4. • We want to write well-constructed
compound-complex sentences so that we
can express multiple layers of thought. If
we write only simple sentences, our work
will sound elementary.
• To achieve our desired level of
sophistication, we can combine thoughts
through coordination and subordination.
5. Emphasis between
parts of a sentence
by using
coordinating
conjunctions or
suitable punctuation
or both.
Coordination gives
equal emphasis to
words and ideas as
well as clauses.
6. John and Mary rode their bikes
and swam in the pool for
exercise, and they were tired at
the end of the day.
• Coordination (equal
emphasis):
John and Mary
rode their bikes and swam in the
pool
John and Mary rode their bikes
and swam in the pool for
exercise , and they were tired at
the end of the day.
7. When you coordinate, you must assure balance by
using the same form in each part.
We call the repetition of grammatical structure
parallelism. To be parallel all the items must
match, must be in the same part of speech, and
must follow the same form.
• Example: John and Mary rode their bikes and
swimming in the pool. This sentence sounds
strange because the verbs are not parallel.
• Corrected: John and Mary rode their bikes and
swam in the pool.
8. • Example: They like to ride, swim, and
cooking together.
This sentence sounds strange because cooking
has an ing, and ride and swim do not. These
words are not parallel.
• Corrected: They like to ride, swim, and cook
together.
9. Establishes the
dependence of one idea
on another by shifting
emphasis away from
supporting elements so
that major statements
emerge clearly. You can
subordinate single words,
phrases, and clauses by
using subordinating
conjunctions (like after,
because, if, since, when,
although, unless, etc.)
10. John and Mary exercised. They have
bikes. They rode them. They swam in
the pool. They got tired. The day ended.
• Subordination:
After riding their bikes and swimming in
the pool for exercise, John and Mary
were tired at the end of the day.
John and Mary were tired at the end of
the day because they had ridden their
bikes and swum in the pool for exercise.
John and Mary, after riding their bikes
and swimming in the pool for exercise,
were tired at the end of the day.
