1. Semantic Web Services (Standards, Monitoring, Testing and Security) Department of Engineering-Information Technology Presented by : Reza Ghanbari 2010

2. Outline Introduction of Web Service Semantic Web Services Introduction Life Cycle Foundation Standards of Web Service HTTP WSDL SOAP UDDI Foundation Standards of Semantic Web Service OWL-S OWL-S Virtual Machine Monitoring of Semantic Web Service Security of Semantic Web Service Message Level Protection Message Privacy Parameter Checking Authentication Authorization Conclusion of Semantic Web Services References

4. Loosely coupled, reusable components

5. Encapsulate discrete functionality

6. Distributed

8. Problems of Web Services Descriptions are syntactic It says nothing (in machine - interpretable form) about what the software system does, or what sequence of messages is used to interact with it. All tasks associated with web services application development have to be carried out by humans like discovery, composition and invocation Problems of scalability

9. Vision of Semantic Web Services

10. Semantic Web Services Semantic Web Technology Machine readable data Ontological basis Applied to Web Services Technology Reusable computational resources To automate all aspects of application development through reuse

11. Semantic Web Services Concepts Service Service Provider & Requester Concrete Service A specific performance of actions at a given time by one party for another Service Description A computational machine-readable representation of the service, in terms of the value which it provides Abstract Service Description Concrete Service Description

12. S.W.S. Concepts[1] Agents Software components which represent the parties as agents for the online presence as well as the automated representation Service Provider Agent Service Requester Agent Act as representatives online on behalf of some party

13. S.W.S. Concepts[2] Communication An online service interaction between the Service Provider Agent and the Requester Agent to exchange of messages according to a certain protocol known by both the parties Choreography A communication protocol among multiple parties during the automated online services Determines the constraints on the ordering of messages sent Grounding One or more communication endpoints to send and receive the messages according to some transport protocol Orchestration A specification of an agent to provide type as well as sending time of a message

14. S.W.S. Concepts[3] Mediation Data Mediation Consists of transforming from one syntactic format to another which may expect different syntactic formats of the messages provided by different Service Provider Agents Ontology Mediation Is used to make different choices based on the vocabulary when two parties describe services Reasoning One party is to reason with a description produced by the other party Some additional reasoning will be necessary to translate between the two approaches Protocol Mediation Reconciles the two different design of the interaction choreographies Translating a message sequence into a different message sequence to accomplish the same end Process Mediation Reconciles the differences in the internal processes at the side of each party The hardest form of mediation ( may impossible without engaging in process re-engineering)

15. S.W.S. Concepts[4] If the messages and choreographies are annotated semantically, then the mediation is possible automatically

16. S.W.S. Concepts[5] Life Cycle

17. S.W.S. Concepts[6] Service Modeling Phase Outset of the discovery phase Service Requester prepares a description of the service what is interested in receiving Service Providers create abstract service descriptions representing the service in which can be provided

18. S.W.S. Concepts[7] Service Discovery Phase Matching Compatibility of the requirement description and the offer description Centralized Service Discovery SMEP (Simple Message Exchange Protocol) During discovery, a requester may identify several providers which are potentially able to meet their needs

19. S.W.S. Concepts[8] Service Definition Phase The conversation among the Service Requester and one or more contacted as well as identified Service Providers Random Selection Analysis Selection Service Requester and Provider have agreed a service to be delivered, when the phase is successfully completed between two parties

20. S.W.S. Concepts[9] Service Delivery Phase It can take place ; Immediately while after service definition has been completed entirely off-line involve communication between the two parties It is again organized by an interaction choreography by; Service Delivery Monitoring Cancellation

21. Foundation Standards of Web Service Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Communication Protocol to achieve interoperability via the web based on a set of standards built directly upon it regardless of their choice of platform or programming language Benefits: HTTP is everywhere Firewalls normally allow HTTP traffic

22. Foundation Standards of Web Service Web Service Description Language (WSDL) Is an XML-based language since ; It is a pure text format It is platform independent, It can be easily parsed by any programming language It is fairly easy to read Describes the service including the service name, functions, input and output parameters

23. Foundation Standards of Web Service Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Its significant lies in its relationship with HTTP Platform and language independent based on XML Communication between applications via Internet format of the sending messages W3C recommendation Simple and extensible Allows to get around firewalls

24. SOAP

25. Foundation Standards of Web Service Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI) UDDI is an XML-based standard for describing, publishing, and finding Web services. It is a specification for a distributed registry of Web services platform independent, open framework It can communicate via SOAP, CORBA, Java RMI Protocol It uses WSDL to describe interfaces to web services Open industry initiative Parts: A registry of all a web service's metadata A set of WSDL port type definitions

26. Why add semantics to Web Services? Better Reuse Semantic descriptions of services to help find relevant services Better Interoperability Beyond syntax to semantics, mapping of data exchanged between the services Configuration/Composition Enable dynamic binding of partners Some degree of automation across process lifecycle Process Configuration Process Execution

27. Foundation Standards of Semantic Web Services Semantic Annotation for WSDL and XML Schema (SAWSDL) Standard finished in 2007 Annotating WSDL with semantic information Built on existing Web Services standards using only extensibility elements Mechanism independent of the semantic representation language Provides means for mapping data between different Web Services

29. Foundation Standards of Semantic Web Services SAWSDL Extensibility attributes modelReference Association between a WSDL component and a concept in some semantic model Annotations WSDL components WSDL Type Definitions liftingSchemaMapping Mappings between WSDL Type Definitions and semantic data loweringSchemaMapping Mappings between semantic data and WSDL Type Definitions

30. Foundation Standards of Semantic Web Services SAWSDL Annotation of the operation element Carries a reference to a concept in a semantic model that provides a high level description of the operation Annotation of the interface element Provides a reference to a concept or concepts in a semantic model

31. Foundation Standards of Semantic Web Services SAWSDL Tools SAWSDL4J Java API for manipulating and creating annotated SAWSDL documents WSMO Studio Semantic Web Service and Semantic Business Process modeling environment Set of Eclipse plugins Radiant WSDL-S/SAWSDL Annotation Tool Eclipse plug-in

32. OWL-S Ontology Web Language for Services Represents an upper ontology for the description of Semantic Web Services expressed in OWL It is a Semantic Web Services description language, expressed in OWL which describes the properties and capabilities of Web services Covers areas as; Web services capability-based search and discovery, Specification of service requester and provider interactions Service execution

33. OWL-S Virtual Machine The OWL-S Virtual Machine (OVM) A generic OWL-S processor A generic execution engine Executes the Process Model of a given service During the execution, processes inputs of Service Requester and outputs returned by the Service Providers, realizes the control and data flow of the composite Process Model, uses the Grounding to invoke WSDL based web services when needed.

34. Monitoring[1] During the process model execution What exactly should be monitored? Clear semantics of the process model Which model should be chosen? Analyzing the process model and the grounding (It is possible to identify important events that might be monitored) Event Types Process Call Inputs Assignment Outputs Processing Preconditions evaluation (Conditional) result evaluation Control construct execution Grounding events Failures and erroneous events

35. Monitoring[2] Event types are derived only from the logic of the process model and therefore can be used in any application Event types are neutral to the purpose for which they can be used Process Call Start events are associated with input values and end events additionally with produced output values and effects. A simple and a composite process represent decomposition of a process into subprocesses while an atomic process represents an execution of an existing web service operation

36. Monitoring[3] Inputs assignment Input values of processes can be provided either by the user (client) of the process model or by the data binding that is used Outputs Processing Outputs of atomic processes are obtained as a result of the service execution which is covered by the process call event type For simple and composite processes a new event type is needed to represent that the output value of the process is obtained from some output data binding

37. Monitoring[4] Preconditions evaluation Represents process of the preconditions evaluation with variables values assigned and with the true or false status (Conditional) result evaluation Represents an evaluation of a result comprising the grounded inCondition, produced effects and output bindings. A special event type represents a situation when no result can be applied which can be failed for all conditional results.

38. Monitoring[5] Control construct execution For each control construct one event type represents its start and one its end For control constructs whose execution depends on an expression evaluation (if-then-else, repeat-while, repeat-until) the information representing this expression evaluation and the branch chosen is included in the starting event type

39. Monitoring[6] WSDL grounding events Defines mappings of atomic processes to WSDL operations and of inputs and outputs to WSDL messages and message parts Failures and erroneous events For different categories of errors specific event types are defined

40. Web Services Security Background Standards are proposed or accepted regarding authentication, encryption, and identity management RSA ,Hash Functions and Digital Signature Algorithms Fundamental areas Message level protection Message privacy Parameter checking Authentication Authorization XML signatures SAML – Security Assertion Markup Language

41. Web Services Security RSA Used for any public/private key pair Properties: E(P, E(M,P))  M E(P, E(M,P))  M Where M is Sent Message and P is the Public Key Hash/Digest Functions message dependent Digital Signature Used for Authentication , Data Integrity and Non-Repudiation

42. Message Level Protection Message Integrity A provider gets the hashed message which is created by SHA-1 Algorithm , Then creates the digest again and compares with the one from the sender to verify the integrity of the messages

43. Message Privacy Confidential Message Message header has token and signature Typically WS are chained together to form a complex service end-to-end encryption schemes unlike SSL Solution: XML encryption

44. Parameter Checking Message validity To ensure the contents of a message are appropriate to the service and well formed To prevent the SQL injection attack , look for “ ; “ syntax

45. Authentication Verifying that the requester is who he/she claims to be E.g. user name / password Send credential by issuing certificates to the trusted authorities

46. Authorization Takes place after authentication and grantees the rights of accessing Access Control Implementations Access matrix Access Control List (ACL) Role Based Access Control (RBAC)

47. Authorization (Access Control Implementations) Access matrix Subject: An entity capable of accessing objects. The concept of subject equates that of a process Object: Anything to which access is controlled. E.g. files, programs, segments of memory Access right: The way in which an object is accesses by the subject. Examples: read, write, and execute Access Control List (ACL) Access matrix can be decomposed by columns, yielding access control lists For each object, it lists the users and their permitted access rights It may also have a default or public entry to covers subjects that are not explicitly listed Elements of the list may include individual as well group of users

48. Authorization (Access Control Implementations) Role Based Access Control (RBAC) Reference model Objects, Operations, Permissions, Roles and Users (in-band artifacts) System and Administrative model System functionality, Administrative operations and reviews Permission to access a resource Defines Roles and assigning permissions to Roles NOTE: OWL-S should map Users, Roles, Groups etc. to the ontology

49. Conclusion of Semantic Web Services It is becoming an important and integral part of the Web (including intranets) It aims to provide an expressive, comprehensive framework for handling activities on the Web Enabling the use of agents on the Web Many tools and applications exist today; mostly prototype It is an active research area Strong interest and many paths to adoption also exist like the standards path

50. References Introduction to the Semantic Web and Semantic Web Services, by Liyang Yu Semantic Web Services Concepts, Technologies, and Applications by Rudi Studer, Stephan Grimm, Andreas Abecker (Eds.) J. Kopecky, C. Bournez, and E. Prud’hommeaux, “Semantic annotations forwsdl working group,” 2007 http://www.w3.org/2002/ws/sawsdl/ R. Akkiraju and B. Sapkota, “Semantic annotations for wsdl and xml schema usage guide,” 2007 http://www.w3.org/TR/sawsdl-guide/ K. Verma and A. Sheth, “Using sawsdl for semantic service interoperability,”2007. http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-archive/2007May/att0081/SAWSDLSTC07-May21.pdf “Sawsdl4j,” http://www.schneier.com/essay-037.pdf “Wsmo studio,” http://www.wsmostudio.org “Radiant,” http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/ Adding Semantics to Web Services Standards, by KaarthikSivashanmugam, KunalVerma, AmitSheth, John Miller SAWSDL: Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema, by JacekKopecky, Tomas Vitvar, CarineBournez and Joel Farrell Semantic Web Services Monitoring: An OWL-S based Approach, by Roman Vaculín, KatiaSycara Specifying and Monitoring Composite Events for SemanticWeb Services, by Roman Vaculín, KatiaSycara Web Service Security Management Using Semantic Web Techniques, by Diego ZuquimGuimarães Garcia , Maria Beatriz Felgar de Toledo Authorization and Privacy for Semantic Web Services, by LalanaKagal and Tim Finin, NaveenSrinivasan, and KatiaSycara, SRI International

51. Thank You !