Separation of miscible and immiscible liquids
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A presentation about separating miscible liquids by separating funnel and separating immiscible liquids by distillation
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Properties of solutions
1) Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances, where the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.
2) For a solution to form, the intermolecular forces between solute and solvent particles must be strong enough to overcome those within the pure substances.
3) The energetics of dissolving involves breaking interactions within the pure substances and forming new interactions between solute and solvent particles. Even endothermic processes can occur spontaneously if they increase the disorder or entropy of the system.
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Physical chemistry 1_Distribution law.pptx
The document discusses Nernst's distribution law, which states that when a solute is added to two immiscible solvents, the ratio of its concentration in the two solvents will be constant. It provides examples of how iodine distributes between chloroform and water. It also discusses how the law can be modified if the solute dissociates or associates in one of the solvents. Applications of the distribution law include determining equilibrium constants and removing silver from lead via the Parkes process.
Methods for separating mixtures
Common techniques for separating mixtures include chromatography, distillation, evaporation, and filtration. Chromatography separates mixtures using solvents and a solid medium. Distillation uses differences in boiling points to separate liquid mixtures by heating and condensing components. Evaporation removes liquids from solutions by heating, leaving behind solids. Filtration separates particles of different sizes using a porous material.
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it is a type of solution . in this all the 3 ypes of solution are present . COLLIODAL, SUSPENSION AND TRUE SOLUTION IN CHEMISTRY, science
Solution
This document discusses types of mixtures and solutions. It defines homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of a solute dissolved in a solvent, forming a single phase. Factors that determine solubility, such as temperature and pressure, are described. The document outlines concentration units like molarity, molality, and percent composition. It also discusses solution processes and the energetics of dissolution. Key topics covered include saturation points, Henry's law, and separation techniques like ultrafiltration.
Catalyst
The document discusses the topic of catalysis. Some key points:
- Berzelius coined the term "catalysis" in 1836 to describe reactions that are accelerated by substances that remain unchanged after the reaction.
- Catalysts work by providing an alternative reaction pathway which has a lower activation energy, allowing a greater proportion of particles to react.
- There are two main types of catalysis: heterogeneous catalysis where the catalyst is in a different phase than the reactants, and homogeneous catalysis where the catalyst and reactants are in the same phase.
- Many important industrial processes rely on catalysis such as the Haber process, contact process, and catalytic converters. Catalysis plays a key role
Separation techniques
This document discusses several methods for separating mixtures, including filtration, distillation, chromatography, centrifugation, and evaporation. Filtration separates solids from liquids by passing a mixture through filter paper. Distillation boils a liquid mixture and condenses the vapor to separate components based on differences in boiling points. Chromatography separates substances based on differences in solubility in solvents. Centrifugation uses rapid spinning to separate mixtures based on density.
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2) For a solution to form, the intermolecular forces between solute and solvent particles must be strong enough to overcome those within the pure substances.
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Physical chemistry 1_Distribution law.pptx
The document discusses Nernst's distribution law, which states that when a solute is added to two immiscible solvents, the ratio of its concentration in the two solvents will be constant. It provides examples of how iodine distributes between chloroform and water. It also discusses how the law can be modified if the solute dissociates or associates in one of the solvents. Applications of the distribution law include determining equilibrium constants and removing silver from lead via the Parkes process.
Methods for separating mixtures
Common techniques for separating mixtures include chromatography, distillation, evaporation, and filtration. Chromatography separates mixtures using solvents and a solid medium. Distillation uses differences in boiling points to separate liquid mixtures by heating and condensing components. Evaporation removes liquids from solutions by heating, leaving behind solids. Filtration separates particles of different sizes using a porous material.
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Solution
This document discusses types of mixtures and solutions. It defines homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of a solute dissolved in a solvent, forming a single phase. Factors that determine solubility, such as temperature and pressure, are described. The document outlines concentration units like molarity, molality, and percent composition. It also discusses solution processes and the energetics of dissolution. Key topics covered include saturation points, Henry's law, and separation techniques like ultrafiltration.
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The document discusses the topic of catalysis. Some key points:
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- Catalysts work by providing an alternative reaction pathway which has a lower activation energy, allowing a greater proportion of particles to react.
- There are two main types of catalysis: heterogeneous catalysis where the catalyst is in a different phase than the reactants, and homogeneous catalysis where the catalyst and reactants are in the same phase.
- Many important industrial processes rely on catalysis such as the Haber process, contact process, and catalytic converters. Catalysis plays a key role
Separation techniques
This document discusses several methods for separating mixtures, including filtration, distillation, chromatography, centrifugation, and evaporation. Filtration separates solids from liquids by passing a mixture through filter paper. Distillation boils a liquid mixture and condenses the vapor to separate components based on differences in boiling points. Chromatography separates substances based on differences in solubility in solvents. Centrifugation uses rapid spinning to separate mixtures based on density.
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SOLUTIONS IN CHEMISTRY
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Mixtures And Their Separations
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Syllabus requirement met: describe the separating methods of simple distillation , fractional distillation , filtration , layer separation and identify sublimation as a method of separating mixtures based on their composition.
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Bogdan Maleta : Distillation column, Solvent Distillation
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what is saturated,unsaturated and supersaturated solution
what is saturated,unsaturated and supersaturated solution
The handy science answer book (the handy answer book series)
The handy science answer book (the handy answer book series)
Unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated solutions
Unsaturated, saturated and supersaturated solutions
Recently uploaded
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingTHEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsBob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
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Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Separation of miscible and immiscible liquids
- 3. Methods • i. Pour the mixture into the funnel. • ii. Let it stand undisturbed for sometime so that the layers get separated. • iii. Open the stopcock of the separating
- 5. Distillation .Distillation is a method of separating mixtures, based on differences in volatilities of components in a boiling liquid mixture. .Examples: acetone and water, ethanol and water. In acetone water mixture, the boiling point of acetone is 56𝑜𝐶 and that of water is 100𝑜𝐶.
- 6. Science behind distillation • i. The low boiling liquid is evaporated first. • ii. Its vapours are passed through the condenser and changed to pure liquid form. • iii. This is collected in a beaker from the condenser outlet. • iv. The other component is left in the flask in pure form .