seminar report on milimeter waves. computer science and engineering department, compulsory semester end seminar report.

1. SEMINAR REPORT
ON
MILIMETER WAVES
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SUBMITTED BY:
AASHISH GUPTA
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
ER. PANKAJ KUMAR
ER. ANSHU SINGH
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW
LUCKNOW

2. 1
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the seminar work entitled “…………….Millimeter waves………..” is a
bona fide work carried out in six semester by “…………Aashish Gupta…………” in
partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and
Engineering from Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow
during the academic year 2020-2021.
Signature
Er. Pankaj Kumar
(Seminar co-ordinator)

3. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the almighty, for his showers of blessings
throughout my research work to complete the seminar successfully. I would like to express
my deep and sincere gratitude to my seminar supervisors, Er. Pankaj Kumar, M. Tech,
Assistant Professor and Er. Anshu Singh, M. Tech, Assistant Professor, for giving me the
opportunity to do the research and providing invaluable guidance throughout this research.
Their dynamism, vision, sincerity and motivation have deeply inspired me. They have taught
me the methodology to carry out the seminar research and to present the seminar as clearly as
possible. It was a great privilege and honor to work and study under their guidance. I would
like to thank my In-charge, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, for providing
such prolific research works in our curriculum which helps in our growth as an Engineer as
well as an individual. I am privileged to have such a dedicated team of faculty in our
department, who help the students in their development in an unbiased and friendly way. I am
extremely grateful to my parents for their love, prayers, caring and sacrifices for educating
and preparing me for my future. I am very thankful to my friends and colleagues for their
keen interest shown to complete this seminar successfully.

4. 3
ABSTRACT
The bandwidth shortage experienced by wireless communication has motivated
the use of the under-utilized millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum for future
5G broadband mobile communication networks. Successful deployment of
mmWave mobile communication systems requires sufficient knowledge of the
mmWave propagation channel. This paper discusses the characteristics of the
mmWave propagation channel, and highlights the main challenges, solutions
and benefits associated with the use of mmWaves. The paper also discusses
some open research topics that are crucial for the development of 5G mmWave
mobile communications.

5. 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................5
LITERATURE SURVEY.......................................................7
First-Generation Systems (1G):............................................7
Second Generation Systems (2G):........................................7
Third Generation Systems (3G):...........................................7
Fourth Generation Systems (4G):.........................................8
4G-LTE advanced: ...............................................................8
FIFTH GENERATION (5G) WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION............................................................12
AN INTRODUCTION TO MILLIMETER (mm)WAVE
TECHNOLOGY ...................................................................15
ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS OF MILLIMETER
WAVE ..................................................................................26
CONCLUSION.....................................................................27
REFERENCES .....................................................................28

6. 5
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The rapid increase of mobile data growth and the use of smart phones are creating
unprecedented challenges for wireless service providers to overcome a global bandwidth
shortage. As today's cellular providers attempt to deliver high quality, low latency video
and multimedia applications for wireless devices, they are limited to a carrier frequency
spectrum ranging between 700 MHz and 2.6 GHz.
The global spectrum bandwidth allocation for all cellular technologies does not
exceed 780 MHz, where each major wireless provider has approximately 200 MHz across
all of the different cellular bands of spectrum available to them. Servicing legacy users
with older inefficient cell phones as well as customers with newer smart phones requires
simultaneous management of multiple technologies in the same band-limited spectrum.
Currently, allotted spectrum for operators is dissected into disjoint frequency bands, each
of which possesses different radio networks with different propagation characteristics and
building penetration losses. This means that base station designs must service many
different bands with different cell sites, where each site has multiple base stations (one for
each frequency or technology usage e.g. third generation (3G), fourth generation (4G),
and Long Term Evolution - Advanced (LTE-A)).
To procure new spectrum, it can take a decade of administration through
regulatory bodies such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the U.S.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC). When spectrum is finally licensed,
incumbent users must be moved off the spectrum, causing further delays and increasing
costs.
The need for high-speed connectivity is a common denominator as we look ahead
to next generations of networks. Achieving 24/7 access to, and sharing of, all our “stuff”
requires that we continue on our current path: going far beyond simple voice and data
services, and moving to a future state of “everything everywhere and always connected”.
Today, as the provisioning and take-up of data services, and the types of
connected devices, on both fixed-line and mobile networks continues to increase
exponentially, the rules of network provisioning need to be re-written. Data services are
by their nature discontinuous. Moving to packet rather than circuit-based service delivery

7. 6
allows more users to share the same resource even though the overhead associated with
directing the data becomes more complex. As fixed-line network infrastructures have
moved from copper to the virtually-limitless capacity of fiber, this packet delivery
overhead has not been an issue.
Successive advances in mobile network technology and system specifications
have provided higher cell capacity and consequent improvements in single user data rate.
The Increases in data rate have come courtesy of increased computing power, and
increased modulation density made possible by better components, particularly in the area
of digital receivers.
In all this, there is one certainty that must be considered “wireless spectrum is
limited”. In the long run, this must mean only those connections which MUST be mobile
should be wireless. We’re already seeing the rise of television and radio services
delivered over the internet, today’s Wi-Fi offload becomes the starting point for the norm
of tomorrow, freeing up cellular system capacity to give mobile users the best possible
service.
In the mobile world, capacity gains come essentially from three variables: more
spectrum, better efficiency and better frequency re-use through progressively smaller cell
size. However, with mobile data consumption currently forecast to almost double year-
on-year for the next five years, the network operators maintain they will struggle to meet
long-term demand without even more spectrum. Freeing up frequency bands currently
used for other systems will become a major priority.
Mobile broadband networks need to support ever-growing consumer data rate
demands and will need to tackle the exponential increase in the predicted traffic volumes.
An efficient radio access technology combined with more spectrum availability is
essential to achieve the ongoing demands faced by wireless carriers.
In this report, how millimeter wave can be used for 5G cellular is presented. In this
article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz
spectrum for mobile broadband applications. Discuss propagation and device technology
challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile
communication. And introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a
candidate for next generation mobile communication system. And show the feasibility for
MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile
environment.

8. 7
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
To date, four generations of cellular communication systems have been adopted
worldwide with each new mobile generation emerging every 10 years or so since around
1980: first generation analog FM cellular systems in 1981; second generation digital
technology in 1992, 3G in 2001, and 4G LTE-A in 2011.
Review of Previous Fourth Generations Systems:-
First-Generation Systems (1G):
The 1st generation was pioneered for voice service in early 1980‘s, where almost
all of them were analog systems using the frequency modulation technique for radio
transmission using frequency division multiple access (FDMA) with channel capacity of
30 KHz and frequency band was 824-894 MHz, which was based on a technology known
as Advance Mobile Phone Service (AMPS).
Second Generation Systems (2G):
The 2nd generation was accomplished in later 1990’s. The 2G mobile
communication system is a digital system; this system is still mostly used in different
parts of the world. This generation mainly used for voice communication also offered
additional services such as SMS and e-mail.
In this generation two digital modulation schemes are used; one is time division
multiple access (TDMA) and the 2nd is code division multiple access (CDMA) and
frequency band is 850-1900 MHz’s. In 2G, GSM technology uses eight channels per
carrier with a gross data rate of 22.8 kbps (a net rate of 13 kbps) in the full rate channel
and a frame of 4.6 milliseconds (ms) duration .The family of this generation includes of
2G, 2.5G and 2.75G.
Third Generation Systems (3G):
Third generation (3G) services combine high speed mobile access with Internet
Protocol (IP)-based services. The main features of 3G technology include wireless web
base access, multimedia services, email, and video conferencing. The 3G W-CDMA air
interface standard had been designed for always-on packet-based wireless service, so that
computer, entertainment devices and telephones may all share the same wireless network
and be connected internet anytime, anywhere.
3G systems offer high data rates up to 2 Mbps, over 5 MHz channel carrier width,
depending on mobility/velocity, and high spectrum efficiency. The data rate supported by

9. 8
3G networks depends also on the environment the call is being made in; 144 kbps in
satellite and rural outdoor, 384 kbps in urban outdoor and 2Mbps in indoor and low range
outdoor. The frequency band is 1.8 - 2.5 GHz.
Fourth Generation Systems (4G):
4G usually refers to the successor of the 3G and 2G standards. In fact, the 3GPP is
recently standardizing LTE Advanced as future 4G standard. A 4G system may upgrade
existing communication networks and is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure
IP based solution where facilities such as voice, streamed multimedia and data will be
provided to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis and at much higher data rates
compared to previous generations.
One common characteristic of the new services to be provided by 4G is their
demanding requirements in terms of QOS. Applications such as wireless broadband
access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content
and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) are being developed to use a 4G network.
4G-LTE advanced:
LTE also referred to as LTE-Advanced, is claimed to be the true 4G evolution step.
LTE is an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based radio access
technology that supports a scalable transmission band width up to 20 MHz and
advanced multi-antenna transmission. As a key technology in supporting high
data rates in 4G systems, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) enables multi-
stream transmission for high spectrum efficiency, improved link quality, and
adaptation of radiation patterns for signal gain and interference mitigation via
adaptive beam forming using antenna arrays. The coalescence of HSPA and
LTE will increase the peak mobile data rates of the two systems, with data rates
exceeding 100 Mbps, and will also allow for optimal dynamic load balancing
between the two technologies.
Earlier releases of LTE are included as integrated parts of LTE release 10,
providing a more straightforward backwards compatibility and support of legacy
terminals, for example. The main requirement specification for LTE advanced as
approved are:
• Peak Downlink data rate: 1 Gbps, Peak Uplink data rate: 500 Mbps.
• Transmission bandwidth: Wider than approximately 70 MHz in DL and 40
MHz in UL.
• User throughput at cell edge 2 times higher than that in LTE.

10. 9
• Average user throughput is 3 times higher than that in LTE.
• Spectrum efficiency 3 times higher than that in LTE; Peak spectrum
• Efficiency downlink: 30 bps/Hz, Uplink: 15 bps/Hz.
• Mobility: Same as that in LTE.
• Coverage should be optimized or deployment in local areas/micro cell
• Environments with Inter Site Distance (ISD) up to 1 km.

11. 10
The generation
1G
2G&2.5G
3G&3.5G
4G
Access protocols
FDMA
TDMA,CDMA
CDMA 2000, W-
CDMA, HSDPA,
TD-SCDMA
OFDM
Key features
Analog, primarily
voice, less secure,
support for low bit
rate data
Digital, more secure,
voice and data
Digital, multimedia,
global roaming
across a single type
of wireless network
(for example,
cellular), limited IP
interoperability,
2Mbps to several
Mbps
Global roaming
across multiple
wireless networks,
10Mbps-100Mbps,
IP interoperability
for seamless mobile
internet
Level of evolution
Access to and
roaming across
single type of analog
wireless networks
Access to and
roaming across
single type of digital
wireless networks
and access to 1G
Access to and
roaming across
digital multimedia
wireless networks
and access to 2G and
1G
Access to and
roaming across
diverse and
heterogeneous
mobile and wireless
Broadband networks
and access to 3G,2G
and 1G
Table 2.1 Comparison of different generations in wireless communication

12. 11
Fig 2.1.0 Evolution of wireless communication

13. 12
CHAPTER 3
FIFTH GENERATION (5G) WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
As fifth generation (5G) is developed and implemented, we believe the main
differences compared to 4G will be the use of much greater spectrum allocations at
untapped mm-wave frequency bands, highly directional beam forming antennas at both
the mobile device and base station, longer battery life, lower outage probability, much
higher bit rates in larger portions of the coverage area, lower infrastructure costs, and
higher aggregate capacity for many simultaneous users in both licensed and unlicensed
spectrum (e.g. the convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular).
The backbone networks of 5G will move from copper and optic fiber to mm-wave
wireless connections, allowing rapid deployment and mesh-like connectivity with
cooperation between base stations.
5G technology has changed to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. 5G is
a packet switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high throughput. 5G
technologies use CDMA and millimeter wireless that enables speed greater than 100Mbps
at full mobility and higher than1Gbps at low mobility. The 5G technologies include all
types of advanced features which make 5G technology most powerful and in huge
demand in the near future. It is not amazing, such a huge collection of technology being
integrated into a small device. The 5G technology provides the mobile phone users more
features and efficiency. A user of mobile phone can easily hook their 5G technology
gadget with laptops or tablets to acquire broadband internet connectivity. Up till now
following features of the 5G technology have come to surface- High resolution is offered
by 5G for extreme mobile users, it also offers bidirectional huge bandwidth , higher data
rates and the finest Quality of Service (QOS) .
Now a day, all wireless and mobile networks are forwarding to all-IP principle,
that means all data and signaling will be transferred via IP (Internet Protocol) on network
layer. The purpose of the All-IP Network (AIPN) is to completely transform (“to change
in composition or structure”) the 100+ years of legacy network infrastructure into a
simplified and standardized network with a single common infrastructure for all services.
In order to implement 5G technology, Master Core technique is needed to apply
All-IP Network (AIPN) properly. Hence, the Master core is designed. The 5G Master
Core is a convergence of Parallel Multimode (PMM), Nanotechnology, Cloud

14. 13
Computing, and All IP Platform also 5G-IU technology. These technologies have their
own impacts on existing wireless networks which make them into 5G.
5G wireless networks will support 1,000-fold gains in capacity, connections for at
least 100 billion devices, and a 10 Gbps individual user experience capable of extremely
low latency and response times. Deployment of these networks will emerge between 2020
and 2030. 5G radio access will be built upon both new radio access technologies (RAT)
and evolved existing wireless technologies (LTE, HSPA, GSM and Wi-Fi).
Breakthroughs in wireless network innovation will also drive economic and societal
growth in entirely new ways. 5G will realize networks capable of providing zero-distance
connectivity between people and connected machines.
5G requirements are:-
• Immersive experience: at least 1 Gbps or more data rates to support ultra high
definition video and virtual reality applications.
• Fiber-like user experience: 10 Gbps data rates to support mobile cloud service.
• Zero latency and response times: less than one millisecond latency to support
real time mobile control and vehicle-to-vehicle applications and communications.
• Zero second switching: max 10 millisecond switching time between different
radio access technologies to ensure a consistently seamless delivery of services.
• Massive capacity and always on: current mobile network systems already
support 5 billion users; this will need to expand to also support several billions of
applications and hundreds of billions of machines.
• Energy consumption: energy-per-bit usage should be reduced by a factor of
1,000 to improve upon connected device battery life.
Advantages of using 5G:-
• 5G technology will include spectral bandwidth more than 40 MHz on frequency
channel which is a larger range than all other wireless technology systems.
• The artificial intelligence will be included in 5G technology through advance
wearable computer technology.
• Massive Distributed with Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) will be
provided by 5G which will help cut costs and make it energy-effective.
• 5G technologies may consume low battery power, provide a wide range of
coverage, cheap rate of network services and many other advantages.

15. 14
• 4G technology provides speed up to 1 GBPS internet speed and so it is possible
that 5G technology will provide more than 1 GBPS speed.
• They are more efficient, highly reliable, highly secured network.

16. 15
CHAPTER 4
AN INTRODUCTION TO MILLIMETER (mm)
WAVE TECHNOLOGY
MmWave is a promising technology for future cellular systems. Since limited
spectrum is available for commercial cellular systems, most research has focused on
increasing spectral efficiency by using OFDM, MIMO, efficient channel coding, and
interference coordination. Network densification has also been studied to increase area
spectral efficiency, including the use of heterogeneous infrastructure (macro-, Pico-,
femto cells, relays, distributed antennas) but increased spectral efficiency is not enough to
guarantee high user data rates. The alternative is more spectrum.
Millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular systems, operating in the 30-300GHz band,
above which electromagnetic radiation is considered to be low (or far) infrared light, also
referred to as terahertz radiation.
Fig 4.0.0 Millimeter wave frequency spectrum
Despite industrial research efforts to deploy the most efficient wireless
technologies possible, the wireless industry always eventually faces overwhelming
capacity demands for its currently deployed wireless technologies, brought on by the
continued advances and discoveries in computing and communications, and the
emergence of new customer handsets and use cases (such as the need to access the
internet).
This trend will occur in the coming years for 4G LTE, implying that at some point
around 2020; wireless networks will face congestion, as well as the need to implement
new technologies and architectures to properly serve the continuing demands of carriers
and customers.
The life cycle of every new generation of cellular technology is generally a decade
or less (as shown earlier), due to the natural evolution of computer and communications

17. 16
technology. Our work contemplates a wireless future where mobile data rates expand to
the multi gigabit-per-second range, made possible by the use of steerable antennas and
mm-wave spectrum that could simultaneously support mobile communications and
backhaul, with the possible convergence of cellular and Wi-Fi services.
Recent studies suggest that mm-wave frequencies could be used to augment the
currently saturated 700 MHz to 2.6 GHz radio spectrum bands for wireless
communications. The combination of cost-effective CMOS technology that can now
operate well into the mm-wave frequency bands, and high-gain, steerable antennas at the
mobile and base station, strengthens the viability of mm-wave wireless communications.
Further mm-wave carrier frequencies allow for larger bandwidth allocations, which
translate directly to higher data transfer rates.
Mm-wave spectrum would allow service providers to significantly expand the
channel bandwidths far beyond the present 20 MHz channels used by 4G customers. By
increasing the RF channel bandwidth for mobile radio channels, the data capacity is
greatly increased, while the latency for digital traffic is greatly decreased, thus supporting
much better internet based access and applications that require minimal latency. Mm-
wave frequencies, due to the much smaller wavelength, may exploit polarization and new
spatial processing techniques, such as massive MIMO and adaptive beam forming.
Given this significant jump in bandwidth and new capabilities offered by mm-
waves, the base station-to-device links, as well as backhaul links between base stations,
will be able to handle much greater capacity than today's 4G networks in highly
populated areas. Also, as operators continue to reduce cell coverage areas to exploit
spatial reuse, and implement new cooperative architectures such as cooperative MIMO,
relays, and interference mitigation between base stations, the cost per base station will
drop as they become more plentiful and more densely distributed in urban areas, making
wireless backhaul essential for flexibility, quick deployment, and reduced ongoing
operating costs. Finally, as opposed to the disjointed spectrum employed by many cellular
operators today, where the coverage distances of cell sites vary widely over three octaves
of frequency between 700 MHz and 2.6 GHz, the mm-wave spectrum will have spectral
allocations that are relatively much closer together, making the propagation
characteristics of different mm-wave bands much more comparable and ``homogenous''.
The 28 GHz and 38 GHz bands are currently available with spectrum allocations of over
1 GHz of band-width. Originally intended for Local Multipoint Distribution Service
(LMDS) use in the late 1990's, these licensees could be used for mobile cellular as well as
backhaul.

18. 17
A common myth in the wireless engineering community is that rain and
atmosphere make mm-wave spectrum useless for mobile communications. However,
when one considers the fact that today's cell sizes in urban environments are on the order
of 200 m, it becomes clear that mm-wave cellular can overcome these issues. Fig. 4.1 and
Fig. 4.2 show the rain attenuation and atmospheric absorption characteristics of mm-wave
propagation. It can be seen that for cell sizes on the order of 200 m, atmospheric
absorption does not create significant additional path loss for mm-waves, particularly at
28 GHz and 38 GHz. Only 7 dB/km of attenuation is expected due to heavy rainfall rates
of 1 inch/hr for cellular propagation at 28 GHz, which translates to only 1.4 dB of
attenuation over 200 m distance. Work by many researchers has confirmed that for small
distances (less than 1 km), rain attenuation will present a minimal effect on the
propagation of mm-waves at 28 GHz to 38 GHz for small cells.

19. 18
Fig 4.0.1 Rain attenuation in dB/km across frequency at various rainfall rates
Fig 4.0.2 Atmospheric absorption across mm-wave frequencies in dB/km

20. 19
4.1 HISTORY
Though relatively new in the world of wireless communication, the history of
millimeter wave technology goes back to the 1890’s when J.C. Bose was experimenting
with millimeter wave signals at just about the time when his contemporaries like Marconi
were Inventing radio communications.
Following Bose’s research, millimeter wave technology remained within the
confines of university and government laboratories for almost half a century. The
technology started so see its early applications in Radio Astronomy in the 1960’s,
followed by applications in the military in the 70’s. In the 80’s, the development of
millimeter-wave integrated circuits created opportunities for mass manufacturing of
millimeter wave products for commercial applications.
In 1990’s, the advent of automotive collision avoidance radar at 77 GHz marked
the first consumer oriented use of millimeter wave frequencies above 40 GHz. In 1995,
the FCC (US Federal Communications Commission) opened the spectrum between 59
and 64 GHz for unlicensed wireless communication, resulting in the development of a
plethora of broadband communication and radar equipment for commercial application.
In 2003, the FCC authorized the use of 71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz for licensed point-to-
point communication, creating a fertile ground for new of industries developing products
and services in this band.
Fig 4.1.0 J.C. Bose demonstrating millimeter wave in 1897

21. 20
4.2 BANDWIDTH, BEAM WIDTH INTERFERENCE
RESISTANCE, SECURITY
BANDWIDTH:-The main benefit that millimeter Wave technology has over RF
frequencies is the spectral bandwidth of 5GHz being available in these ranges, resulting in
current speeds of 1.25Gbps Full Duplex with potential throughput speeds of up to 10Gbps
Full Duplex being made possible. Service providers can significantly expand channel
band width way beyond 20 MHz
Once market demand increases and better modulation techniques are
implemented, spectral efficiency of the equipment will improve allowing the equipment
to meet the higher capacity demands of prospective future networks.
BEAM WIDTH INTERFERENCE RESISTANCE:-Millimeter wave signals transmit
in very narrow focused beams which allows for multiple deployments in close range
using the same frequency ranges. This allows Millimeter wave ideal for Point-to-Point
Mesh, Ring and dense Hub & Spoke network topologies where lower frequency signals
would not be able to cope before cross signal interference would become a significant
limiting factor.
The beam width is approx. 2 degree this benefit from increased interference
protection and spectrum reuse. The highly directional and narrow radiation pattern from
millimeter wave allows many transmitters to be deployed near each other without causing
troublesome interference even when they are using the same frequencies. Using cross-
polarization techniques allows even more radios to be deployed in an area, even along the
same path.
SECURITY:-Since millimeter waves have a narrow beam width and are blocked by
many solid structures they also create an inherent level of security. In order to sniff
millimeter wave radiation a receiver would have to be setup very near, or in the path of,
the radio connection. The loss of data integrity caused by a sniffing antenna provides a
detection mechanism for networks under attack. Additional measures, such as
cryptographic algorithms can be used that allow a network to be fully protected against
attack.

22. 21
Fig 4.2.0 millimeter wave beam width
4.3 ANTENNAS
Due to the recent advancements in VLSI technology it is possible to develop
circuits that work in millimeter wave frequency range. The choice of integrated circuit
(IC) technology depends on the implementation aspects and system requirements. The
former is related to the issues such as power consumption, efficiency, dynamic range,
linearity requirements, integration level, and so forth, while the later is related to the
transmission rate, cost and size, modulation scheme, transmit power, bandwidth, and so
forth.
At millimeter wave, there are three competing IC technologies, namely:
(1)Group III and IV semiconductor technology such as Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
And Indium Phosphide (InP)
(2) Silicon Germanium (SiGe) technology such as HBT and BiCMOS
(3) Silicon technology such as CMOS and BiCMOS.
There is no single technology that can simultaneously meet all the objectives
defined in the technical challenges and system requirements. For example, GaAs
technology allows fast, high gain, and low noise implementation but suffers poor
integration and expensive implementation. On the other hand, SiGe technology is a
cheaper alternative to the GaAs with comparable performance. In the first millimeter
wave fully antenna integrated SiGe chip has been demonstrated. Typically, as have been
witnessed in the past, for broad market exploitation and mass deployment, the size and
cost are the key factors that drive to the success of a particular technology.
In this regard, CMOS technology appears to be the leading candidate as it
provides low-cost and high integration solutions compared to the others at the expense of
performance degradation such as low gain, linearity constraint, poor noise, lower transit

23. 22
frequency, and lower maximum oscillation frequency. Recent advances in CMOS
technology have demonstrated the feasibility of bulk CMOS process at 130nm for 60GHz
RF building blocks, active and passive elements. More future research and investigations
in developing a fully integrated CMOS chip solution have to be performed.
Future technology should also aim at 90 nm and 65nm CMOS processes in order
to further improve the gain and lower power consumption of the devices.
Narrow beam is the key feature of millimeter wave because of this property we
can reduce fading, multipath and interference. The antenna geometry is at chip size
because they have to operate in high frequency rage.
The physical size of the antennas are so small, this becomes practical to build
complex smart antenna arrays that are steerable in nature. Further integrating them on
chip or PCB becomes more feasible. These smart array antennas are adaptive in nature.
Fig 4.3.0 Antenna array for highly directional MIMO transmission

24. 23
Fig 4.3.1 IBM mm-waves TX and Rx
Fig 4.3.2 mm-wave IC’s and PCB’s

25. 24
4.4 PROPAGATION BEHAVIOUR
Millimeter wave transmission and reception is based on the principle of line of
sight (LOS) paths. Received signal strength is relatively stronger than other directions in
line of sight (LOS) path. Line of sight path correspond to the situations where the main
lobes of the transmitter and receiver pair are positioned in a way to capture the line of
sight.
Since the beam width is narrow and the distance covered by millimeter wave is
small (approx. 200 m). Even if there are obstacles usually large objects such as buildings
blocks these LOS paths we can still use mm-wave by the principle of Non-line of sight
propagation.
Non-line of sight path propagation takes place through paths that contains asingle-
reflected signal and multiple reflected signal which will yield the best signalstrength for
the receiver.
Except for connections between fixed devices, such as a PC and its peripherals,
where non-LOS may be encountered permanently, but most cases involves portable
devices that should be able to have LOS connections because these devices can be moved
to adjust aiming.
These reflections can establish non-LOS links, but these will be still tens of dB
weaker than LOS signal, hence the data rates provided by these non-LOS links are quite
less compared to rates provided by LOS signal.
FIG. 4.4.0 LOS and non-LOS links FIG. 4.4.1 outdoor & indoor mesh

26. 25
Even if there is a non-LOS and LOS path there are path losses associated with it these
losses are given by
Path loss exponent for LOS path=2
Path loss exponent for non-LOS path =4
So, how to improve the performance is
• Incorporate directional beam forming.
• Receiver and transmitter antenna should communicate via. Main lobes to
achieve higher array gain.
• Self steerable smart antenna is required such that it adjust automatically to
achieve higher gain, hence the data rate is increased.
• Smart antenna is required to distinguish between LOS and non LOS paths
FIG 4.4.2 Performance improvements

27. 26
CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS OF MILLIMETER
WAVE
ADVANTAGES:-
• Millimeter wave’s larger bandwidth is able to provide higher transmission rate,
capability of spread spectrum and is more immune to interference.
• Extremely high frequencies allow multiple short-distance (I.e. multiple TX can be
placed in nearby location to each other) usages at the same frequency without
interfering each other.
• It requires the narrow beam width. For the same size of antenna, when the
frequency is increased, the beam width is decreased.
• It reduces hardware size, i.e. higher the frequency is, the smaller the antenna size
can be used.
LIMITATIONS:-
• Higher costs in manufacturing of greater precision hardware due to components
with smaller size.
• At extremely high frequencies, there is significant attenuation. Hence millimeter
waves can hardly be used for long distance applications.
• The penetration power of mm-wave through objects such concrete walls is known
less.
• There are interferences with oxygen & rain at higher frequencies therefore further
research is going on to reduce this.

28. 27
CONCLUSION
An overview of using Millimeter wave Mobile Communication for 5G Cellular is
presented in this paper, and how 5G Cellular systems can overcome the issues related to
the previous generations of Communication systems and evolved to be the most
promising System.
Given the worldwide need for cellular spectrum, and the relatively limited amount
of research done on mm-wave mobile communications, fact that the large bandwidth
available at millimeter wave frequencies results in very high data transmission rate; also
helps to minimize the amount of time that a node needs to stay in transmission mode; and
therefore, minimizes the possibility of its transmission being detected.
The security and reliability provided is quite huge. Hence considering all the
factors given above these millimeter wave frequencies is going to serve the future
generations of wireless communications enabling the “ALL IP” features and providing
good quality of service (QOS).
28 GHz and 38 GHz are the current frequencies that have low rainfall attenuation
& atmospheric attenuations. Further research must take place in this band and the
characteristics of other frequencies needs to be studied, the penetration power and the
range for communication needs to be further improved.

29. 28
REFERENCES
[1] T. S. Rappaport, Shu Sun, Rimma Mayzus et al ``Millimeter wave mobile
communications for 5G cellular: it will work!,'' Proc. IEEE, vol. 1, 2013, no. 10, pp.
335_349, may. 2013.
[2] T. S. Rappaport, J. N. Murdock, and F. Gutierrez, ``State of the art in 60 GHz
integrated circuits & systems for wireless communications,'' Proc.int IEEE, vol. 99, no. 8,
pp. 1390_1436, Aug. 2011.
[3] M. Cudak, A. Ghosh, T. Kovarik, R. Ratasuk, T. Thomas, F. Vook, and P. Moorut,
``Moving towards mmwave-based beyond-4G (B-4G) Technology,'' in Proc. IEEE Veh.
Technol. Soc. Conf., 2013, pp. 1_17.
[4] Y. Chen, S. De, R. Kernchen, and K. Moessner, ``Device discovery in future service
platforms through SIP,'' in Proc. IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf., Sep. 2012, pp. 1_5.
URL’s:
[5]http://www.cablinginstall.com/articles/2013/12/millimeter-wave-article.html
[6]http://nsn.com/news-events/insight-newsletter/articles/5g-ultra-wideband-enhanced-
local-area-systems-at-millimeter-wave
[7]http://global.samsungtomorrow.com/?p=24093
[8] http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_Sun_MobileIP.htm
[9] http://www.athenawave.com/products/about-millimeter-wave
[10] http://www.profheath.org/hot-topics/millimeter-wave-cellular-systems