM
CONTROLLER
ACTUATOR
PERFORMANCE
AMPLIFIER
REFERENCE
INPUT
OPUTPUT
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24. ROLE OF THE LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE AND
RETRODISCAL PAD.
• Blood supply
•Increase in open loop factors
• Reduction in negative feed back
factors
• Biomechanical
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25. ROLE OF THE LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE AND
RETRODISCAL PAD.
Petrovic’s Experiments:
I CONTROL- INTACT LPM AND
RETRODISCAL PAD
NORMAL
II BILATERAL RESECTION OF
LPM
DECREASED NO OF DIVIDING CELLS
DECREASED GROWTH RATE
OPENING OF STUTZMANN’S ANGLE
DECREASED WIDTH OF MITOTIC
COMPARTMENT
III TMF CLAMPED
BILATERALLY
SAME AS II BUT LESS INTENSE
IV TMF CLAMPED
LPM RESECTED
SAME AS II AND V
V TMF RESECTED SAME AS A II
VI LPM AND TMF RESECTED
BILATERALLY
NO CHANGE
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26. ROLE OF THE LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE
AND RETRODISCAL PAD.
Recent studies….
GROWTH RELATIVITY
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27. COMPONENTS OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SERVOSYSTEM
ACTUATING SIGNAL:
• Output signal from the controller-actuator complex.
• Activity of the LPM and Retrodiscal pad.
REFERENCE INPUT
ELEMENT
COMPARATOR
COMMAND
PERFORMANCE
ANALYSING
ELEMENTS
CONTROLLED
SYSTEM
CONTROLLER
ACTUATOR
PERFORMANCE
AMPLIFIER
REFERENCE
INPUT
OPUTPUT
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28. COMPONENTS OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SERVOSYSTEM
CONTROLLED VARIABLE:
• Final output.
• Sagittal position of the mandible.
REFERENCE INPUT
ELEMENT
COMPARATOR
COMMAND
PERFORMANCE
ANALYSING
ELEMENTS
CONTROLLED
SYSTEM
CONTROLLER
ACTUATOR
PERFORMANCE
AMPLIFIER
REFERENCE
INPUT
OPUTPUT
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29. COMPONENTS OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SERVOSYSTEM
GAIN:
• OUTPUT DIVIDED BY INPUT.
• > 1 - AMPLIFICATION . < 1 - ATTENUATION.
• Pterygomandiibular coupling.
• Genetically determined but can be amplified by GH and Testosterone.
REFERENCE INPUT
ELEMENT
COMPARATOR
COMMAND
PERFORMANCE
ANALYSING
ELEMENTS
CONTROLLED
SYSTEM
CONTROLLER
ACTUATOR
PERFORMANCE
AMPLIFIER
REFERENCE
INPUT
OPUTPUT
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30. COMPONENTS OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SERVOSYSTEM
ATTRACTOR:
• Structurally stable steady state.
• What the Servosystem tries to achieve.
•Full interdigitation type of Class I, II, III.
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31. COMPONENTS OF THE CRANIOFACIAL SERVOSYSTEM
REPELLER:
• a state of unstable equilibrium.
• Tries to change to a stable steady state- ATTRACTOR.
•Cusp to cusp occlusal contact.
REFERENCE INPUT
ELEMENT
COMPARATOR
COMMAND
PERFORMANCE
ANALYSING
ELEMENTS
CONTROLLED
SYSTEM
CONTROLLER
ACTUATOR
PERFORMANCE
AMPLIFIER
REFERENCE
INPUT
OPUTPUT
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37. ALVEOLAR BONE TURN OVER RATE
TISSUE LEVEL GROWTH POTENTIAL:
“ The rank of the alveolar bone turn over rate.”
TISSUE LEVEL GROWTH RESPONSIVENESS:
“ The magnitude of increase in alveolar bone turn over rate
caaused by a 10 day wearing of Class II elastics.”
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38. APPLICATION OF THE SERVOSYSTEM
THEORY IN CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS
• modus operandi of functional appliances.
• Role of hormones
• Development of malocclusion
• Application of recent research
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39. APPLICATION OF THE SERVOSYSTEM THEORY IN
CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS
FUNCTIONAL APPLIANCES
INCREASED CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY OF LPM
INCREASE IN GROWTH STIMULATING FACTORS
ENHANCEMENT OF LOCAL MEDIATORS
REDUCTION IN LOCAL REGULATORS
ADDITIONAL GROWTH OF THE CONDYLAR
CARTILAGE
ADDITIONAL SUBPERIOSTEAL OSSIFICATION
SUPPLEMENTARY LENGTHENING OF THE
MANDIBLEwww.indiandentalacademy.com
40. APPLICATION OF THE SERVOSYSTEM THEORY IN
CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS
FUNCTIONAL APPLIANCES
• POSTURAL
HYPERPROPULSOR
• ANDERSEN HAUPL
ACTIVATOR
• CLASS II ELASTICS
• FRANKEL’S
APPLIANCE
• TWIN BLOCK
• HERREN OR L.S.U
ACTIVATOR
• HARVOLD WOODSIDE
ACTIVATOR
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41. APPLICATION OF THE SERVOSYSTEM THEORY IN
CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS
POSTURAL HYPERPROPULSOR:
• Simulates a more anterior position of the upper dental arch.
• A deviation signal is produced which increases LPM and
retrodiscal pad activity.
TWIN BLOCK:
• Alters the occlusal inclined planes.
• 70 degree inclined planes alter the sensory engram and
provide a horizontal component of force.
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42. APPLICATION OF THE SERVOSYSTEM THEORY IN
CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS
CLASS II ELASTICS:
• Act primarily through the
retrodiscal pad rather than the LPM.
• Alters the intrinsic regulation of
prechondroblast multiplication .
• Enhance the rate of hypertrophy of
Functional chondroblasts so that the
decreased amount of Functional
chondroblasts enhance
prechondroblast replication.
• Similar to the effect of Thyroxine.
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43. APPLICATION OF THE SERVOSYSTEM THEORY IN
CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS
L.S.U or HERREN ACTIVATOR:
• Acts when the appliance is not worn.
•Action not mediated to through the LPM but
through the Retrodiscal pad.
• Shortening of the LPM when the appliance is
worn when compared to other muscles.
• A new sensory engram is produced.
• The mandible closes in a more anterior
position.
•Stimulation of the retrodiscal pad and alteration
of intrinsic regulation of the cartilage similar to
the Class II elastics.
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44. APPLICATION OF THE SERVOSYSTEM THEORY IN
CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS
EFFECT OF CHIN CUP THERAAPY:
• Retropulsion of the mandible results
in reduction in the number of dividing
cells.
• Dividing cells if any are found
anteriorly.
• Resulting in anterior growth rotation
and decreased mandibular length.
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45. APPLICATION OF THE SERVOSYSTEM THEORY IN
CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS
ROLE OF HORMONES:
•
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46. APPLICATION OF THE SERVOSYSTEM THEORY
IN CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS
DEVELOPMENT OF MALOCCLUSION - MALFUNCTION OF
THE SERVOSYSTEM.
MALFUNCTION AT THE LEVEL
OF THE PERIPHERAL
COMPARATOR
MORPHOLOGIC
ALLY
DEFECTIVE
INADEQUATE
REFERENCE
INHERENT LLIMITATION
OF GROWTH
MECHANISMS
ANTERIOR
ROTATION
CLAS III
SKELETAL
POSTERIOR
ROTATION
CLASS II
SKELETAL
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47. APPLICATION OF RECENT RESEARCH
Lavergne and Petrovic grouped children who are morphogenetically
and morphophysiologically alike. Members within each group have similar
tissue level growth potential and will respond in a similar manner to functional
appliances.
I
1
BASAL SAGITTAL GROWTH
POTENTIAL OF MANDIBLE
ALMOST SAME AS THAT OF THE
MAXILLA - 70%
2
BASAL SAGITTAL GROWTH OF
THE MANDIBLE IS INFERIOR TO
THAT OF MAXILLA - 25%
3
BASAL SAGITTAL GROWTH OF
THE MANDIBLE IS SUPERIOR TO
THAT OF THE MAXILLA- 3%
II
A ANTERIORLY
ROTATING
R NEUTRAL
P POSTERIORLY
ROTATING
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52. CONCLUSION
The Servosystem theory with the pharaseology of
Cybernetics gives us an insight into the complex process of
Craniofacial growth.
Though the experiments conducted by Petrovic and
coworkers were conducted on rats the biochemical and cellular
response is the same.
At the moment the Servosystem theory is the only theory
which can explain the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in
growth.
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