Astigmatism is one of the most prevalent eye disorders, affecting approximately one in six Americans. It occurs when the cornea is irregularly shaped, causing blurred vision. Common symptoms include eyestrain, headaches, and blurred vision that worsens with fatigue. It can be detected in children if parts of images appear clearer than others at different angles. Astigmatism is usually corrected through prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses, and in some cases laser eye surgery. While its causes are not fully understood, astigmatism is known to have a genetic component and its prevalence has been increasing over time.
This was a lecture in the course "Significant Medical Conditions in Seniors" presented at Peer Learning in Chapel Hill, NC, USA in 2016 by Michael C. Joseph, MD, MPH.
This was a lecture in the course "Significant Medical Conditions in Seniors" presented at Peer Learning in Chapel Hill, NC, USA in 2016 by Michael C. Joseph, MD, MPH.
1. Eye Health – Caring for your Retina.
2. Diabetes and the prevention of Retinal Problems.
3. Retina Problems can be Associated with Age.
4. Latest Advances in Retina Treatments for Vision Loss.
Visual rehabilitation after pediatric cataract surgery Anuradha Chandra
Cataract surgery in a child is only a beginning to the long way of rehabilitating the child and helping the baby to learn to see and recognize and adjust to the world.
Myopia classification and management by Tahir Shaukat Optometry Club
Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which you can see objects near to you clearly, but objects farther away are blurry. It occurs when the shape of your eye causes light rays to bend (refract) incorrectly, focusing images in front of your retina instead of on your retina.
Biology Investigatory Project on Eye Diseases (class 12th) MohitBhuraney
Biology Investigatory peoject on Eye Diseases 2021-22
Email : mohitbhuraney@gmail.com
Mail me if you're unable to download or if you want any changes. I'll handle that.
Lecture to be given to St Jude Catholic Schools Alumni Association 28 Aug 2021, talking about Kids Eye Health this pandemic, specifically discussing digital eye strain, myopia, and myths about kids' eye health
Myopia is considered to be a leading cause of visual impairment. Furthermore, the prevalence of myopia young adolescents has increased substantially over the
past few decades. Although myopia was identified more than two thousands years ago, a consistently effective approach to myopia control for all patients still eludes
clinicians
1. Eye Health – Caring for your Retina.
2. Diabetes and the prevention of Retinal Problems.
3. Retina Problems can be Associated with Age.
4. Latest Advances in Retina Treatments for Vision Loss.
Visual rehabilitation after pediatric cataract surgery Anuradha Chandra
Cataract surgery in a child is only a beginning to the long way of rehabilitating the child and helping the baby to learn to see and recognize and adjust to the world.
Myopia classification and management by Tahir Shaukat Optometry Club
Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which you can see objects near to you clearly, but objects farther away are blurry. It occurs when the shape of your eye causes light rays to bend (refract) incorrectly, focusing images in front of your retina instead of on your retina.
Biology Investigatory Project on Eye Diseases (class 12th) MohitBhuraney
Biology Investigatory peoject on Eye Diseases 2021-22
Email : mohitbhuraney@gmail.com
Mail me if you're unable to download or if you want any changes. I'll handle that.
Lecture to be given to St Jude Catholic Schools Alumni Association 28 Aug 2021, talking about Kids Eye Health this pandemic, specifically discussing digital eye strain, myopia, and myths about kids' eye health
Myopia is considered to be a leading cause of visual impairment. Furthermore, the prevalence of myopia young adolescents has increased substantially over the
past few decades. Although myopia was identified more than two thousands years ago, a consistently effective approach to myopia control for all patients still eludes
clinicians
Global Medical Cures™ | CATARACT (What you should know)
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
This is a slide show presentation I prepared for the Technical Support staff at Topcon Medical Systems to introduce and familiarize the art of refraction.
Overview of glaucoma from an engineering perspective for ophthalmologic technology used for diagnosis, disease management and eventually for personalized medicine.
External download link: https://www.dropbox.com/s/i7qmd5ecj8c247x/glaucoma_overview.pdf?dl=0
Central and Peripheral Vision & their DiseasesHuzaifa Zahoor
The act or power of seeing
The special sense by which the qualities of an object (such as color, luminosity, shape, and size) constituting its appearance are perceived through a process in which light rays entering the eye are transformed by the retina into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
Types of Vision
Central Vision
Peripheral Vision
Disease of Vision
Central Vision Loss
Peripheral Vision Loss
18th International conference on OPHTHALMOLOGY AND VISION SCIENCE,April 24-25...OphthalmologyCongres
18th International Conference on
Ophthalmology and Vision Science
April 24-25, 2023 Amsterdam, Netherlands
Theme- Upgradation and modernization of ophthalmologists via new innovation and Research, which focuses on the most recent innovative improvements and research in the field of Ophthalmology
Management of visual problems of Aging by Ashith Tripathi Ashith Tripathi
This presentation contains headings - Visual performance in the ageing eye
Routine optometric and ocular examination of an older adult:
History
Ocular health examination
Visual acuity measurement
Refraction
Binocular vision
Visual field measurement
Colour vision
Management of vision problems in older adults
Frame requirement
Lens requirements
And special instructions etc.
Optometric examination and management of geriatric problems.pptxAnisha Heka
Normal age related changes
Common pathological changes with age
Optometric examination of geriatric population
Complications in examination of older patient
Vision Corrections in older patient
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 9719300533 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Senior Project Paper
1. Bethany Soph
Mrs. Corbett
AP Literature/ 7th
19 April 2012
Astigmatism
Forty five million Americans, one in six, all suffer from Astigmatism making it
one of the most prevalent eye disorders. Astigmatism might be the most misunderstood
vision problem, defined as a visual defect in which the unequal curvature of cornea
prevents light rays from focusing at one point on the retina, giving the person blurred
vision (Astigmatism All About Vision). This disorder is mild however, it is excessive
causing many people to have to wear corrective lenses. Occurring in millions of people,
astigmatism’s common symptoms, causes, prevalence and correction have weaved their
way into many American’s lives affecting their vision.
Astigmatism’s symptoms can be confusing because of their commonality, and
because the symptoms can increase due to a persons exhaustion level. “People with
undetected astigmatism often have blurred vision which can be associated with fatigue
and eyestrain” (Astigmatism WebMD). By squinting most people believe their vision
problem is temporarily solved, but this is only a temporary, tedious action. Fatigue plays
a big role in detecting astigmatism because most people discover their eye disorder by the
trouble they have with their vision when they are not in focus for example, while doing
tasks before they go to sleep. “Symptoms of uncorrected astigmatism are eye strain and
headaches, especially after reading or other prolonged visual tasks [usually before
sleeping]” (Astigmatism All About Vision). Headaches occur due to the lack of focus
2. Soph 2
a person’s vision has effecting the way a person’s brain receives interprets the objects
around him. Reading without a correcting a persons vision is not only painful but can
worsen that person’s vision. Other tasks as well are equally strenuous if a person has
astigmatism, such as working on a computer for long periods of time and any tedious task
that requires a long-term focus for person’s eyes. Astigmatism in children is more
detectable, “Parents can notice that a child may have astigmatism when the child can see
some part of a pattern or picture more clearly than others. For example, “lines going
across may seem clearer than lines going and down,” says Dr. John Lohr (Astimgatism).
The reason for the some of the lines being blurry has to do with the curvature of the
cornea and how it views the images. While the picture is at different angles it can be
viewed differently by the child having blurred in areas the cornea’s straining to see.
By definition, “Astigmatism occurs due to the irregular shape of the cornea or the
lens inside the eye” (Astigmatism American Optometric Association). Due to the
irregular shape of the cornea, light is bent through the lens of a person’s eye causing
blurred and distorted vision. The direct cause of astigmatism is the irregular shape of a
person’s eye. However, “Sometimes astigmatism may develop following an eye injury or
eye surgery. There is also a relatively rare condition called keratoconus where the cornea
becomes progressively thinner and cone shaped” (Astigmatism American Optometric
Association). This results in an enormous amount of astigmatism consequently causing
poor vision that cannot be fully fixed with glasses. Keratoconus normally requires contact
lenses for enhanced vision, and it may ultimately worsen to when a corneal transplant is
necessary. Some experts even say that astigmatism can be genetic, “To the extent that is
3. Soph 3
true, there is nothing a person can do to avoid vision problems. However, some experts
believe that environmental factors may determine whether or not vision disorders
develop. They suggest that maintaining good nutrition, reading and working in good
light, and wearing corrective lenses as prescribed can reduce the risk of eye problems”
(Newton). They myth that eating carrots is actually true, they contain Beta-Carotene that
protects vision, especially night vision, and once it is transferred to vitamin A in the liver
it goes back to the retina. Also working in lit areas versus dark helps keep your eyes in
focus causing less strain, and same goes for wearing proper corrective lenses.
Astigmatism’s prevalence has been growing amongst many Americans, “In a
recent study of 2,523 American children ages five to seventeen years, more than twenty-
eight percent had astigmatism of one diopter (D) or greater. Also, there were significant
differences in astigmatism prevalence based on ethnicity. Asian and Hispanic children
had the highest prevalence (33.6 and 36.9 percent, respectively), followed by whites
(26.4 percent) and African-Americans (20.0 percent)” (Astigmatism All About Vision).
The different percentages for each ethnic group is not relevant and no ethnicity has a
higher chance of having this vision disorder than another it just happened in this study.
However, the prevalence in children is growing only being one in fourteen less than thirty
years ago; most professionals believe this low number though came from lack of
awareness and attention. “In another large study of more than 11,000 eyeglass wearers
conducted recently in the UK, 47.4 percent of wearers had astigmatism of 0.75 D or
greater in at least one eye, and 24.1 percent had this amount of astigmatism in both eyes.
The prevalence of myopic astigmatism (31.7 percent) was approximately double that of
4. Soph 4
hyperopic astigmatism (15.7 percent)” (Astigmatism All About Vision). This study
proves close to half of the people in the study had astigmatism in one eye and a fourth of
the same people had the vision disorder in both. Myopic astigmatism simply means one
or both principal medians are nearsighted, and hyperopic astigmatism is when one or both
principal medians are farsighted. “According to statistics from the American Academy of
Ophthalmology, about one in every three people are affected by astigmatism.. Often,
nearsightedness or farsightednesses occur along with astigmatism. Many people who
have astigmatism are born with it, while others may develop astigmatism after an eye
injury or disease.” (Astigmatism Statistics About Astigmatism). With the growing rate of
astigmatism many specialists are beginning to conclude it has become a genetic disorder,
inheriting the curvature of the cornea from former generations. The link between
farsightedness and nearsightedness to astigmatism, however, is still unknown.
With the vision disorder progression in our upcoming generations, correction
however, is easily attainable “Almost all degrees of astigmatism can be corrected with
properly prescribed eyeglasses or contact lenses. For a person with only a slight degree of
astigmatism, corrective lenses may not be needed at all, as long as other conditions such
as nearsightedness or farsightedness are not present” (Astigmatism WebMD). The
prescription of a person’s eyewear correlates directly to the amount of astigmatism
present in their vision disorder. While contact lenses are generally preferred, in some
cases, usually in children, they are not attainable due to the seriousness of the
astigmatism. “Astigmatism can also be corrected by reshaping the cornea using a highly
focused laser beam of light. Two commonly used procedures are photorefractive
5. Soph 5
keratectomy (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)” (Astigmatism American
Optometric Association). LASIK eye surgery is the one most commonly used by doctors
and this surgery also gives patients better outcomes. However, children cannot partake in
this procedure, for it is only for adults whose eyes have stopped developing. “Gas
permeable contact lenses also correct astigmatism. Because these lenses are rigid and
optically replace the cornea as the refracting surface of the eye, a cylinder power and axis
may or may not be needed, depending on the type and severity of astigmatism correction
required” (Astigmatism All About Vision). Gas permeable lenses also cannot be used for
patients who have irritable eyes, due to the amount of discomfort brought on by the
plastic-like middle of the contact. These contacts, however, are more accurate and precise
and make it perfect vision easier attainable.
Astigmatism is one of the most prevalent eye disorders, taking place in one and
six Americans. While its prevalence is still a mystery, the vision disorder itself is not,
being one of the most understood eye disorders in ophthalmology and optometry.
Occurring in millions of people, astigmatism’s common symptoms, causes, prevalence
and correction have weaved their way into many American genetics affecting their
vision. As the disease progresses into the future, its understandings and treatments can
only progress as well.
6. Works Cited
Angela, Woodward. “Behavioral Optometry .” The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative
Medicine. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 Oct. 2011.
Answers.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
“Astigmatism.” All About Vision. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
“Astigmatism.” American Optometric Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
“Astigmatism.” MayoClinic. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
“Astigmatism.” PubMed Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
“Astigmatism.” WebMD. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
Lohr, John. “Astigmatism .” The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct.
2011.
Newton, David, and Donna Olendorf. “Vision Disorders.” Gale. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
“Statistics about Astigmatism .” RightDiagnosis. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.