This document discusses pediatric cataract surgery, including:
- General anesthesia considerations like NPO guidelines and ensuring adequate depth of anesthesia.
- Anatomy differences in pediatric eyes like elastic anterior capsules and increased vitreous pressure.
- Surgical techniques like corneal or scleral incisions, anterior capsulorrhexis using cystotome or vitrector, aspiration of soft lenses, and decisions around posterior capsulotomy and vitrectomy.
- Intraocular lens considerations regarding age cutoffs, formula accuracy, targeting emmetropia or mild hyperopia, and material choices.
Visual rehabilitation after pediatric cataract surgery Anuradha Chandra
Cataract surgery in a child is only a beginning to the long way of rehabilitating the child and helping the baby to learn to see and recognize and adjust to the world.
Lecture to be given to St Jude Catholic Schools Alumni Association 28 Aug 2021, talking about Kids Eye Health this pandemic, specifically discussing digital eye strain, myopia, and myths about kids' eye health
Visual rehabilitation after pediatric cataract surgery Anuradha Chandra
Cataract surgery in a child is only a beginning to the long way of rehabilitating the child and helping the baby to learn to see and recognize and adjust to the world.
Lecture to be given to St Jude Catholic Schools Alumni Association 28 Aug 2021, talking about Kids Eye Health this pandemic, specifically discussing digital eye strain, myopia, and myths about kids' eye health
Case presentation-congenital & developmental cataractSivarathana
this case presentation is about congenital & developmental cataract, which is seen by me in our routine camp.and in this discussion many of things were dealt only theoretically not practically the case was seen in a camp as well.
approach and management of congenital cataractDrBabu Meena
This to teach about approach and adequate management of the congenital cataract. This presentation highlights the common casues of the congenital cataract. Early treatment prevents amblyopia. Delayed causes loss of vision.
Cataract management in children from optometrist perspectiveAnis Suzanna Mohamad
Congenital and childhood cataracts are uncommon but regularly seen in the clinics of most paediatric ophthalmology teams in the UK. They are often associated with profound visual loss and a large proportion have a genetic aetiology, some with significant extra-ocular comorbidities. Optimal diagnosis and treatment typically require close collaboration within multidisciplinary teams. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. A variety of surgical techniques, timings of intervention and options for optical correction have been advocated making management seem complex for those seeing affected children infrequently.
Exercise Set for prescribing eyeglasses in children. Given at the Clinical and Surgical Course Lecture Series featuring Pediatric Ophthalmology, given at Sentro Oftalmologico Jose Rizal, Philippine General Hospital, May 7, 2017
Zonular cataract is one of the predominant congenital cataract. In this presentation we see its definition, pathology, risk factors, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis. A cataract is an opacification of the lens. Congenital cataracts are also the most frequent cause of leukocoria (white pupil) in children
This slide presentation is about how to manage paediatrics patients with eye problem that cannot be corrected with glasses. For instance, in aphakic patients, aniridia, albinism and others. Take a look and get information regarding this topic.
http://igolenses.co.uk
This short US paper reviews the evidence of clinical trials conducted to date where short-sighted children have undergone Overnight Vision Correction (OVC) treatment and tries to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of the treatment in slowing down or halting the further development of short-sightedness as well as in terms of the safety risks - if any - associated with OVC.
This presentation include what are the pre-assessment required for fitting Contact lens in children and process of insertion and removal with a small knowledge about different lens that we can use for pediatric Contact lens
Lecture given during the Clinical and Surgical Course Lecture Series featuring Pediatric Ophthalmology, given at Sentro Oftalmologico Jose Rizal, Philippine General Hospital, May 7, 2017
Case presentation-congenital & developmental cataractSivarathana
this case presentation is about congenital & developmental cataract, which is seen by me in our routine camp.and in this discussion many of things were dealt only theoretically not practically the case was seen in a camp as well.
approach and management of congenital cataractDrBabu Meena
This to teach about approach and adequate management of the congenital cataract. This presentation highlights the common casues of the congenital cataract. Early treatment prevents amblyopia. Delayed causes loss of vision.
Cataract management in children from optometrist perspectiveAnis Suzanna Mohamad
Congenital and childhood cataracts are uncommon but regularly seen in the clinics of most paediatric ophthalmology teams in the UK. They are often associated with profound visual loss and a large proportion have a genetic aetiology, some with significant extra-ocular comorbidities. Optimal diagnosis and treatment typically require close collaboration within multidisciplinary teams. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. A variety of surgical techniques, timings of intervention and options for optical correction have been advocated making management seem complex for those seeing affected children infrequently.
Exercise Set for prescribing eyeglasses in children. Given at the Clinical and Surgical Course Lecture Series featuring Pediatric Ophthalmology, given at Sentro Oftalmologico Jose Rizal, Philippine General Hospital, May 7, 2017
Zonular cataract is one of the predominant congenital cataract. In this presentation we see its definition, pathology, risk factors, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis. A cataract is an opacification of the lens. Congenital cataracts are also the most frequent cause of leukocoria (white pupil) in children
This slide presentation is about how to manage paediatrics patients with eye problem that cannot be corrected with glasses. For instance, in aphakic patients, aniridia, albinism and others. Take a look and get information regarding this topic.
http://igolenses.co.uk
This short US paper reviews the evidence of clinical trials conducted to date where short-sighted children have undergone Overnight Vision Correction (OVC) treatment and tries to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of the treatment in slowing down or halting the further development of short-sightedness as well as in terms of the safety risks - if any - associated with OVC.
This presentation include what are the pre-assessment required for fitting Contact lens in children and process of insertion and removal with a small knowledge about different lens that we can use for pediatric Contact lens
Lecture given during the Clinical and Surgical Course Lecture Series featuring Pediatric Ophthalmology, given at Sentro Oftalmologico Jose Rizal, Philippine General Hospital, May 7, 2017
The introduction of canaloplasty into the glaucoma surgical armamentarium was motivated by the desire of clinicians to enhance the quality of patients’ glaucoma care. Patients’ long-term adherence to topical glaucoma medical therapy is well known to be relatively poor. Laser therapy offers a safe alternative to medical therapy but often still requires the addition of topical medication. Traditionally, glaucoma filtration surgery has been reserved for more advanced, uncontrolled glaucoma for obvious reasons. Despite its definite role in glaucoma care, patients undergoing standard trabeculectomy are at significant risk for the development of postoperative infection, cataract, hypotony, bleb dysesthesia, astigmatism, and decreased visual acuity. These potential complications have driven surgeons to pursue surgical alternatives. Canaloplasty is a well-established procedure that has, for the past 3 years, demonstrated impressive efficacy and safety in peer-reviewed prospective studies. Despite growing evidence of its value and increasing performance of the procedure by ophthalmologists all over the world, misconceptions regarding its long-term efficacy as well as challenges in its adoption, surgical
technique, and patient selection persist. Several experienced and leading surgeons share their experiences and pearls for optimizing success with canaloplasty.
— Steven D. Vold, MD
3a ddh open reduction principles & protocolsAnisuddin Bhatti
Prof. Anisuddin Bhatti, Paeds Orthopaedic surgeon, Dr. Ziauddin University Hospital Clifton Karachi, Pakistan, delivered lecture on Developmental Dysplastic Hips Treatment principles, protocols and procedures on 21.11.2020. he elaborated on principles /protocols of Open reduction. elaborated in detail on Catteral test of stability, Salters osteomy & Pemberton Osteotomy.He also gave example of disaster if principles of open reduction are violated.this lecture series on DDH was mostly for trainees and young Orthop surgeons.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Fran Lockie, a Paediatric Emergency and retrieval specialist, gives an update on paediatric resuscitation. This talk was given at the Bedside Critical Care Conference 2012 on Daydream Island.
Ocular hypotony following reenclavation of a partially dislocated (disenclavated) retropupillary iris-clipped intraocular lens in a child with Marfan Syndrome was presented and won best paper in the Pediatric Ophthalmology and Genetics Category at the 6th Asean Ophthalmology Congress in conjunction with the Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Convention, October 2023, SMX Convention Center, Pasay City, Philippines.
Reenclavation of a partially disenclavated retropupillary iris-clipped intraocular lens in a child with Marfan Syndrome. Slide deck was the basis of an e-poster presented at the 6th Asean Ophthalmology Congress in conjunction with the Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Convention held at the SMX Convention Center, Pasay City, MetroManila, Philippines October 2023.
A meta-analysis on the use of atropine for myopia control was presented at the online joint meeting of the Israel Society of Ophthalmology and the Manila Doctors Hospital Department of Ophthalmology, January 2022
Preferred Patterns in Myopia Control (Philippines) was presented at the online conference dedicated to Myopia: Challenges and New Treatment Methods, June 9, 2023, organized by the Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Poland, Okulistyka 21, etc.
Social Media and the Ophthalmologist was presented at the Makati Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology Post Graduate Course: More than Meets the Eye: Ethics and Professionalism in Ophthalmology, August 2023, Makati Medical Center, Makati Metro Manila, Philippines
Creating a social media policy for the Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology was presented at the Asia-Pacifice Bioethics Network (APBEN) Congress 2023 Manila, held at the Henry Sy Auditorium, St. Luke's Global City, Taguig, MetroManila, Philippines, June 2023
Strabismus surgeries for cranial nerve palsies. Presented at the 27th Postgraduate Course of the St Luke's International Eye Institute: "Naughty or Neyes: Comparing Old and New Techniques", Henry Sy Auditorium, St Luke's Global City, Taguig, Metro Manila, December 2, 2023
Presented at the 6th Asean Ophthalmology Congress in conjunction with the Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Convention, SMX Convention Center, Pasay City, Philippines, October 2023
Actual e-poster presented at the 6th Asean Ophthalmology Congress in conjunction with the Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Convention, SMX Convention Center, Pasay City, MetroManila, Philippines, October 2023
A lay forum lecture about digital eye strain, dry eye disease in children, myopia and stopping myopia, other refractive errors, common causes of eye consults, some eye myths, the truth about blue light filter in glasses, and a little bit about presbyopia and cataract for parents of Xavier School Nuvali, July 31, 2022
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
4. Problems
• Amblyopia
• Reopacification of
ocular media
• Anisometropia
• Aneisokonia
• Propensity for
inflammation
• Different anatomy
• Growing eyeball
• Changing refraction
ME Wilson et al. 2012
6. General Anesthesia: Preop Preparation
• NPO 6 hours
• now clear liquids 2-3 h before surgery
• Better parent acceptance
• Less patient anxiety
Dancy LS, Wallace CT, In Wilson et al 2005 Pediatric Cataract Surgery.
7. General Anesthesia: Adequate Depth
Laryngeal mask
Endotracheal Tube
Intramuscular /
Intravenous sedation
e.g. ketamine, propofol
• Lower vitreous pressure
• Less Bell’s Phenomenon
9. ANATOMY
• Pupil
• Cornea with reduced rigidity
• Thin sclera with reduced rigidity
• Anterior capsule elastic
• No hard nucleus
• Increased vitreous pressure
10. Pediatric Pupil
• Newborn to first year of life miotic
• Dilates poorly
• Too much dilating drops in leaky
blood ocular barrier = corneal haze
• Poorly developed dilator muscle
• Superviscous and viscous cohesive
OVD adjunct to mydriasis.
11. SURGERY: INCISION
• Corneal tunnel
– Conjunctiva undisturbed
– Near the limbus for maximum healing
– Sutured with 10-0 synthetic absorbable
• Scleral tunnel
– 2-2.5mm from the limbus into clear cornea
– Preferred for rigid IOL
– Enlarged for IOL
– Sutured with 9-0 synthetic absorbable
ME Wilson et al. Cataract Surgery in Children, Trends and Controversies.
http://www.aapos.org/client_data/files/2012/479_wilsonhandout.pdf Accessed August 23, 2015.
http://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/
http://www.feather.co.jp
12. SURGERY: LOCATION OF INCISION
• Superior incision
– Wound protected by upper lid and Bell’s
– Deep set orbits and overhanging brows not
factors
– Flat nose bridge makes it easier
• Temporal incision
– More space (just like adults)
– But easily traumatized in children
– Patients w against the rule astigmatism ?
– Achieve preoperative astigmatism in 1 month
regardless
ME Wilson et al. Cataract Surgery in Children, Trends and Controversies.
http://www.aapos.org/client_data/files/2012/479_wilsonhandout.pdf Accessed August 23, 2015.
13. Tunnel Incisions
• Do not self seal in children
– Children less than 11, not water tight
– Especially if combined with anterior vitrectomy
– Low corneoscleral rigidity
Basti S, Krishnamachary M, Gupta S. Results of sutureless wound construction in children undergoing cataract extraction. J POS
1996;l33:52-54
http://www.eyeworld.org
14. SURGERY
• Anterior chamber collapse
– Create snug fit for instruments
– Bimanual AC former and separate
aspiration if available
– appropriate gauge MVR blade
– High irrigation setting
ME Wilson et al. Cataract Surgery in Children, Trends and Controversies.
http://www.aapos.org/client_data/files/2012/479_wilsonhandout.pdf Accessed August 23, 2015.
15. SURGERY: ANTERIOR CAPSULORHEXIS
• Highly elastic Anterior Capsule
• Staining the AC: ICG, Trypan Blue
• High viscosity of OVD
• Flatten the anterior capsule
• Leading with a cystotome
• Capsulorrhexis: CCC
ME Wilson et al. Cataract Surgery in Children, Trends and Controversies.
http://www.aapos.org/client_data/files/2012/479_wilsonhandout.pdf Accessed August 23, 2015.
http://i.ytimg.com
16. Alternatives to
Continuous Circular Capsulorrhexis
• Nischal’s Push-pull
technique
• Vitrectorrhexis
• Use of radiofrequency
• Cut edge in very young
children remains smooth
because of capsule
elasticity
• In slightly older children,
the vitrector creates a
slightly scalloped edge
• dissecting microscope
and scanning electron
microscope have shown
that the scallops roll
outward to leave a
smooth edge.
ME Wilson et al. Cataract Surgery in Children, Trends and Controversies.
http://www.aapos.org/client_data/files/2012/479_wilsonhandout.pdf Accessed August 23, 2015.
http://www.medicalmedia.co.il
17. Vitrectorrhexis
• Venturi pump preferred over peristaltic pump
• Separate infusion port
• Snug fit of instruments
• MVRs
• AC maintainer
• No need for cystotome
• Cut rate 150-300/min
• Size smaller than optic
ME Wilson et al. Cataract Surgery in Children, Trends and Controversies.
http://www.aapos.org/client_data/files/2012/479_wilsonhandout.pdf Accessed August 23, 2015.
18. The Anterior Capsulorrhexis
• CCC (preferred > 4 years)
– Heavier viscoelastics
– Runaway rhexis common
– Done well: most resistant to tear
• Vitrectorrhexis (< 4 years)
– Easier to perform
– Next best in terms of resistance
– Runaway less common
• Radiofrequency (any age)
– Similar to vitrectorrhexis in advantage
ME Wilson et al 2012
19. SURGERY: HYDRODISSECT?
• Advantages
– Overall reduction in operative time
– Less irrigating solution used
– Facilitation of lens removal
• Vasavada AR, Trivedi RH, Apple DJ, et al. Randomized, clinical trial of multiquadrant
hydrodissection in pedia- tric cataract surgery. AJO. 2003;135:84-88
• Disadvantages
– Extension of tears if not CCC
– PC rupture in posterior lenticonus and
posterior polar cataracts
ME Wilson et al. Cataract Surgery in Children, Trends and Controversies.
http://www.aapos.org/client_data/files/2012/479_wilsonhandout.pdf Accessed August 23, 2015.
20. SURGERY: LENS REMOVAL
• Soft nucleus/cortex but gummy
• Aspiration for most
• Occasional bursts for ‘gummy”
lens material
ME Wilson et al. Cataract Surgery in Children, Trends and Controversies.
http://www.aapos.org/client_data/files/2012/479_wilsonhandout.pdf Accessed August 23, 2015.
21. SURGERY: POSTERIOR CAPSULE & VITREOUS
• Primary posterior capsulotomy & small
anterior vitrectomy
– Reduce need for 2nd surgery
– Visual axis clearer, longer
– Nd:Yag difficult in pediatric age group
• Disadvantages
– Vitreous violated
– More surgery, more inflammation
– Does not guarantee prevention of
reopacification
ME Wilson et al. Cataract Surgery in Children, Trends and Controversies.
http://www.aapos.org/client_data/files/2012/479_wilsonhandout.pdf Accessed August 23, 2015.
Mousa HG. Slideshare.net
22. General Rules
<5
• Primary posterior capsulotomy
• Vitrectomy
5-8
• Primary posterior capsulotomy
• With or without vitrectomy
>8
• Intact posterior capsule
ME Wilson et al. Cataract Surgery in Children, Trends and Controversies.
http://www.aapos.org/client_data/files/2012/479_wilsonhandout.pdf Accessed August 23, 2015.
23. SURGERY: VITRECTOMY APPROACH
• Anterior Chamber
– Tilts the IOL
• Pars plana/plicata
– Preserves IOL position
– Pars plana varies
– Risk of dialysis and retinal
detachment
25. The Pediatric Pars Plana
Age Nasal Temporal
< 6 mos 2.2 mm 2.5 mm
6-12 mos 2.7 3.0
1-2 yrs 3.0 3.1
2-6 yrs 3.2 3.8
• Temporal ciliary body longer than nasal
Aiello AL, Tran VT, Rao NA, 1992
26. The Pediatric Pars Plana & Sclerotomy site
Pediatric Pars Plana
Age Nasal Temporal
< 6 mos 2.2 mm 2.5 mm
6-12
mos
2.7 3.0
1-2 yrs 3.0 3.1
2-6 yrs 3.2 3.8
Sclerotomy Site
Aiello AL, Tran VT, Rao NA, 1992
Age Trivedi &
Wilson
< 1 yr </= 2mm
1-4 y 2.5
>4 y 3.0
2-6 yrs 3.2
Trivedi and Wilson 2005, in Wilson et al
Pediatric Cataract Surgery
27. Pars Plana Growth
• Most
rapid
growth
26-35
wks
• 1.87mm
• (0.9-
2.8mm)
40
wks
> 3 mm
62
wks
PPV safe only after
62 wks post conception?
Trivedi and Wilson 2005, in Wilson et al
Pediatric Cataract Surgery
28. Nd:YAG in the OR
• Reopacification rate high
• Especially if unable to treat
anterior vitreous face
• Cost
• Availability of YAG laser
mounted on operative
microscope
• Need for general anesthesia
Trivedi and Wilson 2005, in Wilson et al
Pediatric Cataract Surgery
Photo fr. Wilson ME
29. RESPECT FOR THE VITREOUS
• Nick the PC with a needle cystotome
• Push vitreous with heavy viscoelastic
• Proceed with PCCC or vitrectorrhexis
• Leave vitreous intact
• May or may not aspirate OVD
30. SURGERY: PRIMARY IOL ISSUES
• Age
• To implant or not to implant?
• IOL formula to use?
• Target refraction
• Type of IOL to use
• IOL placement?
31. SURGERY: PRIMARY IOL ISSUE: AGE
• “General consensus IOL for most
older children
• IOL implantation during the first
year of life still questioned
• 6 mos or younger: CAUTION
Wilson 1996
Trivedi et al 2004
Infant Aphakia Treatment Study Group 2010
32. Minimize Calculation Errors
• Get a good keratometry
reading
• Get a good axial length
determination
• Get a good ultrasound
• Get a good biometry
• Even if you have to put the
patient under general
anesthesia
http://www.aitindustries.com
33. SURGERY: PRIMARY IOL ISSUE: IOL FORMULA
IOL
Power
SRKII
SRK-T Holladay
HofferQ
ACCURACY?
34. Accuracy of IOL Formulas
• 4 formulas studied: SRK II, SRK-T, Holladay, HofferQ
• No significant difference in accuracy
• Average postop error 1.2-1.4D in all formulas
• high degree of variability
– SRK II being the least variable
– Hoffer Q being the most variable,
– particularly among the youngest group of children with the
axial lengths less than 19 mm
NeelyDE, PlagerDA, BorgerSM, GolubRL. Accuracy of intraocular lens calculations in infants and children
undergoing cataract surgery. J AAPOS. 2005;9(2)160–165.
Andreo LK, Wilson ME, Saunders RA. Predictive value of regression and theoretical IOL formula in pediatric intraouclar lens
implantation. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1997; 34: 240-243..
35. Accuracy of IOL Formulas
Prediction Error vs. Desired Refraction
Age at Surgery
Axial Length
NeelyDE, PlagerDA, BorgerSM, GolubRL. Accuracy of intraocular lens calculations in infants and children
undergoing cataract surgery. J AAPOS. 2005;9(2)160–165.
36. SURGERY: PRIMARY IOL ISSUE: TARGET REFRACTION
• Emmetropia in early childhood
– Myopic shift
– Less anisometropia
• Hyperopia
– Mild to Moderate for ages 2-8 years
– Amblyogenic
– Less problems with myopic shift
ME Wilson et al. Cataract Surgery in Children, Trends and Controversies.
http://www.aapos.org/client_data/files/2012/479_wilsonhandout.pdf Accessed August 23, 2015.
37. IOL Power Selection
AGE (Years) Target
Refraction
7 0 to +0.50
6 +1.00
5 +2.00
4 +3.00
3 +4.00
2 +5.00
Weigh:
• Refraction of other eye
• Risk of amblyopia
• Ease of management of
induced anisometropia
38. SURGERY: PRIMARY IOL ISSUE: IOL PLACEMENT
• In-the-bag (e.g. ALCON SN60 IQ,
Rayner Cflex IOL)
• Sulcus placement
– PMMA avoids decentration (e.g. ALCON
MC 60-BM)
– Rayner Cflex IOL
– 3 pc foldable acrylic (e.g.) Acrysof MA 60
• Attempt optic capture through AC +/- PC
• Haptic in Sulcus, IOL Optic Capture
thru PCC
ME Wilson et al 2012, Faramarzi et al 2009,
http://www.eye.uci.edu/pix/cataractsurger
y.jpg
39. SURGERY: PRIMARY IOL ISSUE: IOL MATERIAL
ALCON Acrysof PMMA
ME Wilson et al 2012
• Proliferative
• Progress more slowly
• Less visually significant
• 2nd surgery less likely
• If Nd:YAG single
sessions
• Fibrous
• Progress faster
• More visually significant
• 2nd surgery likely
• Reopacification =
repeated Nd:YAG
40. Multifocal & Accommodating IOL
• Not recommended when a primary
posterior capsulotomy and vitrectomy done
• 2 or more images formed at the retina:
immature visual system will choose 1;
alternating vision between near image or
distant image
• Loss of contrast sensitivity
• Eye growth and amblyopia
• Myopia with eye growth
• Deserves further study at this time
ME Wilson et al. Cataract Surgery in Children, Trends and Controversies.
http://www.aapos.org/client_data/files/2012/479_wilsonhandout.pdf Accessed August 23, 2015.
41. SURGERY: SECONDARY IOL PLACEMENT?
Majority of patients with Primary Posterior
Capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy
• In the bag PCIOL: reopen bag, viscodissection
• Sulcus PCIOL: PMMA vs 3-pc acrylic
• ACIOL
– 3 pc acrylic transpupillary capture of IOL, haptics in
sulcus
– Artisan lens
• Retropupillary fixation of Iris Fixated IOL (Mohr)
• Transcleral?? As a last resort???
Wilson et al 2012, Wilson et al 2009, Trivedi et al 2005, Wilson et al 2011, Buckley 2007
42. Transcleral Sutured IOL
• Age dependent myopic shift
• 3/33 subluxed IOL
– 10-0 prolene suture spontaneous breakage
• 3.5, 8, 9 years
– Survey of 10 pediatric ophthalmologist:
• 10 cases at average 5 years
Buckley EG. Hanging by a thread: the long-term efficacy and safety of transcleral sutured IOL in children (an
AOS thesis). Trans AOS. 2007;105:294-311
43. Transcleral Sutured IOL
Buckley EG. Hanging by a thread: the long-term efficacy and safety of transcleral sutured IOL in children (an
AOS thesis). Trans AOS. 2007;105:294-311
Conclusion
• appears to be a safe and effective
procedure
• provided that the suture material
used is stable enough to resist
significant degradation over time.
• caution with 10-0 polypropylene
suture
• an alternative material or size
should be considered.http://vignette3.wikia.nocookie.net
44. MY PREFERENCE
• Incision corneal, near limbus
• Anterior capsulotomy CCC or vitrectorrhexis
• Lens removal no hydrodissection, no hydrodelineation
• Posterior capsule primary capsulotomy if no IOL
• Vitreous preserve whenever possible
Patient
Surgery
Visual
Rehab
45. When I can’t do biometry:
Axial Length from UTZ
• Capozzi P, et al. Corneal curvature and axial length
values in children with congenital infantile cataract in
the first 42 months of life. Investigative Ophthalmol Vis
Sci 2008; 49: 11. 4774-4778.
• Trivedi RH, Wilson M. Keratometry in Pediatric Eyes
With Cataract. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(1):38-42.
doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2007.22.
• Gordon RA, Donzis PB. Refractive development of the
human eye. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:785-789
47. One hundred years from now,
It doesn’t matter what kind of house I lived in,
How much money I had,
What positions I held,
Or what my clothes were like.
But the world may be a little better,
Because I was important in the life of a child.
-Anonymous
48. References
1. ME Wilson et al. Cataract Surgery in Children, Trends and Controversies. http://www.aapos.org/client_data/files/2012/479_wilsonhandout.pdf
Accessed August 23, 2015.
2. Vasavada AR, Trivedi RH, Apple DJ, et al. Randomized, clinical trial of multiquadrant hydrodissection in pedia- tric cataract surgery. AJO. 2003;135:84-
88
3. Basti S, Krishnamachary M, Gupta S. Results of sutureless wound construction in children undergoing cataract extraction. J POS 1996;l33:52-
54
4. BuckleyEG.Hangingbyathread:thelong-termefficacy and safety of transcleral sutured IOL in children (an AOS thesis). Trans
AOS. 2007;105:294-311
5. Infant Aphakia Treatment Study Group. A randomized clini- cal trial comparing contact lens with intraocular lens correction
of monocular aphakia during infancy: grating acuity and adverse events at age 1 year. Arch Oph- thalmol. 2010;128:810-8.
6. Faramarzi A, Javadi MA. Comparison of 2 techniques of intraocular lens implantation in pediatric cataract sur- gery. J
Cataract Refract Surg. 2009;35:1040-5. WilsonMEJr,EnglertJA,GreenwaldMJ.In-the-bagsec- ondary intraocular lens
implantation in children. J AAPOS. 1999;3:350-5
7. TrivediRH,WilsonME,FaccianiJ.Secondaryintraocular lens implantation for pediatric aphakia. J AAPOS 2005;9:346-52
8. WilsonME,HafezGA,TrivediRH.Secondaryin-the-bag IOL implantation in children who have been aphakic since early infancy. J
AAPOS 2011;15:162-6
9. Andreo LK, Wilson ME, Saunders RA. Predictive value of regression and theoretical IOL formula in pediatric intraouclar lens
implantation. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1997; 34: 240-243..
10. NeelyDE, PlagerDA, BorgerSM, GolubRL. Accuracy of intraocular lens calculations in infants and children undergoing cataract
surgery. J AAPOS. 2005;9(2)160–165.
11. Moore DB, Zion IB, Neely et al. Accuracy of biometry in pediatric cataract extraction with primary intraocular lens
implantation. J Cat Refract Surg 2008; 34 (11): 1940-1947.
12. Wilson ME, Trivedi RH, Pandey SK. Pediatric Cataract Surgery, Techniques, Complications and Management. PA, Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
13. Aiello AL, Tran VT, Rao NA. Postnatal development of the ciliary body and pars plana. A morphometric study in childhood.
Arch Ophthalmol 1992; 110: 802-805.