Selection and gene flow Populations of mice on the beach may live i.pdf

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Selection and gene flow: Populations of mice on the beach may live in close proximity to those living in dark soil substrates. If those populations exchange genes, we may have what is known as a cline (a gradient in phenotype or genotype frequencies). When populations at either end are more or less fixed for different variants, there will be an intergrade or hybrid zone of mixed frequency with a width inversely proportional to selection acting on the trait (Width Dispersal distance/selection). Imagine the predator community changes, and the relative fitness for the less fit genotype at the RC locus increases from 0.5 to 0.9. What happens to the width of the intergrade zone for alleles at that locus? Solution The width of the intergrade zone for alleles at that locus increases with the dispersal distance. In this case dispersal distance is directly proportion to the locus of the alleles, as the RC locus increased form 0.5 to 0.9, the chances of recombination is high and the width of the integrade zone increases. That means genotypes of the parents donot meet in the zone and are widely dispersed where their ancestors belong. Clines will occupy the same postion but with different width..

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Can yyou answer number 5 please advance genetic As discussed in class, the dark (melanic) form of the peppered moth, Biston betularia, has a survival advantage in industrialized regions. The melanic allele is dominant to the typical (light) allele. In a particular forest within an industrialized region, the frequency of the melanic allele is 0.7 and the typical allele is 0.3. The light form of moths have a reproductive success that 47% that of the dark form. What will the allele frequencies be after one generation of selection? Given a population that up to now had been in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Assume two alleles, one locus, rho = 0.5, and distinctly different (and unambiguous) phenotypes associated with each genotype. Now assume internal fertilization and that all matings over one generation are 100% assortative with regard to the trait in question. What are the genotype frequencies before the round of assortative mating? What are the genotype frequencies in the generation that follows this round of assortative mating? Solution A) The genotype frequencies during the Hardy-Weinberg equlibrium must be favouring heterozygosity i.e. any individual with any given genotype has the equal chance of mating with another individual of any given genotype. The equlibrium of individual allele frequencies and the proportion of the various genotypic combinations is established when p value statistically significant value is 0.5 the disimilar genotypic populations mates together. B) Assortive mating leads to an over abundance of homozygous individuals Which are likely to share similar genotypes as When matings of similar phenotypes occur more frequently than by random chance, the likelihood of offspring receiving two copies of an identical allele increases, disrupting the Hardy-Weinberg expectations. There will be the increase in total population variance as homozygosity will be increased for example if we have a trait controlled by 2 loci then at equilibrium would deviate one from another significantly. Assortative mating can act as a powerful mechanism for genetic change in a population specially where phenotype can be attributed to the interaction at 2 loci with no dominance, it is easier that 100% assortative mating results in an overall increase in homozygosity and total population variance thus affecting genotype frequencies..

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Evolution is driven by environmental that put selection pressure on organisms. a. What environments lead to the development of an \'open\' pan-genome? What conditions lead to a \'closed\' pan-genome? b. Why do bacteria of a single species have genes that other members of the same species do not? Solution Pan genome is the entire set of genes of all the strains of a species it includes genes present in all the strains and the dreams present only in some strains. Pan genome can be defined as open or closed based on the capability of the species to acquire exogenous DNA and to possess large amount of rRNA. These species with open pangenome tend to have large genome and contain open genes where there is high rate of genes transfer and several ribosomal Operon. Some bacterial species may have unlimited large genes repertoire or open pangenome and other species may have limited by maximum number of genes in their gene pool called closed pangenome. In open Pan genome species the number of genes of The species increases with the number of additionally sequence d strrains species which live in multiple environment of different microbial communities have chances for exchanging genetic material and hence continuously changed a set of genes example E.coli. In closed pangenome after some sequenced strains additional strains don\'t provide new genes to the species this pangenome is typical for species that live in isolated niches with Limited access to global microbial genen pool example bacillus anthracis. B. For example different strains of the pathogen pseudomonas syringae have different host range and their remarkably have different genomes due to differences in the virulence genes in their genomes. The ecological niche determines the evolution of the gene content of an organism that for the largest genomic differences observed among the strains of a species could be the outcome of Differential evolution of those species in response to different ecological habitats..

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Linkage Genes far apart on the same assort independently are not linked The position of the gene – locus Occurs in the prophase of meiosis 1 where homologous chromosomes break at identical locations and rejoin with each other Two genes are said to be under linkage, or linked, when they are located on the same chromosome. Example: peas T=tall; t=short R=red; r=white Crossing Over Crossing over is a recombination of genes due to exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes It is the mutual exchange of segments of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes, so as to produce re-combinations or new combinations of genes. It occurs in the pachytene stage, at four strand stage with the help of enzymes (endonuclease, exo-nuclease, R-protein or recombinase; Stern and Hotta,(1969, 1978). There is breakage of chromatid segments, exchange of nonsister chromatid segments and later their fusion in new places.

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Write a function that multiplies each element in the array myA.pdf

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Which of the following is NOT a common feature of monosaccharides?A. similar or equal numbers of carbon and oxygen atomsB. a carbonyl (C=O) groupC. numerous hydroxyl (-OH) groupsD. All of the listed responses are correct. Solution The general formula for monosaccharides: (CH2O)n here n=3 or >3 On the basis of number of carbon atoms in the monosaccharides, these are classified as triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose. If n=3 then monosaccharides are called Trioses or if n=4 monosaccharides are known as Tetroses. Monosaccharides are also classified on the basis of carbonyl functional groups. If monosaccharide contains ketone group (>C=O) in the structure then these are classified as Ketose (example Dihydroxyacetone, Mannoheptulose), if monosaccharide contains aldehyde group (-CHO) then these are known as Aldoses (example Glucose, Glyceraldehyde). Monosaccharides contain numerous hydroxyl (-OH) groups. Triose, tetrose, pentose, and hexose contain 2, 3, 4 and 5 -OH groups respectively in their structure. Ans D will be correct answer..

Which of the following is NOT a common feature of monosaccharidesA..pdf

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